‘三季’梨炭疽病病原鉴定、杀菌剂毒力测定及梨种质抗性评价

doi:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2025-0529

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

本研究旨在探明引起‘三季’梨炭疽病的病原菌，筛选高效杀菌剂和梨抗炭疽病种质，为病害科学防控和抗炭疽病梨品种选育提供新的依据。采用形态学观察、ITS测序分析结合柯赫氏法则验证进行病原鉴定，采用菌丝生长速率法结合孢子萌发抑制率法对24种杀菌剂进行病原室内毒力测定，采用菌饼针刺接种法对76份梨种质进行病斑直径测定，通过平均病斑直径法结合聚类分析法将梨种质划分为高抗、抗、中抗、感和高感5类，将欧式距离设置为8作为聚类分析法的最佳分割点，对76份梨种质抗Colletotrichum gloeosporioides能力进行科学划分。结果表明，引起‘三季’梨炭疽病病原为胶孢炭疽菌（C. gloeosporioides）；室内毒力测定中，咪唑类杀菌剂咪鲜胺抑菌效果较强，对菌丝生长和孢子萌发的EC₅₀值分别为0.047和0.046 mg · L^-1，其次为苯并咪唑类杀菌剂多菌灵，EC₅₀值分别为0.075和0.040 mg · L^-1。两种方法综合评价筛选出高抗种质13份，其中‘晚三吉’抗性最强，‘官红宵’次之；高感品种7份，其中‘黄冠’最感病，‘窝窝梨’次之。

关键词: 梨, 炭疽病, 胶孢炭疽菌, 毒力测定, 抗性评价

Abstract:

This study aimed to clarify the pathogen responsible for anthracnose in‘Docteur Jules Guyot’pear，screen effective fungicides，and identify resistant pear germplasm to provide a new basis for scientific disease control and breeding of anthracnose-resistant pear cultivars. Pathogen identification was performed through morphological observation，ITS sequencing，and verification using Koch’s postulates. In vitro toxicity determination of 24 fungicides was conducted using the mycelial growth rate method and spore germination inhibition rate method. Additionally，The lesion diameter of 76 pear germplasm accessions was determined via the mycelial disc pin-prick inoculation method. Based on the average lesion diameter method combined with cluster analysis，these germplasm accessions were categorized into five resistance grades（highly resistant，resistant，moderately resistant，susceptible，and highly susceptible）to Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. With the Euclidean distance set at 8 as the optimal cut-off point for cluster analysis，the resistance of the 76 pear germplasm accessions to C. gloeosporioides was scientifically classified. The results showed that the causal agent of‘Docteur Jules Guyot’pear anthracnose was C. gloeosporioides. Among the tested fungicides，prochloraz（an imidazole fungicide）exhibited the strongest inhibitory effect，with EC₅₀ values of 0.047 mg · L^-1 for mycelial growth and 0.046 mg · L^-1 for spore germination. This was followed by carbendazim（a benzimidazoles fungicide），with EC₅₀ values of 0.075 mg · L^-1 and 0.040 mg · L^-1，respectively. Comprehensive evaluation using both methods identified 13 highly resistant germplasms，with‘Wansanji’being the most resistant，followed by‘Guanhongxiao’，and 7 highly susceptible cultivars，with‘Huangguan’being the most susceptible，followed by‘Wowo’pear.

Key words: pear, anthracnose, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, virulence assay, resistance identification

刘思彤, 阎维巍, 孙晓楠, 张鑫楠, 田路明, 李云鹏, 贾晓辉. ‘三季’梨炭疽病病原鉴定、杀菌剂毒力测定及梨种质抗性评价[J]. 园艺学报, 2026, 53(6): 1753-1764.

LIU Sitong, YAN Weiwei, SUN Xiaonan, ZHANG Xinnan, TIAN Luming, LI Yunpeng, JIA Xiaohui. Pathogen Identification，Fungicide Efficacy Assessment，and Germplasm Resistance Evaluation of Anthracnose in‘Docteur Jules Guyot’Pear[J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2026, 53(6): 1753-1764.

