Differences in Occurrence of Fruit Sunburn Between Satsuma Mandarin and Ponkan Tangerine and Possible Mechanisms

doi:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2023-0513

Acta Horticulturae Sinica ›› 2024, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (12): 2743-2757.doi: 10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2023-0513

• Genetic & Breeding·Germplasm Resources·Molecular Biology • Previous Articles Next Articles

Differences in Occurrence of Fruit Sunburn Between Satsuma Mandarin and Ponkan Tangerine and Possible Mechanisms

WU Zhuoqun¹, CHEN Pengxu¹, CHEN Siyi², ZHANG Fuqiong², FANG Hong², ZHU Jian¹, XIE Zongzhou¹, LI Chunlong¹, LIU Jihong¹()

¹National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops，College of Horticulture and Forestry，Huazhong Agricultural University，Wuhan 430070，China
²Special Products Technology Promotion Center of Dangyang City，Dangyang，Hubei 444100，China

Received:2024-03-28 Revised:2024-09-09 Online:2024-12-25 Published:2024-12-13
Contact: LIU Jihong

Abstract

Abstract:

Sunburn is a common physiological disorder in citrus production，but the underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. The study was carried out at Fenghuang Mountain，Banyue Town，Dangyang City，Hubei Province in 2021. Satsuma mandarin（Citrus unshiu Marc.）and Ponkan（C. reticulata）were used as experimental materials to investigate the difference in sunburn and potential mechanisms by examining peel injury degree，performing cytological observation，measuring antioxidant content and gene expression levels. The results showed that Satsuma mandarin was more susceptible to sunburn than Ponkan. Significant difference in the incidence rates of sunburn was observed between the two varieties，43.12% for Satsuma mandarin and 22.52% for Ponkan. Sunburn seriously influenced the compactness of pericarp cells and resulted in the accumulation of lignin. Satsuma mandarin fruits were found to accumulate greater level of reactive oxygen species（ROS）. In addition，nobiletin，a critical metabolite in the polymethoxyflavone metabolic pathway，was significantly enriched in Ponkan fruit peel. Consistently，transcript levels of CrCHS2，CrCHI and CrFNS，encoding crucial enzymes involved in biosynthesis of flavonoid，and CrOMT2 in the polymethoxyflavone pathway were significantly induced in the sunburnned Ponkan fruit peel. Taken together，these findings indicate that the main reason for the difference in sunburn between Satsuma mandarin and Ponkan is that the latter contains more antioxidant that can effectively decrease the ROS accumulation，thus leading to mitigation of sunburn-derived damage.

Key words: citrus, sunburn, flavone, flavonol, metabolic pathway, polymethoxyflavone

WU Zhuoqun, CHEN Pengxu, CHEN Siyi, ZHANG Fuqiong, FANG Hong, ZHU Jian, XIE Zongzhou, LI Chunlong, LIU Jihong. Differences in Occurrence of Fruit Sunburn Between Satsuma Mandarin and Ponkan Tangerine and Possible Mechanisms[J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2024, 51(12): 2743-2757.

Figures/Tables 11

Table 1 Standard for grading sunburn of citrus

日灼等级 Sunburn grade	日灼特征 Sunburn characteristic
SB-0	正常青色果皮 Normal cyan pericarp
SB-1	微微变淡黄的日灼面积小于1/5，无褐色斑 The peel turned slightly yellowish，the area of sunburn was less than 1/5，and there was no brown part
SB-2	黄色或深黄色日灼面积1/5 ~ 1/3，有褐色斑点 The skin turns yellow/dark yellow with some brown spots in the area where sunburn occurs
SB-3	黄色日灼面积大于1/3，褐色斑点变成褐面 The yellow area of the peel is more than 1/3，and the brown spots become brown

Table 2 Primers used for gene expression analysis by real time quantitative PCR

引物 Primer	上游引物（5′-3′） Forward primer	下游引物（5′-3′） Reverse primer
Actin	CCGACCGTATGAGCAAGGAAA	TTCCTGTGGACAATGGATGGA
CrCHS2	GTTCCAAATTGTGTCGGGGG	CGGACTAAACGCCTCATCCA
CrCHI	CCGAAAGATGGTGTTGCGGT	CAGAGCTAAGGCGACGATGT
CrFNS	TGTGTTGTTTGTGAACCTTTGGT	TCCAATGGGTTCTTCCAAATTT
CrLAR	GAAAAGCGCAGAGTAAGGCG	CCAATGTCAGTGCCTGCAAC
CrOMT2	ATGGCTGCGAATCGGGAAG	TGAAGTCATCATGGGGCTCAA
CrOMT3	TGCGAATCGGGAAGGTCAG	ATGGATGCTTGTCCGTCAACT

Fig. 1 Fruit surface temperature of Satsuma and Ponkan at different periods Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between varieties of different grades at P < 0.05. The same below.

Fig. 2 Fruit characteristics and color（a*/b*）of Satsuma and Ponkan with different sunburn grades（SB-0-SB-3）

Fig. 3 Pericarp thickness and hardness of peel of Satsuma and Ponkan at different grades（SB-0-SB-3）

Fig. 4 Microscopic observation of fruit peel from Satsuma and Ponkan with different sunburn grades（SB-0-SB-3）

Fig. 5 Observation of Satsuma and Ponkan fruit peel with different sunburn grades（SB-0-SB-3）by scanning electronic microscope Arrows indicate cracks and collapses.

Fig. 6 Distribution of reactive oxygen species in Satsuma and Ponkan fruit peel with different sunburn grades（SB-0-SB-3）

Fig. 7 Antioxidant ability of Satsuma mandarin and Ponkan fruit peel with different sunburn grades（SB-0-SB-3）

Fig. 8 Flavonoid content in Satsuma mandarin and Ponkan fruit peel with different sunburn grades（SB-0-SB-3）

Fig. 9 Expression of key genes for synthesis of polymethoxyflavone in Satsuma mandarin and Ponkan fruit peel of different sunburn grades（SB-0-B-3）

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Differences in Occurrence of Fruit Sunburn Between Satsuma Mandarin and Ponkan Tangerine and Possible Mechanisms

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