In this study，by using Ziziphus jujuba‘Dongzao’as a model，the phenological phases of flower development were documented，the process of flower development and nectar secretion was tracked，and the quantity and sugar content of the nectar were assessed under the facility cultivation. The results showed that compared to the open field cultivation，facility cultivation significantly advanced the sprouting stage of jujube floral bud，extended the duration of individual flower blooming and peak flowering periods，and increased both the quantity and sugar content of nectar. Overall，under the facility cultivation，‘Dongzao’exhibited superior in phenological phases，flower development，as well as nectar composition and quantity，compared to those under the traditional open field cultivation.

Sunburn is a common physiological disorder in citrus production，but the underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. The study was carried out at Fenghuang Mountain，Banyue Town，Dangyang City，Hubei Province in 2021. Satsuma mandarin（Citrus unshiu Marc.）and Ponkan（C. reticulata）were used as experimental materials to investigate the difference in sunburn and potential mechanisms by examining peel injury degree，performing cytological observation，measuring antioxidant content and gene expression levels. The results showed that Satsuma mandarin was more susceptible to sunburn than Ponkan. Significant difference in the incidence rates of sunburn was observed between the two varieties，43.12% for Satsuma mandarin and 22.52% for Ponkan. Sunburn seriously influenced the compactness of pericarp cells and resulted in the accumulation of lignin. Satsuma mandarin fruits were found to accumulate greater level of reactive oxygen species（ROS）. In addition，nobiletin，a critical metabolite in the polymethoxyflavone metabolic pathway，was significantly enriched in Ponkan fruit peel. Consistently，transcript levels of CrCHS2，CrCHI and CrFNS，encoding crucial enzymes involved in biosynthesis of flavonoid，and CrOMT2 in the polymethoxyflavone pathway were significantly induced in the sunburnned Ponkan fruit peel. Taken together，these findings indicate that the main reason for the difference in sunburn between Satsuma mandarin and Ponkan is that the latter contains more antioxidant that can effectively decrease the ROS accumulation，thus leading to mitigation of sunburn-derived damage.

Using the novel visual reporter system RUBY as a screening marker，combined with the regeneration-promoting peptide CaREF1，a pepper genetic transformation system were constructed and identified three efficient recipient materials for gene delivery. The transient expression efficiency of RUBY was significantly higher in the pepper genotypes‘L27’（line pepper），‘Zunla-1’（chili pepper），and‘1-51’（bead pepper）compared to other materials. Agrobacterium rhizogenes K599，carrying the pKSE401-RUBY vector，was used for transformation. After 60 days of culturing on the adventitious bud regeneration medium（MS + 5 mg · L^-1 6-BA + 1.2 mg · L^-1 IAA + 10 nmol · L^-1 CaREF1）and shoot proliferation medium[MS + （5-10） mg · L^-1 6-BA + 0.5 mg · L^-1 IAA + 3 mg · L^-1 GA₃ + 10 nmol · L^-1 CaREF1]，the average regeneration efficiency of cotyledon explants was 84% ± 7%，with 5.52 regenerated shoots per explant and a positive transformation rate about 5‰. This system enabled the first Agrobacterium-mediated visual genetic transformation in pepper and facilitated CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing in multiple pepper germplasms，with editing efficiency 100% in T₀ generation plants.

Citrus is usually considered as a typical non-climacteric fruit，with abscisic acid being primarily associated with citrus fruit maturity. However，other hormones，such as ethylene，gibberellin，auxin，also contribute significantly to the maturity and color transition of citrus. In production，a variety of natural hormones and synthetic plant growth regulators are commonly utilized to extend the marketing period of citrus fruits and improve postharvest preservation. This paper provides a comprehensive review of current research advances concerning the role of plant hormones on the maturation of citrus fruits. It delves into the complex relationships between these hormones and investigates the regulatory mechanisms controlled by related transcription factors. The primary aim is to provide reference for further research.