图/表 9

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类型Formulation	序号Number	药剂名称Fungicide name	生产厂家Manufacturer
三唑类 Triazol	1	10%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂 10% Difenoconazole WG	先正达南通作物保护有限公司 Syngenta Nantong Crop Protection Co.，Ltd.
	2	430 g · L^-1戊唑醇悬浮剂 430 g · L^-1 Horlicks SC	江苏禾本生化有限公司 Jiangsu Heben Biochemical Co.，Ltd.
	3	40%腈菌唑悬浮剂 40% Myclobutanil SC	潍坊澳得利生物科技有限公司 Weifang Aodeli Biological Technology Co.，Ltd.
	4	30%己唑醇悬浮剂 30% Hexaconazole SC	青岛海纳生物科技有限公司 Qingdao Haina Biological Technology Co.，Ltd.
	5	50%丙环唑微乳剂 50% Propiconazole ME	青岛格力斯药业有限公司 Qingdao Gelisi Pharmaceutical Co.，Ltd.
	6	400 g · L^-1氟硅唑乳油 400 g · L^-1 Flusilazole EC	江门市大光明农化新会有限公司 Jiangmen Daguangming Agrochemical Xinhui Co.，Ltd.
苯并咪唑类 Benzimidazoles	7	70%甲基硫菌灵可湿性粉剂 70% Thiophanate-Methyl WP	江西中迅农化有限公司 Jiangxi Zhongxun Agrochemical Co.，Ltd.
	8	50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂 50% Carbendazim WP	苏农（广德）生物科技有限公司 Sunong（Guangde）Biological Technology Co.，Ltd.
	9	50%苯菌灵可湿性粉剂 50% Benomyl WP	江苏蓝丰生物化工股份有限公司 Jiangsu Lanfeng Bio-Chemical Co.，Ltd.
咪唑类 Imidazoles	10	450 g · L^-1咪鲜胺水乳剂 450 g · L^-1 Prochloraz EW	安道麦辉丰（江苏）有限公司 Adama Huifeng（Jiangsu）Co.，Ltd.
甲氧基氨基甲酸酯类 Methoxyacrylates	11	50%肟菌酯水分散粒剂 50% Trifloxystrobin WG	河北兴柏农业科技股份有限公司 Hebei Xingbai Agricultural Technology Co.，Ltd.
甲氧基丙烯酸酯类 Methoxyacrylates	12	50%嘧菌酯水分散粒剂 50% Azoxystrobin WG	东莞市瑞德丰生物科技有限公司 Dongguan Ruidefeng Biological Technology Co.，Ltd.
甲氧基丙烯酸酯类 Methoxyacrylates	13	25%吡唑醚菌酯悬浮剂 25% Pyraclostrobin SC	江西海阔利斯生物科技有限公司 Jiangxi Haikuolisi Biological Technology Co.，Ltd.
	14	22.5%啶氧菌酯悬浮剂 22.5% Picoxystrobin SC	科迪华（中国）投资有限公司 Corteva Agriscience（China）Investment Co.，Ltd.
二甲酰亚胺类 Dicarboximide	15	50%腐霉利可湿性粉剂 50% Procymidone WP	日本住友化学株式会社 Sumitomo Chemical Co.，Ltd.
二甲酰亚胺类 Dicarboximide	16	500 g · L^-1异菌脲悬浮剂 500 g · L^-1 Iprodione SC	苏州富美实植物保护剂有限公司 Suzhou FMC Plant Protection Co.，Ltd.
吗啉类 Morpholine	17	40%烯酰吗啉悬浮剂 40% Dimethomorph SC	陕西标正作物科学有限公司 Shaanxi Zhengbiao Crop Science Co.，Ltd.
有机硫类 Organosulfurs	18	80%代森锰锌可湿性粉剂 80% Mancozeb WP	青岛好利特生物农药有限公司 Qingdao Haolite Biological Pesticide Co.，Ltd.
	19	80%克菌丹水分散粒剂 80% Captan WG	山东邹平农药有限公司 Shandong Zouping Pesticide Co.，Ltd.
	20	80%乙蒜素乳油 80% Allicin EC	开封大地农化生物科技有限公司 Kaifeng Dadi Agrochemical & Biotechnology Co.，Ltd.
无机硫类 Inorganic sulfur	21	29%石硫合剂水 29% Lime Sulfur AS	福建绿安生物农药有限公司 Fujian Lü’an Bio-Pesticide Co.，Ltd.
芳烃类 Arene	22	40%百菌清悬浮剂 40% Chlorothalonil SC	青岛海纳生物科技有限公司 Qingdao Haina Biological Technology Co.，Ltd.
芳烃类 Arene	23	25%溴菌腈乳油 25% Bromothalonil EC	江苏托球农化股份有限公司 Jiangsu Tuoqiu Agrochemical Co.，Ltd.
苯氨基嘧啶类 Anilinopyrimidine	24	40%嘧霉胺悬浮剂 40% Pyrimethanil SC	陕西标正作物科学有限公司 Shaanxi Biaozheng Crop Science Co.，Ltd.

