In order to reveal the role of Myo-inositol（MI）in apple plants responding to high-temperature stress，apple plants were first exogenously supplied with MI and treated with high temperature stress. The results showed that high-temperature stress significantly caused leaf yellow and wilting，increased the contents of reactive oxygen species（ROS），malondialdehyde（MDA），and relative electrolyte leakage（REL），decreased the contents of the chlorophyll in apple plants. However，100 µmol · L^-1 exogenous MI treatment significantly alleviated the damage caused by high temperature. In addition，MdMIPS1 encoding the key rate-limiting enzyme in the MI biosynthesis，expressed highly under high-temperature stress in apple plants. The transgenic lines overexpressed MdMIPS1（OE，high MI content）were obtained in our previous study. They had higher endogenous content of MI，compared with wild type（WT）plants. And these OE lines were also used in this work and treated with high temperature stress. Compared with WT plants under high temperature stress，the OE lines exhibited slighter chlorisis and wilting in leaves. The contents of REL were lower and the contents of the chlorophyll were higher in OE plants than in WT. In addition，the stomatal aperture were larger in OE leaves，and the photosynthetic efficiency were stronger in OE plants than in WT. Meanwhile，the OE plants possessed less ROS accumulation and higher antioxidant enzyme activity than WT. The expression levels of several genes encoding the heat shock protein were also higher in OE plants than in WT under high temperature stress. In sum，all these results indicated that increasing the MI levels can significantly enhance tolerance to high temperature stress in apple plants.

Using two high-generation inbred broccoli lines（B20101 and B736）exhibiting significant differences in curd agronomic traits as parents，a test population of 228 F₂ individuals was obtained through hybridization and selfing. By mapping QTLs related to curd agronomic traits，candidate genes were identified to lay a theoretical foundation for elucidating the molecular mechanisms of curd formation in broccoli and breeding new superior varieties. Based on resequencing technology，SNP markers and constructed a genetic map consisting of 985 bin markers（comprising 6 329 SNP markers）were developed. The map spanned 788.78 cM，with an average marker interval of 0.84 cM. Through QTL mapping analysis of curd-related agronomic traits，3，3，1，4，and 8 QTLs were detected to control stem diameter，curd diameter，curd height，single curd weight，and floret size，respectively. The phenotypic variation explained（PVE）by these QTLs ranged from 4.5689% to 21.0997%. Among them，one major QTL（LOD = 10.6897，PVE = 21.0997%）controlling floret size was mapped within an approximately 58.977 kb interval defined by SNP markers mk_18639516 and mk_18698493. Analysis of this QTL interval identified four candidate genes-Bo6g067260，Bo6g067270，Bo6g067280，and Bo6g067290-that may influence floret size in the parental lines. These genes showed significant differences in expression levels between the two parents but no sequence variations in the parental lines or the F₂ population. This suggests that variations in the regulatory regions（e.g.，promoters）of these genes may lead to differences in gene expression，thereby affecting floret size.

Flat peach，with its unique flat fruit shape，provide an ideal material for analyzing the mechanism of fruit shape regulation. Previous studies have confirmed that PpOFP1 is a key regulator of flat fruit formation in peach；however，its molecular regulatory network remains unclear. Studies have shown that TRMs（TONNEAU1 Recruiting Motif proteins）interact with OFP family proteins though a conserved M8 domain，and this interaction plays a pivotal role in regulating tomato fruit shape. In this study，a total of 12 TRM family members were identified in peach，and phylogenetic analysis revealed their classification into four evolutionary clades. The analysis of protein conserved motifs revealed that 8 of these members contain the conserved M8 domain，which is essential for TRM-OFP interaction. In this

study，we also found that PpTRM5，PpTRM17，PpTRM18，and PpTRM26 were confirmed to interact with PpOFP1 through yeast two-hybrid assay，luciferase complementation assay，and bimolecular fluorescence complementation analysis，and this interaction occurs in the cytoplasm and cell membrane. Transcriptome analysis indicated that PpTRM17was highly expressed during the first rapid growth phase of both flat and round peach fruits，which was consistent with the high expression of PpOFP1 in flat peaches during this period，revealing that the two might jointly regulate the formation of flat fruit shape in flat peaches.

