苹果砧木通过调控叶片养分回流对一年生枝条抗寒性影响的研究

doi:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2025-1156

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

以嫁接在不同砧木（‘冀砧2号’、9-3、ZC9-3、53、24-5和SH40）上的‘烟富8号’和‘天红2号’苹果为试材，比较分析不同砧穗组合的叶片氮、磷、钾养分回流率与一年生枝条低温半致死温度（LT₅₀）及抗寒性生理指标，探讨叶片养分回流对一年生枝条抗寒性影响的生理机制。结果表明，砧木可通过增加接穗的叶片养分回流进而影响一年生枝条的抗寒性，以9-3为砧木嫁接‘烟富8号’和‘天红2号’表现出较高的氮、磷、钾叶片养分回流率，一年生枝条具有较低的LT₅₀、更高的脯氨酸含量（PRO）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化物酶（POD）活性以及更低的丙二醛含量（MDA）和超氧阴离子产生速率（）。综上，9-3砧木可通过提高接穗品种叶片的养分回流率，增强其越冬期的营养贮备与抗寒性，是可应用的抗寒苹果矮化砧木选择之一。

关键词: 苹果, 砧木, 抗寒性, 养分回流

Abstract:

Apple cultivars‘Yanfu 8’and‘Tianhong 2’grafted onto different rootstocks（‘Jizhen 2’，9-3，ZC9-3，53，24-5，and SH40）were used to compare and analyze the leaf nutrient reflux rates of nitrogen（N），phosphorus（P），and potassium（K），the semilethal temperature（LT₅₀）of one-year-old shoots，and physiological indicators related to cold resistance. The objective was to explore the physiological mechanism by which leaf nutrient reflux affects the cold resistance of one-year-old shoots. The results showed that rootstocks could influence the cold resistance of one-year-old shoots by increasing leaf nutrient reflux in the scions. The combinations of‘Yanfu 8’and‘Tianhong 2’grafted onto rootstock 9-3 exhibited higher leaf N，P，and K resistance rates，lower LT₅₀，higher proline（PRO）content，higher superoxide dismutase（SOD）and peroxidase（POD）activities，and lower malondialdehyde（MDA）content and superoxide anion radical（）production rate in one-year-old shoots. Collectively，these findings suggest that rootstock 9-3 enhances the nutrient storage and cold resistance of scion cultivars during the overwintering period by increasing leaf nutrient reflux rate，making it a promising cold-hardy dwarfing apple rootstock for practical application.

Key words: apple, rootstock, cold resistance, nutrient reflux

刘乾, 王婧怡, 夏明然, 刘大炜, 刘毅, 梁博文, 周莎莎, 尹宝颖, 张学英, 李中勇. 苹果砧木通过调控叶片养分回流对一年生枝条抗寒性影响的研究[J]. 园艺学报, 2026, 53(7): 2107-2118.

LIU Qian, WANG Jingyi, XIA Mingran, LIU Dawei, LIU Yi, LIANG Bowen, ZHOU Shasha, YIN Baoying, ZHANG Xueying, LI Zhongyong. Study on Effect of Apple Rootstocks on Cold Resistance of Annual Branches Through Regulating Leaf Nutrient Reflux[J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2026, 53(7): 2107-2118.

图/表 8

图1 不同砧木对‘烟富8号’和‘天红2号’苹果叶片氮、磷和钾回流率的影响 J2：冀砧2号。不同小写字母表示各处理间差异显著（P < 0.05）。下同

Fig. 1 Effect of different rootstocks on leaves N，P and K nutrient reflux rate of‘Yanfu 8’and‘Tianhong 2’apples J2：Jizhen 2. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among different treatments at 0.05 level. The same below

图2 不同砧木对‘烟富8号’和‘天红2号’苹果一年生枝条的LT50的影响 11月15日：浅休眠期；12月29日：深休眠期。下同

Fig. 2 Effect of different rootstock on the LT50 in annual branches of‘Yanfu 8’and‘Tianhong 2’apples November 15：Shallow dormancy stage；December 29：Deep dormancy stage. The same below

图3 不同砧木对‘烟富8号’和‘天红2号’苹果一年生枝条内的MDA和的影响

Fig. 3 Effect of different rootstock on the MDA and in annual branches of‘Yanfu 8’and‘Tianhong 2’apples

图4 不同砧木对‘烟富8号’和‘天红2号’苹果一年生枝条内SOD和POD活性的影响

Fig. 4 Effect of different rootstock on the SOD and POD activities in annual branches of‘Yanfu 8’and‘Tianhong 2’apples

图5 不同砧木对‘烟富8号’和‘天红2号’苹果一年生枝条的PRO的影响

Fig. 5 Effect of different rootstock on the PRO in annual branches of‘Yanfu 8’and‘Tianhong 2’apples

图6 ‘烟富8号’和‘天红2号’苹果叶片氮、磷、钾回流率和一年生枝条的生理指标的相关性分析

Fig. 6 The correlation analysis of leaves N，P，K nutrient reflux rate and physiological indicators in annual branches of‘Yanfu 8’and‘Tianhong 2’apples *P < 0.05

表1 主成分特征值

Table 1 Eigenvalue of principal component

品种 Cultivar	主成分 Principal component	特征值 Eigenvalue	贡献率/% Contribution rate	累积贡献率/% Cumulative contribution rate
烟富8号Yanfu 8	1	3.177	35.300	35.300
	2	2.559	28.437	63.737
	3	1.908	21.196	84.933
天红2号Tianhong 2	1	3.587	39.853	39.853
	2	2.794	31.043	70.896
	3	1.406	15.625	86.521

表2 各苹果砧木主成分值和抗寒能力排序

Table 2 Principal component values and cold resistance ranking of apple rootstocks

品种 Cultivar	砧木 Rootstock	主成分1 Component 1	主成分2 Component 2	主成分3 Component 3	综合得分 Comprehensive score	排名 Sorting
烟富8号Yanfu 8	J2	-0.256846198	0.765650433	2.332176212	0.731623016	5
	ZC9-3	1.996803619	1.142289010	0.748426623	1.399150990	2
	53	0.623526183	-0.180384286	0.399659914	0.298495024	6
	9-3	2.635940447	1.934602389	0.971124749	1.985646876	1
	24-5	0.336645034	1.068784603	1.302660815	0.822857972	4
	SH40	0.131884600	2.659811718	0.101157060	0.970608800	3
天红2号Tianhong 2	J2	-0.263705850	3.284121434	1.101301555	1.255733859	3
	ZC9-3	1.258691126	0.483846059	0.131367398	0.777097655	4
	53	-1.621747810	1.069501861	1.493947167	-0.093480712	6
	9-3	1.736085592	3.162580861	2.531720478	2.391585271	1
	24-5	-0.254557552	1.888887211	0.923601710	0.727258357	5
	SH40	1.383528500	2.770350774	1.128182065	1.834995032	2

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