Using the novel visual reporter system RUBY as a screening marker，combined with the regeneration-promoting peptide CaREF1，a pepper genetic transformation system were constructed and identified three efficient recipient materials for gene delivery. The transient expression efficiency of RUBY was significantly higher in the pepper genotypes‘L27’（line pepper），‘Zunla-1’（chili pepper），and‘1-51’（bead pepper）compared to other materials. Agrobacterium rhizogenes K599，carrying the pKSE401-RUBY vector，was used for transformation. After 60 days of culturing on the adventitious bud regeneration medium（MS + 5 mg · L^-1 6-BA + 1.2 mg · L^-1 IAA + 10 nmol · L^-1 CaREF1）and shoot proliferation medium[MS + （5-10） mg · L^-1 6-BA + 0.5 mg · L^-1 IAA + 3 mg · L^-1 GA₃ + 10 nmol · L^-1 CaREF1]，the average regeneration efficiency of cotyledon explants was 84% ± 7%，with 5.52 regenerated shoots per explant and a positive transformation rate about 5‰. This system enabled the first Agrobacterium-mediated visual genetic transformation in pepper and facilitated CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing in multiple pepper germplasms，with editing efficiency 100% in T₀ generation plants.

In this paper， the structural characteristics of different types of promoters and their roles in gene function research，metabolic engineering，and gene editing（CRISPR/Cas9）were discusses，and summarized the content and methods for promoter identification，aiming to provide insights for a deeper understanding and investigation of the structural characteristics and regulatory mechanisms of plant promoters.

In this study，ninety-six tree peony cultivars planted in Northwest A & F University were selected as the research objects. Phenotypic diversity analysis，correlation analysis，cluster analysis and principal component analysis were used to analyze the phenotypic diversity analysis and ornamental comprehensive evaluation of tree peony growth，new branch length and flowering time. The results showed that the diversity index of 15 phenotypic traits ranged from 0.56 to 2.03，and the coefficient of variation ranged from 11.84% to 53.82%. The phenotypic diversity of flower diameter was the highest，and the coefficient of variation of flower number per plant was the highest. Plant height，growth，flower diameter，new branch thickness and population flowering time were significantly correlated with other traits；Ninety-six tree peony varieties were divided into three groups by cluster analysis，and different groups corresponded to different types of garden applications. Principal component analysis simplified phenotypic trait factors into five principal components，with a cumulative contribution rate of 64.69%. New branch thickness，plant height，population flowering time and number of flowers per plant were the main factors of phenotypic variation of tree peony. The ninety-six tree peony varieties were sorted by comprehensive scores，and the top 10 cultivars had scores ranging from 0.66 to 1.18，and the cultivars with excellent comprehensive traits such as‘Yubanbai’‘Shima Nishiki’‘High Noon’‘Okan’and‘Duohua Luohan’were selected according to the comprehensive scores.

This paper systematically summarizes and presents the significant achievements and research advancements in Chinese cabbage breeding over the past 70 years. It focuses on four major phases of Chinese cabbage breeding in China，the innovation and utilization of Chinese cabbage germplasm resources，innovations and breakthroughs in breeding technologies，and the innovation and promotion of Chinese cabbage varieties. Additionally，the paper analyzes several existing challenges in the development of Chinese cabbage breeding and the seed industry in China. These challenges include the lack of large-scale application of efficient biobreeding technologies，insufficient systematic and in-depth exploration and evaluation of superior germplasm resources，severe homogeneity of varieties，substantial gaps between certain cropping types and foreign varieties，the need for further enhancement of research and development capabilities in seed enterprises，the preliminary formation of vegetable seed production base layout，steady improvement in seed quality，and the necessity for further enhancements in seed processing and treatment technologies. The paper proposes future directions for the Chinese cabbage seed industry，focusing on efficient breeding technologies，breeding objectives，seed production，and the improvement of seed quality.