In order to explore the function of SlWRKY46 in response to low temperature stress，the CDS sequence of SlWRKY46 cloned from tomato‘Micro-Tom’leaves was analyzed. The result showed that SlWRKY46 belonged to Ⅱa group of WRKY family and encoded 253 amino acids. SlWRKY46 was localized in the nucleus by subcellular localization analysis. SlWRKY46 had no transcriptional activation activity in yeast. SlWRKY46 could form homologous dimers by yeast two-hybrid yeast（Y2H）. The results of real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR（qRT-PCR）showed that the expressions of SlWRKY46 were significantly induced by low temperature and abscisic acid（ABA）. The GUS staining of SlWRKY46 promoter transgenic tomato also cloud be induced by low temperature and ABA. The overexpressed SlWRKY46 tomato lines had higher cold tolerance compared with wild-type. The overexpressed SlWRKY46 tomato lines exhibited lower reactive oxygen species accumulation and malondialdehyde levels，and higher antioxidant enzyme activities and proline accumulation compared with wild-type under low temperature treatment. The expression levels of genes related to antioxidant enzyme and ABA showed significant differences between overexpressed SlWRKY46 tomato lines and wild-type under low temperature treatment. Taken together，these results indicated that SlWRKY46 positively regulated the cold tolerance of tomato by antioxidant enzyme and ABA pathways.

In this paper， the structural characteristics of different types of promoters and their roles in gene function research，metabolic engineering，and gene editing（CRISPR/Cas9）were discusses，and summarized the content and methods for promoter identification，aiming to provide insights for a deeper understanding and investigation of the structural characteristics and regulatory mechanisms of plant promoters.

Discovering natural triploids from diploid seedling offspring is an effective mehod to cultivate new seedless citrus cultivar. In this study，the small plump seeds of Orah were germinated and sowed，and the ploidy of seedling offsprings was identified by morphological screening，flow cytometry and chromosome counting. A total of 98 triploid lines of Orah seedlings were obtained. Two pairs of SSR primers with polymorphism between the female parent and its candidate male parent were used to analyze the hybrid origin of triploid progenies. It was found that only the amplification product of Orah mandarin could be detected in the triploid progenies. Further genetic analysis was performed using 36 pairs of S-RNase primers. Results showed that the S genotype S₁₁/S_M of Orah mandarin was detected in all triploid progenies，and the S genotype S₂₂ of the candidate male parent Shatangju occurred in two lines，presumed that these two lines were triploid progenies produced by the hybridization of Orah and Shatangju，and were formed by fertilization of 2n female gametes. The remaining lines might be autotriploids produced by selfing of Orah. Compared with the diploid seedlings，the triploid seedlings of the same age grew slowly，the internodes became shorter，the dwarfing was obvious，the main roots were short and thick，the fibrous roots were less，the leaves were dark green and thicker. Under the same cultivation and management conditions，the expression of multiple stress response related genes（CitCOMT，CitGRAS，CitERF4 and CitERF9）in the leaves of allotriploid plants was significantly up-regulated compared with diploid and autotriploid plants.

To explore the regulation mechanism of exogenous melatonin（MT）on leaf senescence of tomato（Solanum lycopersicum L.）,‘Jinpeng 1'tomato and SlTDC（L-tryptophan decarboxylase encoding gene，a key gene for MT synthesis）overexpression and knockout transgenic tomato plants were used as experimental materials and dark condition was used to simulate senescence，the effects of MT on senescence-related gene（SAG12）expression,reactive oxygen species（ROS）accumulation and antioxidant system were studied in this paper. The results showed that the mRNA abundance of SAG12，the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide（H₂O₂）and superoxide anion superoxide anion，the activities of superoxide dismutase（SOD），peroxidase（POD）and ascorbate peroxidase（APX）and their gene expression，and the content of ascorbic acid（AsA）and glutathione（GSH）in tomato leaves increased significantly with the prolongation of dark treatment time. Compared with the control（H₂O），the tomato treated with exogenous MT showed lower SAG12 mRNA abundance，the content of H₂O₂ and superoxide anion and higher activities of SOD，POD，APX as well as their gene expression and the content of redox substances. Meanwhile，overexpression of SlTDC also significantly down-regulated the mRNA abundance of SAG12 and the content of H₂O₂ and superoxide anion，and enhanced antioxidant capacity，while inhibition or knockout of SlTDC up-regulated the expression of senescence genes and the accumulation of reactive oxygen species（ROS）in tomato leaves under dark treatment，which accelerated leaf senescence. Moreover，field application studies showed that exogenous MT could also significantly down-regulate the expression of senescence genes and accumulation of ROS in tomato senescent leaves（leaf age > 35 d）in solar greenhouse，and delay leaf senescence caused by increasing leaf age. In summary，MT can accelerate the removal of ROS by down-regulating the expression of senescence genes and up-regulating antioxidant capacity，and then delay the senescence of dark or leaf-age-dependent tomato leaves.