类型Formulation	序号Number	药剂名称Fungicide name	生产厂家Manufacturer
三唑类 Triazol	1	10%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂 10% Difenoconazole WG	先正达南通作物保护有限公司 Syngenta Nantong Crop Protection Co.，Ltd.
	2	430 g · L^-1戊唑醇悬浮剂 430 g · L^-1 Horlicks SC	江苏禾本生化有限公司 Jiangsu Heben Biochemical Co.，Ltd.
	3	40%腈菌唑悬浮剂 40% Myclobutanil SC	潍坊澳得利生物科技有限公司 Weifang Aodeli Biological Technology Co.，Ltd.
	4	30%己唑醇悬浮剂 30% Hexaconazole SC	青岛海纳生物科技有限公司 Qingdao Haina Biological Technology Co.，Ltd.
	5	50%丙环唑微乳剂 50% Propiconazole ME	青岛格力斯药业有限公司 Qingdao Gelisi Pharmaceutical Co.，Ltd.
	6	400 g · L^-1氟硅唑乳油 400 g · L^-1 Flusilazole EC	江门市大光明农化新会有限公司 Jiangmen Daguangming Agrochemical Xinhui Co.，Ltd.
苯并咪唑类 Benzimidazoles	7	70%甲基硫菌灵可湿性粉剂 70% Thiophanate-Methyl WP	江西中迅农化有限公司 Jiangxi Zhongxun Agrochemical Co.，Ltd.
	8	50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂 50% Carbendazim WP	苏农（广德）生物科技有限公司 Sunong（Guangde）Biological Technology Co.，Ltd.
	9	50%苯菌灵可湿性粉剂 50% Benomyl WP	江苏蓝丰生物化工股份有限公司 Jiangsu Lanfeng Bio-Chemical Co.，Ltd.
咪唑类 Imidazoles	10	450 g · L^-1咪鲜胺水乳剂 450 g · L^-1 Prochloraz EW	安道麦辉丰（江苏）有限公司 Adama Huifeng（Jiangsu）Co.，Ltd.
甲氧基氨基甲酸酯类 Methoxyacrylates	11	50%肟菌酯水分散粒剂 50% Trifloxystrobin WG	河北兴柏农业科技股份有限公司 Hebei Xingbai Agricultural Technology Co.，Ltd.
甲氧基丙烯酸酯类 Methoxyacrylates	12	50%嘧菌酯水分散粒剂 50% Azoxystrobin WG	东莞市瑞德丰生物科技有限公司 Dongguan Ruidefeng Biological Technology Co.，Ltd.
甲氧基丙烯酸酯类 Methoxyacrylates	13	25%吡唑醚菌酯悬浮剂 25% Pyraclostrobin SC	江西海阔利斯生物科技有限公司 Jiangxi Haikuolisi Biological Technology Co.，Ltd.
	14	22.5%啶氧菌酯悬浮剂 22.5% Picoxystrobin SC	科迪华（中国）投资有限公司 Corteva Agriscience（China）Investment Co.，Ltd.
二甲酰亚胺类 Dicarboximide	15	50%腐霉利可湿性粉剂 50% Procymidone WP	日本住友化学株式会社 Sumitomo Chemical Co.，Ltd.
二甲酰亚胺类 Dicarboximide	16	500 g · L^-1异菌脲悬浮剂 500 g · L^-1 Iprodione SC	苏州富美实植物保护剂有限公司 Suzhou FMC Plant Protection Co.，Ltd.
吗啉类 Morpholine	17	40%烯酰吗啉悬浮剂 40% Dimethomorph SC	陕西标正作物科学有限公司 Shaanxi Zhengbiao Crop Science Co.，Ltd.
有机硫类 Organosulfurs	18	80%代森锰锌可湿性粉剂 80% Mancozeb WP	青岛好利特生物农药有限公司 Qingdao Haolite Biological Pesticide Co.，Ltd.
	19	80%克菌丹水分散粒剂 80% Captan WG	山东邹平农药有限公司 Shandong Zouping Pesticide Co.，Ltd.
	20	80%乙蒜素乳油 80% Allicin EC	开封大地农化生物科技有限公司 Kaifeng Dadi Agrochemical & Biotechnology Co.，Ltd.
无机硫类 Inorganic sulfur	21	29%石硫合剂水 29% Lime Sulfur AS	福建绿安生物农药有限公司 Fujian Lü’an Bio-Pesticide Co.，Ltd.
芳烃类 Arene	22	40%百菌清悬浮剂 40% Chlorothalonil SC	青岛海纳生物科技有限公司 Qingdao Haina Biological Technology Co.，Ltd.
芳烃类 Arene	23	25%溴菌腈乳油 25% Bromothalonil EC	江苏托球农化股份有限公司 Jiangsu Tuoqiu Agrochemical Co.，Ltd.
苯氨基嘧啶类 Anilinopyrimidine	24	40%嘧霉胺悬浮剂 40% Pyrimethanil SC	陕西标正作物科学有限公司 Shaanxi Biaozheng Crop Science Co.，Ltd.