Genetic variation analysis，correlation analysis，cluster analysis and principal component analysis were used to analyze the diversity of 48 phenotypic traits in 167 Chinese herbaceous peony cultivars. The results showed that both qualitative and quantitative traits of Chinese herbaceous peony cultivar resources had high levels of phenotypic diversity，with quantitative traits being more diverse than qualitative traits. Traits such as compound leaf type，flower color，stamen petal shape and color， gynoecium stigma color，scale bud differentiation ability，and flower branch length are important reference indices for measuring the level of phenotypic diversity in herbaceous peony cultivars. R-type cluster analysis classified quantitative traits into 4 categories，mainly reflecting growth potential and leaf traits，floral traits，flowering cycle traits，and phenological period traits. Q-type cluster analysis classified the herbaceous peony cultivar resources into 3 groups，and the number of cultivars in group Ⅰ accounted for 37.13%，which mainly showed late phenological period. The number of cultivars in group Ⅱ accounted for 32.93%，which mainly showed strong growth potential and large flower diameter. The number of cultivars in group Ⅲ accounted for 29.94%，which was mainly characterized by strong scale bud differentiation ability and large number of flowers. All the quantitative traits，except for the single flowering period，differed to varying degrees among the groups of cultivar resources. Principal component analysis allowed the generalization of the traits with the highest contribution to phenotypic variation into phenological period factor，leaf factor，flowering period factor，flower factor，and growth factor.

To screen the dwarf trait related genes，the shoot length and internode length of 12 pear varieties or selections with different plant architectures were measured during the new shoot growth period. The genes differentially expressed in the growth points，leaves and phloem among three pear varieties ‘Zaosu’（vigorous），‘Jinxiang’（semi-dwarf）and‘Zhongai 1’（dwarf）at different periods were screened by transcripome sequencing analysis. Combined with the expression verification in new shoot phloem of 12 varieties or selections，dwarf trait related candidate genes were obtained. One of the candidate genes PcGA2ox2 was overexpressed in tobacco to analyze its function. The results showed that the new shoot length of‘Zaosu’，‘Jinxiang’and‘Zhongai 1’had a slight difference in the early growth period，while showed a significant difference in the middle and late growth period of new shoot. The internode length of dwarf varieties were shorter than that of vigorous varieties in all test periods. The shoot length and internode length of six vigorous varieties were significantly longer than those of six dwarf or semi-dwarf varieties or selections in the middle and late growth period of new shoot. The number of differentially expressed genes between two samples ranged from 1 882 to 5 729 in different tissues，and periods of three varieties. Among them，51 differentially expressed genes showed an increase or decrease in expression levels with the decrease of new shoot length in both leaf and phloem. Nine differentially expressed genes in new shoot phloem of three varieties were selected to verify the expression levels by RT-qPCR in the phloem of 12 pear varieties or selections in the late growth period of new shoot. Among them，four genes showed a tendency of significant higher or lower expression in dwarf varieties or selections than that in vigorous varieties or selections，and were identified as candidate genes related to dwarf trait. One of the dwarf candidate genes was a member of GA2ox family genes. Total 15 members of the GA2ox gene family were further identified in the‘Zhongai 1’genome，and the expression of the candidate PcGA2ox2 gene was significantly higher in new shoot phloem of dwarf varieties or selections than that of vigorous varieties. Then PcGA2ox2 gene was overexpressed in tobacco，the transformed plants were significantly smaller than the control plants. In conclusion，PcGA2ox2 gene plays a key role in the dwarf trait of‘Zhongai 1’pear.