In this study，ninety-six tree peony cultivars planted in Northwest A & F University were selected as the research objects. Phenotypic diversity analysis，correlation analysis，cluster analysis and principal component analysis were used to analyze the phenotypic diversity analysis and ornamental comprehensive evaluation of tree peony growth，new branch length and flowering time. The results showed that the diversity index of 15 phenotypic traits ranged from 0.56 to 2.03，and the coefficient of variation ranged from 11.84% to 53.82%. The phenotypic diversity of flower diameter was the highest，and the coefficient of variation of flower number per plant was the highest. Plant height，growth，flower diameter，new branch thickness and population flowering time were significantly correlated with other traits；Ninety-six tree peony varieties were divided into three groups by cluster analysis，and different groups corresponded to different types of garden applications. Principal component analysis simplified phenotypic trait factors into five principal components，with a cumulative contribution rate of 64.69%. New branch thickness，plant height，population flowering time and number of flowers per plant were the main factors of phenotypic variation of tree peony. The ninety-six tree peony varieties were sorted by comprehensive scores，and the top 10 cultivars had scores ranging from 0.66 to 1.18，and the cultivars with excellent comprehensive traits such as‘Yubanbai’‘Shima Nishiki’‘High Noon’‘Okan’and‘Duohua Luohan’were selected according to the comprehensive scores.

In this study，bioinformatics analysis of the common bean Trihelix gene family were performed，and the expression of the PvTrihelixes under adversity stress were examined using transcriptomic data（RNA-seq）and fluorescence quantitative PCR（qRT-PCR）. The results showed that 40 PvTrihelixes genes were identified in common bean genome，which unevenly distributed on 11 chromosomes. Phylogenetic analyses classified PvTrihelixes into five subfamilies（GT-1，GT-2，GTγ，SIP1 and SH4）. Five subfamilies were essentially similar in terms of gene structure and conserved motifs. Covariance analysis revealed there are 5 pairs of tandem repeat and 9 pairs of fragment repeat in PvTrihelixes. The promoter analysis revealed that PvTrihelixes contain cis-acting elements related to growth and development，light，hormones，and stress response. Tissue expression analysis revealed the presence of tissue expression specificity in PvTrihelix，and the genes with higher expression levels in flowers all belonged to members of the GT-2 subfamily and the SIP1 subfamily. The qRT-PCR results showed that PvTrihelix6/7/10/11 were significantly up-regulated under drought（6% PEG），PvTrihelix1/21/25/26/31/35 were up-regulated in response to low temperature（4 ℃），and PvTrihelix21/23/25/27/28/40were significantly up-regulated under salt（100 mmol · L^-1 NaCl）stress.

To analyze the molecular regulation mechanism of tree peony（Paeonia suffruticosa）in southern China，‘Hu Hong’was selected as the test material，the leaves treated at 20 ℃ and 40 ℃ were collected after 0，2，6，12 and 24 h，respectively. Transcriptomics and physiological and biochemical indicators were used to explore the differences in gene expression at different treatment times under high temperature stress. The result showed that the leaves showed water loss and biofilm damage，the relative conductivity of leaves and the proline content increased significantly with the prolongation of high temperature stress time. Free proline，relative conductivity and soluble protein were identified as important indicators to measure the changes of physiological mechanism in the response of peony to high temperature stress. A total of 492 693 unigene and 840 509 transcripts were generated by RNA-seq. 36 174 differentially expressed genes（DEGs）were annotated in 5 databases including GO and KEGG. The GO analysis showed that the main enrichment pathways were the reaction pathway to heat and the cycle pathway of reduced pentose phosphate. KEGG enrichment analysis showed that DEG is involved in signal transduction，photosynthesis and metabolism play a major role in responding to high temperature stress. Among the DEGs，multiple candidate genes and transcription factors involved in heat stress have been screened out，such as heat shock transcription factors PSHSFA2b，PSHSFA3，PSHSFB2a，PSHSFB2b，PSHSFB4，PSHSFC1 and some NAC，MYB，bHLH family genes. The expression of 11 selected genes under high temperature stress was detected by qRT-PCR，and the results were similar to RNA seq.