类型Formulation	药剂名称Fungicide name	有效成分浓度/（mg · L^-1）Effective concentration
三唑类Triazol	400 g · L^-1氟硅唑乳油400 g · L^-1 Flusilazole EC	10，5，2.5，1.25，0.63，0.31
	50%丙环唑微乳剂50% Propiconazole ME	10，1，0.5，0.25，0.125，0.05
	10%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂10% Difenoconazole WG	10，5，2.5，1.25，0.63，0.31
咪唑类Imidazoles	450 g · L^-1咪鲜胺水乳剂450 g · L^-1 Prochloraz EW	10，1，0.5，0.1，0.01，0.005
苯并咪唑类Benzimidazoles	50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂50% Carbendazim WP	10，1，0.1，0.05，0.01
	70%甲基硫菌灵可湿性粉剂70% Thiophanate-Methyl WP	10，5，2.5，1.25，0.63，0.31
	50%苯菌灵可湿性粉剂50% Benomyl WP	10，1，0.5，0.25，0.125，0.05

类型Formulation	药剂名称Fungicide name	有效成分浓度/（mg · L^-1）Effective concentration
三唑类Triazol	400 g · L^-1氟硅唑乳油400 g · L^-1 Flusilazole EC	10，5，2.5，1.25，0.63，0.31
	50%丙环唑微乳剂50% Propiconazole ME	10，1，0.5，0.25，0.125，0.05
	10%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂10% Difenoconazole WG	10，5，2.5，1.25，0.63，0.31
咪唑类Imidazoles	450 g · L^-1咪鲜胺水乳剂450 g · L^-1 Prochloraz EW	10，1，0.5，0.1，0.01，0.005
苯并咪唑类Benzimidazoles	50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂50% Carbendazim WP	10，1，0.1，0.05，0.01
	70%甲基硫菌灵可湿性粉剂70% Thiophanate-Methyl WP	10，5，2.5，1.25，0.63，0.31
	50%苯菌灵可湿性粉剂50% Benomyl WP	10，1，0.5，0.25，0.125，0.05