To clarify the InDel characteristics of Gannan（Southern Jiangxi Province）wild Fortunella hindsii，99 Gannan wild F. hindsii were selected for whole genome resequencing，and then InDel variant sites were screened to develop InDel markers. A total of 590.58 Mb valid fragment data was obtained，and 211 470 InDels were detected，including 98 043 insertions and 113 427 deletions. From 8 760 InDel markers with Insertion or Deletion base numbers greater than 10 180 polymorphic markers with uniform distribution on chromosomes were selected，and 58 pairs of InDel primers with good amplification bands were developed. The findings of 58 pairs of InDel markers demonstrated a similar grouping pattern with the clustering results obtained from whole genome resequencing. Additionally，the 99 Gannan wild F. count of core InDel marker sites and alleles present in each germplasm，a total of 29 Gannan wild F. hindsii were selected as the core germplasm. These germplasm samples had a genome coverage of 99.7%. Among them，Jiahu，Yukeng，and Caifang were recognised as the core germplasm regions. The DNA fingerprint was created by integrating the entire genome resequencing data with the core InDel marker sites. This fingerprint contains coding information such as plant number，genotype，mutation locus，and agronomic trait data. This study aimed to elucidate the InDel characteristics of Gannan wild F. hindsii. The identified InDel markers have potential applications in population structure analysis，core germplasm screening，and DNA fingerprint construction.

Cucumber is the vegetable with highest yield among all the facility-grown vegetables in China. In recent years，the main epidemic diseases have had a serious impact on cucumber production. Utilizing molecular breeding techniques to improve selection efficiency，cultivating new resistant cultivars，and promoting their application is the most economical and effective way to control diseases and of great significance for the improvement of cucumber yield and food safety. In this paper，the research on molecular breeding of cucumber disease resistance was reviewed from the aspects of germplasm resources of resistant materials，mapping of resistance genes and QTLs，gene cloning and molecular mechanism analysis，and cultivation of new disease-resistant cultivars. Besides，the existing problems were analyzed，and the future work was prospected so as to provide reference for cucumber disease resistance breeding in the future.

In this study，the normal quality，volatile compounds，soluble sugars，organic acids and other flavor metabolites were determined in four mature Bingtang orange sample from Hongjiang in Hunan and Xinping in Yunnan. A correlation analysis was further performed between above indicators and the experiment data of consumer preference and flavor intensity，aiming to determine their flavor differences and identify associated flavor compounds with consumer preference. The result showed that Bingtang oranges from Yunan were superior in terms of mastication，aroma and overall quality. While Bingtang oranges from Hunan had higher organic acids and lower soluble sugars，and hence richer full flavor. In addition，the volatile components were more similar in four samples，while the content of most volatile compounds were significantly higher in peels of sweet orange samples from Yunnan. Therefore，the aroma of Bingtang orange from Yunan was stronger，and the sample from Hunan have a softer aroma. Furthermore，35 different flavor compounds were screened by orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis（OPLS-DA）for distinguishing the flavor qualities of Bingtang oranges between the two regions. Among them，L-proline and (E)-2-hexenal were higher in Hunan samples，whereas D-Limonene，β-Myrcene，α-Pinene，Valencene and γ-aminobutyric acid were more abundant in the fruit sample from Yunnan. And these volatile compounds were determined as biomarkers for the sensory differences of the Bingtang oranges from two regions. And correlation analysis showed that malic acid，citric acid，octanal and (E)-2-hexenal were highly correlated with taste and aroma attributes，respectively，serving as the main driving factors influencing consumer preferences.

In order to investigate the molecular mechanism of grape VvARF18 in fruit development，‘Red Globe’grapes（Vitis vinifera‘Red Globe’）were used as materials，the VvARF18 gene was cloned，and analyzed for its bioinformatics，and the gene was heterologously overexpressed in tomato to verify its effect on fruit development. The CDS of the VvARF18 gene was 22 109 bp in length，coding for 703 amino acids，with a pI of 6.50. Phylogenetic analysis showed that VvARF18 was the closest related to the VrARF18 protein of Vitis riparis；the gene was heterologously overexpressed in tomato. Expression，the longitudinal and transverse diameters of T₃ generation transgenic tomato fruits were significantly higher than those of the wild type，and its volume and single fruit mass were significantly increased，suggesting that VvARF18 has a positive regulatory effect on fruit expansion；transcriptional activation assay found that VvARF18 was not toxic but had self-activating activity，and screening of proteins interacting with its conserved functional structural domain B3-Auxin revealed a potential interplay relationship with the signaling complex VvCOP9.