In order to investigate the effects of fulvic acid potassium（FA-K）on photosynthesis of grape leaves and fruit quality. In this experiment，the wine grape‘Cabernet Gernischt’was used as the test material，and different concentrations（30，60，90，120 mg · L^-1）of FA-K were sprayed on the leaves at flowering stage，fruit setting stage，expansion stage and color turning stage，and spraying water was used as the control. The photosynthetic pigment content，photosynthetic parameters，chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and fruit quality were measured under different treatments. The results showed that FA-K treatment significantly increased the content of chlorophyll a，chlorophyll b，total chlorophyll and carotene in leaves of‘Cabernet Gernischt’at different growth stages，enhanced P_n，T_r，G_s，F_v/F_m，Y(Ⅱ)，q_P，q_N and ETR，and reduced C_i and Y(NPQ). The effect of 90 mg · L^-1 FA-K treatment was the most significant. At the same time，FA-K also had a certain effect on improving fruit quality. In particular，90 mg · L^-1 treatment significantly promoted the accumulation of total soluble sugar，soluble solids，tannins，total phenols，flavonoids and anthocyanins in fruit，which increased by 25.96%，13.81%，27.73%，63.89%，9.48% and 78.57%，respectively，compared with the control，while the relative content of titratable acid was only 0.54%，which was 26.03% lower than that of the control. Principal component analysis results showed that the effects of different concentrations of FA-K on the photosynthetic and fruit quality of‘Cabernet Gernischt’grape leaves were as follows：90 mg · L^-1 treatment > 60 mg · L^-1 treatment > 120 mg · L^-1 treatment > 30 mg · L^-1 treatment > the control. In summary，FA-K treatment can significantly enhance the photosynthesis of grape leaves and improve fruit quality，and the effect of 90 mg · L^-1 is the most significant.

In order to study the response of GH3.17 gene to salt stress in strawberry，the evolutionary relationship and physicochemical properties of FaGH3.17 were analysed using bioinformatics，and the gene was cloned and subsequently subcellularly localised in tobacco and heterologously overexpressed in Arabidopsis to verify its function in salt stress. The results showed that FaGH3.17 is an acidic and unstable hydrophobic，non-secretory protein，and the analysis of the evolutionary relationship of species revealed that FaGH3.17 is the closest relative to Potentilla anserina. Subcellular localisation in tobacco revealed that FaGH3.17 was mainly localised in the nucleus and cell membrane. Heterologously overexpression analysis in Arabidopsis thaliana revealed that under salt stress，the conductivity，MDA and H₂O₂ content were higher than those of wild-type plants，which were elevated by 15.43%，42.97%，and 18.86%，respectively，whereas the Pro content，POD，SOD，and CAT activities were significantly lower than those of the wild-type plants，which were reduced by 13.28%，15.42%，14.22%，19.87%，respectively. And the relative expression of salt-responsive genes were all significantly reduced. It was shown that heterologous overexpression of FaGH3.17 significantly reduced the antioxidant enzyme activities and osmoregulatory substance contents in Arabidopsis，which predicts that GH3.17 may attenuate the salt tolerance of plants.

In order to investigate the molecular mechanism of grape VvARF18 in fruit development，‘Red Globe’grapes（Vitis vinifera‘Red Globe’）were used as materials，the VvARF18 gene was cloned，and analyzed for its bioinformatics，and the gene was heterologously overexpressed in tomato to verify its effect on fruit development. The CDS of the VvARF18 gene was 22 109 bp in length，coding for 703 amino acids，with a pI of 6.50. Phylogenetic analysis showed that VvARF18 was the closest related to the VrARF18 protein of Vitis riparis；the gene was heterologously overexpressed in tomato. Expression，the longitudinal and transverse diameters of T₃ generation transgenic tomato fruits were significantly higher than those of the wild type，and its volume and single fruit mass were significantly increased，suggesting that VvARF18 has a positive regulatory effect on fruit expansion；transcriptional activation assay found that VvARF18 was not toxic but had self-activating activity，and screening of proteins interacting with its conserved functional structural domain B3-Auxin revealed a potential interplay relationship with the signaling complex VvCOP9.