Using 264 pear germplasm accessions preserved in the Pear Germplasm Repository of Nanjing Agricultural University as the research materials，22 descriptive traits，including one-year-old shoot color and lenticel density，and 10 quantitative traits，including petiole length and leaf length，were investigated. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index，coefficient of variation，comparative analyses of inter- and intra-population diversity，correlation analysis and principal component analysis of quantitative traits，and cluster analysis were conducted. The results showed that the diversity indices of the descriptive and quantitative traits ranged from 0.025 to 1.637 and from 2.004 to 2.087，the diversity of quantitative traits was markedly higher than that of descriptive traits. Among the descriptive traits，young leaf color had the highest diversity index（H' = 1.637）. The coefficients of variation of the 10 quantitative traits ranged from 11.18% to 36.56%，with leaf area showing the highest value（CV = 36.56%）. Both inter- and intra-population variation of the nine quantitative traits related to shoots and leaves were relatively high，indicating that both contributed substantially to the phenotypic diversity of pear germplasm resources. Based on the comprehensive analysis of correlation and principal component analysis，leaf area，one-year shoot length，and flower bud length can serve as important indicators for evaluating the variation in shoot and leaf traits. Cluster analysis divided the 264 pear germplasm accessions into five groups. Pyrus communis could be distinguished from most Oriental pears，whereas P. bretschneideri and P. pyrifolia within the Oriental pear group did not form independent clusters but showed an intermingled distribution.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi（AMF），as widely symbiotic microorganisms with plants，play significant roles in promoting the growth and development of horticultural crops，enhancing yield and quality，strengthening stress resistance，and improving soil ecology. The application progress and mechanism of AMF in fruit trees，vegetables，and ornamental plants，and focuses on the production technology of AMF agents and their application strategies in horticultural production were systematically summarizes. Additionally，from an ecological perspective，this article proposes three innovative application paths of AMF for sustainable horticultural production：using mycorrhiza to assist bacteria in strengthening the functions of AMF；regulating plant interactions through the mycelial network to achieve

nutrient and signal sharing; and regulating native AMF to stimulate the biological potential of the native mycorrhizal network.

The aroma quality of horticultural crops is an important economic trait determined by volatile organic compounds（VOCs）. Its biosynthesis is coordinately regulated by internal regulatory networks and external environmental factors. Phytohormones including jasmonic acid，ethylene，and auxin form complex regulatory networks by activating transcription factors such as MYB and bHLH，and precisely regulate the biosynthesis of aroma substances（e.g.，terpenoids and phenylpropanoids）through signal cross-talk. Signaling molecules，such as calcium ions，hydrogen peroxide，and nitric oxide，participate in regulating the expression of aroma biosynthesis-related genes by mediating hormone signals and environmental stimuli. Environmental factors such as light and temperature not only independently regulate aroma biosynthesis in horticultural crops，but also exert synergistic effects through interactions between photoreceptors and temperature sensors. This review summarizes recent research progress on the regulation of aroma biosynthesis in horticultural crops by phytohormones，signaling molecules，and environmental factors，aiming to provide a theoretical reference for plant aroma research and the breeding of horticultural varieties with high aroma quality.

To deeply understand the synergistic mechanisms between plants and microorganisms in mycorrhizal symbiosis networks，systematically elabarates recent advances in understanding the tripartite interactions. It summarizes the compositional characteristics of the mycosphere microbiome and highlights the functional roles of its interactions with AMF in plant growth and development，resource competition，and the maintenance of ecosystem diversity. By synthesizing current research，this review aims to offer new perspectives for predicting and managing beneficial plant-microbe interactions.