In this study，phenotypic，SSR and SNP markers were used to study the genetic relationship and genetic diversity of 28 Xinjiang local pear cultivars. A total of 43 310 SSR markers and 2 045 692 SNP markers were developed and used for genetic diversity and genetic relationship analysis. The Shannon-Weaver index of 10 quantitative traits of 28 Xinjiang local pear cultivars ranged from 4.145 to 5.663，and the diversity index of the number of flowers per inflorescence was the highest and the diversity was rich. The coefficient of variation of each trait was between 4.49% and 67.36%，and the stability of petal number was higher than that of other traits. The primer development polymorphism rate of SSR markers was 96.15%. The clustering results were divided into 2 groups based on SSR markers，and the pear cultivars were divided into 4 groups based on SNP markers. The average fixation index（F）of SSR markers was 0.169，and the F_st value of SNP was between 0.0538 and 0.3387，indicating that there was genetic differentiation in Xinjiang local pear cultivars. ‘Korla Fragrant Pear’，‘Kuikeamute 1’and ‘Naixiput’should be classified as Xinjiang pear system，and‘Koteamute’belongs to Western pear system.

The total DNA of the roots，stems and leaves samples of peppers were extracted from the susceptible pepper cultivars（Fudijian and Qiemen）and resistant pepper cultivars（CM334 and SJ-0948） respectively，and the v3-v4 region of bacterial 16S rRNA gene and the fungal ITS1 region were sequenced using the Illumina platform. The results showed that there were significant differences in the composition of endophytic microorganisms in different pepper cultivars under natural planting. The diversity and richness index of fungal communities in roots，stems and leaves of susceptible cultivars. were significantly lower than those of resistant pepper cultivars. At the phylum level，the dominant bacterial and fungal phyla in the rhizosphere，root and leaves between two types of resistant peppers were the same，but the relative abundance of fungal Ascomycota phylum in the roots，stems and leaves of susceptible pepper（Fudijian）was much higher than that of resistant cultivars at the genus level，the dominant bacterial genera of the resistant pepper（CM334）were Mycobacterium（36.96%）in the root，and 2013Ark19i（15.21%），Photobacterium（5.50%），and Methylobacterium_Methylorubrum（4.11%）in stem，and Aureimonas （3.02%）in the leaves. Moreover，there were more harmful fungal genera in the endogenous parts of susceptible pepper（Fudijian），such as Fusarium accounting for 9.50% and 4.23% in roots and stems，and Cladosporium accounting for 45.46% and 51.74% in stems and leaves，respectively，which were significantly higher than those of two resistant cultivars. Among the fungal genera，only the relative abundance of Neoascochyta（root，leaf）and Mortierella（root）in resistant pepper cultivars was slightly higher than that of the susceptible pepper cultivars. In addition，the analysis of fungal community trophic types through the Funguild database showed that the relative abundance of the fungal communities in pathotroph in the stems and leaves of susceptible pepper（Fudijian）was higher than that of resistant pepper （SJ-0948 and CM334）.

Systemic Acquired Resistance Deficient 1（SARD1）is a transcription factor related to salicylic acid synthesis. In order to investigate its role in drought response，the 1 425 bp open reading frame of SARD1 in Poncirus trifoliata（named as PtSARD1）was obtained. The characterization of PtSARD1 was preliminarily studied by sequence analysis，subcellular localization，relative expression level，overexpression（OE），RNA interference（RNAi）and tolerance-related physiological indicators measurement. The results revealed that PtSARD1 contained three calmodulin binding protein domains and the subcellular localization of this protein will change over time，transferring from the nucleus to the cell membrane. The expression of PtSARD1 was detected in root，stem and leaf，with higher expression in leaf. Meanwhile，PtSARD1 was induced by drought and exogenous application of salicylic acid. PtSARD1-RNAi P. trifoliata and PtSARD1-OE tobacco were obtained to study its function in drought response. The detached leaves of two PtSARD1-RNAi P. trifoliata lines showed higher relative water loss at each time point. Relative water loss in detached leaves of two PtSARD1-OE tobacco lines（A7 and F7）were lower than that of the wild type tobacco（WT）. When water was withheld，potted seedlings of A7 and F7 showed better growth status，higher proline content，but lower electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde content. Overall，these results indicated that PtSARD1 may play a positive regulatory role in the drought response of P. trifoliata.