This paper systematically summarizes and presents the significant achievements and research advancements in Chinese cabbage breeding over the past 70 years. It focuses on four major phases of Chinese cabbage breeding in China，the innovation and utilization of Chinese cabbage germplasm resources，innovations and breakthroughs in breeding technologies，and the innovation and promotion of Chinese cabbage varieties. Additionally，the paper analyzes several existing challenges in the development of Chinese cabbage breeding and the seed industry in China. These challenges include the lack of large-scale application of efficient biobreeding technologies，insufficient systematic and in-depth exploration and evaluation of superior germplasm resources，severe homogeneity of varieties，substantial gaps between certain cropping types and foreign varieties，the need for further enhancement of research and development capabilities in seed enterprises，the preliminary formation of vegetable seed production base layout，steady improvement in seed quality，and the necessity for further enhancements in seed processing and treatment technologies. The paper proposes future directions for the Chinese cabbage seed industry，focusing on efficient breeding technologies，breeding objectives，seed production，and the improvement of seed quality.

Systemic Acquired Resistance Deficient 1（SARD1）is a transcription factor related to salicylic acid synthesis. In order to investigate its role in drought response，the 1 425 bp open reading frame of SARD1 in Poncirus trifoliata（named as PtSARD1）was obtained. The characterization of PtSARD1 was preliminarily studied by sequence analysis，subcellular localization，relative expression level，overexpression（OE），RNA interference（RNAi）and tolerance-related physiological indicators measurement. The results revealed that PtSARD1 contained three calmodulin binding protein domains and the subcellular localization of this protein will change over time，transferring from the nucleus to the cell membrane. The expression of PtSARD1 was detected in root，stem and leaf，with higher expression in leaf. Meanwhile，PtSARD1 was induced by drought and exogenous application of salicylic acid. PtSARD1-RNAi P. trifoliata and PtSARD1-OE tobacco were obtained to study its function in drought response. The detached leaves of two PtSARD1-RNAi P. trifoliata lines showed higher relative water loss at each time point. Relative water loss in detached leaves of two PtSARD1-OE tobacco lines（A7 and F7）were lower than that of the wild type tobacco（WT）. When water was withheld，potted seedlings of A7 and F7 showed better growth status，higher proline content，but lower electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde content. Overall，these results indicated that PtSARD1 may play a positive regulatory role in the drought response of P. trifoliata.

To clarify the occurrence and distribution of citrus diseases caused by“Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus”（CLas），citrus yellow vein clearing virus（CYVCV），citrus tatter leaf virus （CTLV），citrus exocortis viroid（CEVd）and citrus tristeza virus（CTV）in Yunnan Province. In this study，577 citrus leaf samples were collected from 38 counties of 14 major citrus producing states in Yunnan Province. The pathogens of the above five citrus diseases were detected by nested PCR and RT-PCR，phylogenetic tree was constructed by genetic evolution analysis. The analysis showed that the positive rates of CLas，CYVCV，CTLV，CEVd and CTV were 36.0%，33.6%，15.1%，13.0% and 82.0%，respectively. CLas and CTV occurred in all the detected cities. From the citrus species，sweet orange exhibited the highest detection rates of CYVCV，CLas and CTV，followed by mandarin and lemon. Notably，the detection rate of CTV in lemon（40.0%）was obviously lower than that in mandarin（87.4%）and sweet orange（92.2%）. While the detection rate of CTLV and CEVd in sweet orange was only 5.9% and 4.0%，respectively，and was lower than mandarin and lemon. Based on the correlation analysis，results revealed a negative correlation between CLas occurence and altitude. It was also found that the correlations of CYVCV and CTV，CTLV and CEVd occurs frequently，whereas the correlation of CLas and CEVd was rarely detected，suggesting correlations among citrus diseases. Through genetic evolution analysis，it was found that the introduction and internal spread of pathogens in Yunnan were both important ways for the spread of the pathogens.