The peach SAP genes were identified using bioinformatics methods to determine their structural characteristics and expression patterns following stress alleviation. Results showed that 11 PpSAP family members were identified in the peach genome，with molecular weights ranging from 16 268.42 Da（PpSAP3）to 31 983.27 Da（PpSAP8）. Only three genes PpSAP4，PpSAP8，and PpSAP9 contained introns. Subcellular localization predictions indicated that most members are localized in the nucleus. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that PpSAP proteins can be classified into four groups：ⅠA，ⅠC，ⅡA，and ⅡB. Most PpSAP family members contain A20-AN1 domains，and proteins within the same group exhibit similar motif distributions. cis-Acting element analysis suggested that PpSAPs are primarily associated with light，hormone，and abiotic stress responses. Moreover，tandem duplication events contributed to the expansion of the PpSAP gene family. GO enrichment analysis identified 13 GO terms for PpSAPs，while a protein-protein interaction network indicated interactions between seven PpSAP members and four other proteins. miRNA interaction analysis identified 175 miRNAs targeting PpSAP proteins，among which the miR172 family showed specific interactions with multiple PpSAP members. qRT-PCR analysis of PpSAP expression in peach rootstocks（Baihua Shantao，Zhongtao Kangzhen 1，SH，GF677）and Prunus cerasifera rootstocks（Li 1，Li 3，Li 5，RA）after mitigation of abiotic stress revealed that under drought stress，PpSAP4 showed high expression in Li 3 and in GF677 treated with Spd or PEG，PpSAP6 was highly expressed in Li 1 treated with Spd，while PpSAP7 and PpSAP8 were significantly upregulated in Li 3 treated with PEG，and PpSAP9 was notably expressed in SH treated with Spd. Under low-temperature stress，PpSAP3 exhibited significant expression in Li 5 and RA treated with ALA，RA treated with Spd，and SH and RA treated with PEG；PpSAP4 reached its highest expression level（1 404.05）in GF677 treated with PEG；PpSAP8 showed high expression in Li 5 and RA after treatment with ALA or Spd. Under saline-alkali stress，PpSAP1 was highly expressed in Zhongtao Kangzhen 1 treated with ALA，PpSAP6 was significantly upregulated in Li 1 treated with ALA，while PpSAP9 showed notable expression in both SH treated with ALA and GF677 treated with PEG. These results indicate that the exogenous mitigators ALA，Spd，and PEG can specifically induce high expression of key PpSAP genes，and their regulatory effects vary significantly depending on the rootstock type and stress environment. In conclusion，PpSAP is hypothesized to be a key gene family involved in mitigating abiotic stress.

This review systematically summarizes recent advances in the research on the patterns of manifestations，driving factors，and regulatory mechanisms underlying floral volatile substances variation in the family Orchidaceae. Groups such as Cymbidium，Phalaenopsis，and Dendrobium exhibit genus-level specificity differentiation in volatile substances. Terpenoid compounds constitute the characteristic volatile fragrance components of most current orchids，whereas certain “specialized” taxa produce distinctive odors dominated by ketones，sulfur-containing compounds，amines，and other uncommon constituents. Volatile substance variations of Intra-specific and hybrid orchids are reflected not only in the composition and relative abundance，but also in the diversity of emission rhythms，which are highly synchronized with pollinator activity patterns. From the perspective of influencing factors，genetic factors represent the fundamental determinants of volatile substances diversity in orchids. In recent years，a series of key genes involved in the biosynthesis of terpenoids，phenylpropanoids，and other volatile compounds（such as structural genes like TPS） have been obtained，and they are strongly influenced by developmental stages，diurnal changes and trait trade-off. Non-biological factors can also alter the release intensity and component ratio of volatile substances. The metabolism of the main volatile substances is mainly regulated by transcription，and forms a cellular activity pattern of storage-release or active transport. In addition，the adaptive evolutionary relationship among pollinators may be an important ecological driver of scent diversification. The olfactory preferences of different pollinator groups（such as moths，bees，and beetles，etc.） have promoted the evolution of species-specific floral scent signals，thereby contributing to reproductive isolation and species differentiation. However，there are still some deficiencies in current researches. For instance，the functions and genetic patterns of volatile substances in the flower parts of some orchidaceae plants remain unclear，the molecular regulatory networks synthesized by them have not been fully elucidated，and the mechanism of exogenous regulation of flower fragrance is not systematically studied. In the future，by integrating research methods from biology and ecology，multi-omics technology and gene editing technology，the molecular mechanisms of the synthesis and regulation of volatile substances in the flower parts of orchids can be deeply explored，revealing their diverse evolutionary driving forces，and providing theoretical basis and technical support for the targeted breeding of new varieties of aromatic orchids and the development of functional products.