Peach trees have a large amount of new shoot growth and require more pruning labor. Previous studies have shown that amino acid fertilizers can not only be used as a new type of nitrogen fertilizer，but also have a certain effect on controlling the growth of new shoots. However，the effect and mechanism of using methionine to control shoots are not clear. Using 5-year-old‘Yuanxiangmi’peaches as test materials，foliar spraying of equal concentrations of methionine and urea was conducted to analyze their effects on peach shoot growth and fruit quality，providing a theoretical basis for finding safe and effective nutritional green control substances to inhibit redundant growth of peach tree shoots. The research results showed that compared with urea treatment，spraying of low methionine significantly inhibited shoot growth. However，after methionine treatment the net photosynthetic rate of leaves was significantly increased（17.39%），and the content of lignin and pectin in the branches was increased，resulting in an increase in branch strength；Reduced the content of gibberellin（36.85%）and auxin（24.96%）in branches and shoots，while improving the quality of single fruit and increasing the content of soluble solids in fruit.

‘Hongsubao’is a new mid to late ripening and red-skinned pear cultivar selected from the cross‘Shinseiki’בHongxiangsu’.‘Hongsubao’has a large fruit size，with an average single fruit weight of 300 g. The fruit is elongated and well-proportioned，with a red blush on the side exposed to the sun，smooth skin，no russet，an attractive appearance，a long shelf life，resistant to storage. The flesh is fine and crisp，juicy，sweet，and slightly sour. The taste is rich，with a soluble solids content of 13%. It matures in mid to late August in Zhengzhou City，Henan Province，with a fruit development period of about 140 days and a vegetative growth period of 230 days. The yield during the peak fruiting period is 48 000 kg · hm^-2.

To establish an efficient regeneration system for apple rootstock，this study utilized detached in vitro leaves from tissue-cultured seedlings of apple rootstock B9 as explants. This study screened key factors influencing regeneration，including various concentrations of phytohormone combinations，durations of dark culture，seedling ages，and hygromycin concentration. The findings revealed that the optimal medium for inducing indefinite buds was MS + 3.0 mg · L^-1 TDZ + 0.3 mg · L^-1 NAA + 30 g · L^-1 sucrose + 7 g · L^-1 agar，with a seedling age of 45 days and a dark culture period of 14 days，leading to the highest regeneration efficiency. The proliferation medium consisted of MS + 0.8 mg · L^-1 6-BA + 0.2 mg · L^-1 IAA + 30 g·L^-1 sucrose + 7 g · L^-1 agar；The rooting medium was 1/2 MS + 0.6 mg · L^-1 IBA + 30 g · L^-1 sucrose + 7 g · L^-1 agar. The appropriate hygromycin concentration for leaf regeneration was 2-4 mg · L^-1，while for rooting，it was 2-3 mg · L^-1.

‘Jinghong 1’is a new cultivar of red seed coat walnut introduced from the United States，which has the characteristics of late fruiting，avoiding late frost，disease and cold resistance. Nuts are of medium size，oval in shape，with a relatively smooth nutshell surface. The average weight of a single nut is 11.0 g，the average nutshell thickness is 1.40 mm，and the kernel yield is 50.8%. It is easily to take out the whole or half kernel from shell with red seed coat. The crude fat and protein content are 63.4% and 21.7%，respectively. It has a fragrant flavor and excellent nut quality. The fruit matures from late September to early October，with an average yield of 4.2 kg per plant during the full fruiting period. This cultivar has strong adaptability and could be cultivated in Beijing and ecologically similar areas in northern China.