To investigate changes in cell membrane integrity and the content and distribution of intracellular sugar fractions，reactive oxygen species metabolism and osmoregulatory substance content during the development of early watercore disease in‘Orin’apple fruits，and to analyse the changes in the expression of sorbitol transporter metabolism genes MdSDH and MdSOT. The results showed that the incidence of early watercore increased with fruit growth and higher ambient temperatures，and that early watercore may be associated with high temperatures. After the occurrence of watercore，the sorbitol content of vesicles，cytoplasm and intercellular space was higher than that of fructose and glucose；the permeability of vesicle membrane was significantly correlated with the sorbitol content of each organelle，the sorbitol content was always higher，the fructose content was decreased significantly；the permeability of vesicle membrane and cell membrane to different sugars was different；the content of superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide was significantly elevated compared with that of the watercore-free tissue（4.65% and 20.83% higher），the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as POD，SOD and CAT were significantly reduced，MDA content and relative conductivity were significantly increased，and the level of membrane peroxidation was serious，but the vacuole membrane and cell membrane still maintained a certain degree of permeability；the expression of MdSOT4 was significantly increased，and it was speculated that it might be an important regulator of sorbitol transport as well as metabolism in the tissue of the watercore. Early watercore symptoms can disappear with lower temperatures in October，further suggesting that high temperatures are associated with watery heart occurrence.

To screen the dwarf trait related genes，the shoot length and internode length of 12 pear varieties or selections with different plant architectures were measured during the new shoot growth period. The genes differentially expressed in the growth points，leaves and phloem among three pear varieties ‘Zaosu’（vigorous），‘Jinxiang’（semi-dwarf）and‘Zhongai 1’（dwarf）at different periods were screened by transcripome sequencing analysis. Combined with the expression verification in new shoot phloem of 12 varieties or selections，dwarf trait related candidate genes were obtained. One of the candidate genes PcGA2ox2 was overexpressed in tobacco to analyze its function. The results showed that the new shoot length of‘Zaosu’，‘Jinxiang’and‘Zhongai 1’had a slight difference in the early growth period，while showed a significant difference in the middle and late growth period of new shoot. The internode length of dwarf varieties were shorter than that of vigorous varieties in all test periods. The shoot length and internode length of six vigorous varieties were significantly longer than those of six dwarf or semi-dwarf varieties or selections in the middle and late growth period of new shoot. The number of differentially expressed genes between two samples ranged from 1 882 to 5 729 in different tissues，and periods of three varieties. Among them，51 differentially expressed genes showed an increase or decrease in expression levels with the decrease of new shoot length in both leaf and phloem. Nine differentially expressed genes in new shoot phloem of three varieties were selected to verify the expression levels by RT-qPCR in the phloem of 12 pear varieties or selections in the late growth period of new shoot. Among them，four genes showed a tendency of significant higher or lower expression in dwarf varieties or selections than that in vigorous varieties or selections，and were identified as candidate genes related to dwarf trait. One of the dwarf candidate genes was a member of GA2ox family genes. Total 15 members of the GA2ox gene family were further identified in the‘Zhongai 1’genome，and the expression of the candidate PcGA2ox2 gene was significantly higher in new shoot phloem of dwarf varieties or selections than that of vigorous varieties. Then PcGA2ox2 gene was overexpressed in tobacco，the transformed plants were significantly smaller than the control plants. In conclusion，PcGA2ox2 gene plays a key role in the dwarf trait of‘Zhongai 1’pear.

‘Heijin’is a new early-ripening Actinidia chinensis cultivar with yellow flesh，bred from the seedling selection of ‘Huayou’. The fruit is nearly ovoid in shape，with brown or slightly black skin，and the average weight of fruit is 104.83 g. The flesh color is golden yellow，the core color is yellow-white，and with tender，juicy taste and strongly aromatic. The content of soluble solids，total sugar，titratable acidity and vitamin C are 20.4%，13.1%，0.63% and 1 160 mg · kg^-1，respectively. The fruit is ripe in the middle of September in Guanzhong District of Shaanxi Province，with an average yield of 27 700 kg · hm^-2 in the full fruit stage.