供试药剂名称 Fungicide name	不同浓度的抑制率/% The inhibition rate of different concentrations
供试药剂名称 Fungicide name	100 mg · L^-1	10 mg · L^-1	1 mg · L^-1
50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂50% Carbendazim WP	100.00 ± 0.00 a	100.00 ± 0.00 a	99.89 ± 0.04 a
450 g · L^-1咪鲜胺水乳剂450 g · L^-1 Prochloraz EW	100.00 ± 0.00 a	100.00 ± 0.00 a	98.86 ± 1.02 a
50%苯菌灵可湿性粉剂50% Benomyl WP	100.00 ± 0.00 a	100.00 ± 0.00 a	99.98 ± 0.02 a
50%丙环唑微乳剂50% Propiconazole ME	100.00 ± 0.00 a	99.70 ± 0.46 a	51.67 ± 0.83 c
70%甲基硫菌灵可湿性粉剂70% Thiophanate-methyl WP	100.00 ± 0.00 a	99.01 ± 0.77 a	29.72 ± 1.96 g
10%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂10% Difenoconazole WG	98.31 ± 1.32 a	94.50 ± 1.70 b	77.24 ± 1.75 b
400 g · L^-1氟硅唑乳油400 g · L^-1 Flusilazole EC	100.00 ± 0.00 a	90.91 ± 0.41 b	51.59 ± 1.21 c
30%己唑醇悬浮剂30% Hexaconazole SC	99.99 ± 0.01 a	76.07 ± 0.20 c	32.45 ± 1.16 f
25%吡唑醚菌酯悬浮剂25% Pyraclostrobin SC	72.47 ± 2.07 d	68.30 ± 2.23 d	44.04 ± 1.24 d
430 g · L^-1戊唑醇悬浮剂430 g · L^-1 Horlicks SC	100.00 ± 0.00 a	67.47 ± 0.74 d	41.29 ± 1.65 e
40%腈菌唑悬浮剂40% Myclobutanil SC	100.00 ± 0.00 a	63.14 ± 1.07 d	20.94 ± 1.27 h
40%百菌清悬浮剂40% Chlorothalonil SC	68.51 ± 3.18 e	44.45 ± 12.02 e	7.62 ± 1.48 i
500 g · L^-1异菌脲悬浮剂500 g · L^-1 Iprodione SC	64.86 ± 1.40 f	39.26 ± 1.37 e	2.70 ± 3.76 gjk
50%腐霉利可湿性粉剂50% Procymidone WP	82.62 ± 4.86 b	30.05 ± 4.10 f	0.19 ± 2.48 h
50%嘧菌酯水分散粒剂50% Azoxystrobin WG	28.74 ± 1.23 g	24.02 ± 1.50 h	22.02 ± 1.24 h
22.5%啶氧菌酯悬浮剂22.5% Picoxystrobin SC	32.05 ± 2.05 g	23.91 ± 1.67 h	20.51 ± 1.06 h
25%溴菌腈悬浮剂25% Bromothalonil EC	77.23 ± 1.17 d	19.90 ± 1.27 h	1.64 ± 0.87 j
50%肟菌酯水分散粒剂50% Trifloxystrobin WG	23.53 ± 0.24 h	17.08 ± 0.77 i	10.75 ± 0.38 i
80%乙蒜素乳油80% Allicin EC	100.00 ± 0.00 a	16.99 ± 2.84 g	0.17 ± 0.70 kl
80%代森锰锌可湿性粉剂80% Mancozeb WP	31.40 ± 1.59 g	12.47 ± 0.84 g	8.99 ± 1.24 i
80%克菌丹水分散粒剂80% Captan WG	76.79 ± 0.41 c	10.30 ± 1.35 h	0.69 ± 0.14 k
29%石硫合水剂29% Lime Sulfur AS	9.36 ± 1.42 i	4.18 ± 3.10 h	3.53 ± 2.57 j
40%嘧霉胺悬浮剂40% Pyrimethanil SC	20.00 ± 3.38 h	3.39 ± 0.44 h	1.75 ± 3.16 jk
40%烯酰吗啉悬浮剂40% Dimethomorph SC	15.25 ± 3.09 i	1.31 ± 2.45 h	-2.15 ± 1.11 l