In order to reveal the role of Myo-inositol（MI）in apple plants responding to high-temperature stress，apple plants were first exogenously supplied with MI and treated with high temperature stress. The results showed that high-temperature stress significantly caused leaf yellow and wilting，increased the contents of reactive oxygen species（ROS），malondialdehyde（MDA），and relative electrolyte leakage（REL），decreased the contents of the chlorophyll in apple plants. However，100 µmol · L^-1 exogenous MI treatment significantly alleviated the damage caused by high temperature. In addition，MdMIPS1 encoding the key rate-limiting enzyme in the MI biosynthesis，expressed highly under high-temperature stress in apple plants. The transgenic lines overexpressed MdMIPS1（OE，high MI content）were obtained in our previous study. They had higher endogenous content of MI，compared with wild type（WT）plants. And these OE lines were also used in this work and treated with high temperature stress. Compared with WT plants under high temperature stress，the OE lines exhibited slighter chlorisis and wilting in leaves. The contents of REL were lower and the contents of the chlorophyll were higher in OE plants than in WT. In addition，the stomatal aperture were larger in OE leaves，and the photosynthetic efficiency were stronger in OE plants than in WT. Meanwhile，the OE plants possessed less ROS accumulation and higher antioxidant enzyme activity than WT. The expression levels of several genes encoding the heat shock protein were also higher in OE plants than in WT under high temperature stress. In sum，all these results indicated that increasing the MI levels can significantly enhance tolerance to high temperature stress in apple plants.

In 2020 and 2021，a randomized block trial design was adopted，in which no fertilization control（CK），high-volume chemical fertilizer（T1），medium-volume chemical fertilizer + organic fertilizer（T2），medium-volume chemical fertilizer（conventional fertilization by local farmers，T3），low-volume chemical fertilizer + organic fertilizer（T4），low-volume chemical fertilizer（T5）and low-volume chemical fertilizer（T5）were adopted. Studied the changes and differences in potato yield，quality and nitrogen，phosphorus and potassium utilization efficiency. The results showed that the treatment of reducing chemical fertilizer combined with organic fertilizer could significantly improved the utilization efficiency of nitrogen，phosphorus and potassium nutrients in potato tubers，and significantly improved the soil organic matter content and the yield contribution rate of fertilizers，among which T2 treatment was the best. Declining chemical fertilizer will reduce the rate of commercial potato and the number of tubers per plant，which will affect the potato yield. However，organic fertilizer instead of moderate chemical fertilizer can alleviate the negative impact of declining chemical fertilizer on the yield，increase the rate of commercial potato and the number of tubers per plant，and increase the tuber yield. The highest yield of T2 was 18 810.35 kg · hm^-2. At the same time，the content of dry matter，starch，vitamin C and starch will also decrease with the decrease of chemical fertilizer，and the replacement of organic fertilizer can improve the quality decline. The treatment of chemical fertilizer combined with organic fertilizer can increase the content of dry matter，starch，vitamin C and soluble proteins of tuber more than that of single chemical fertilizer treatment，and the quality of T2 was the best. To sum up，the application of organic fertilizer can promote the utilization of nutrients，improve the yield and quality of potatoes.To sum up，the application of organic fertilizer promotes the utilization of nutrients，thus improving the yield and quality of potatoes. Under the same ecological conditions，the application of 750 kg compound fertilizer combined with 3 375 kg commercial organic fertilizer per hectare is more conducive to achieving high yield，high quality and high fertilizer utilization rate.

In order to screen pepper germplasm for disease resistance and explore disease resistance related genes，12 pairs of SSR primers for disease resistance were used for initial and secondary screening of 214 pepper germplasm materials，resulting in 6 pairs of SSR resistant primers with good polymorphism and 56 pepper germplasm with disease resistance. Inoculate resistant pepper germplasm with pepper phytophthora spore suspension and record the disease status，among which 11 were highly resistant. Transcriptome sequencing was performed on pepper stems at different stages after inoculation，and GO，KEGG enrichment，and WGCNA analysis were performed on differentially expressed genes. A total of 15 candidate genes related to disease resistance were screened.