The 292 pitaya（Selenicereus spp.）accessions were used as materials. Based on 19 phenotypic traits，24 candidate core collections were constructed using 4 sampling methods and six sampling ratios. The optimal core collection construction strategy was determined based on four evaluation indicators：Ratio of Phenotype Retained（RPR），Range Conformity Rate（CR），Variation Coefficient Change Rate（VR），and Shannon-Weaver Diversity Index（I）. Accessions with specific traits were then selectively added to the core collection，resulting in a final core collection of 50 pitaya accessions，which accounts for 17.12% of the original collection. The evaluation indicators，including CR，RPR，I，and VR，were 100.00%，99.44%，1.80，and 131.52%，respectively. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the core collection was evenly distributed in the sample distribution plot，covering the range of the original collection，and effectively reduced the overlapping portion of the original collection. Both the evaluation indicators and PCA results indicate that the core collection constructed in this study effectively preserved the genetic diversity of the original collection while removing redundancy.

Floral scent serves as a crucial signal mediating interactions between plants，their environment，and other organisms. It is predominantly composed of diverse volatile organic compounds（VOC）emitted from floral tissues，including terpenoids，phenylpropanoids/benzenoids，and fatty acid derivatives. The biosynthesis of floral volatiles involves multiple metabolic pathways and exhibits pronounced spatiotemporal dynamics across different developmental stages and floral tissues. This process is coordinately regulated by key enzyme-encoding genes，transcription factors，hormonal signaling，and environmental cues. In ornamental plants where terpenoids dominate the floral bouquet，members of the terpene synthase（TPS）gene family，together with several quantitative trait loci（QTL），largely determine the diversity and specificity of floral scent composition. With the rapid advancement of multi-omics and molecular breeding technologies，transgenic approaches and genome editing tools，such as CRISPR/Cas9，have shown great potential for modifying floral scent traits. Concurrently，microbial“cell factory” systems offer promising strategies for the scalable and sustainable production of natural floral volatiles. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the major chemical constituents and metabolic pathways underlying floral scent in plants，as well as the spatiotemporal regulation of volatile emission and the associated key genes and regulatory networks. Finally，it further discusses recent advances and future prospects in the molecular breeding and industrial applications of floral scent. The review aims to offer a theoretical framework for understanding the molecular mechanisms of scent formation and to provide new perspectives for its application in ornamental plant improvement and related industries.

This study analyzed soil properties，climate conditions，and fruit quality of 87 Fuji apple orchards across 14 counties in Shandong Province from 2019 to 2021，and the differences between environmental factors and fruit quality were compared among counties. Correlation analysis and redundancy analysis（RDA）were used to screen the main environmental factors affecting fruit quality. The results showed that the average single fruit weight was 262.22 g，more than 60% of the orchards had single fruit weight above 250 g and less than 5% of the orchards had single fruit weight below 200 g. The fruit hardness was concentrated in the range from 6.5 to 7.5 kg · cm^-2. Fruit firmness mainly ranged between 6.5-7.5 kg · cm^-2. The average soluble solids content across counties was 14.45%，showing low variation. The content of titrable acid in Wendeng was the highest（0.32%），while the content in other areas was below 0.30%. Mengyin solid acid ratio was the highest，69.71% higher than the lowest Wenden，with nosignificant differences among other regions. The average pH of the orchard soil was 5.64，indicating an overall acidic nature. There were significant variations in nutrient content across different orchards，particularly in organic matter，available phosphorus，and available potassium，with coefficients of variation exceeding 50%. Correlation analysis showed that soil pH was negatively correlated with fruit quality indexes except titrable acid. Soil organic matter was positively correlated with solid-acid ratio，sucrose and sweetness value，and negatively correlated with titrable acid. Total nitrogen，available phosphorus，and available potassium negatively affected flavor components like sugar-acid ratio and soluble solids. Both average temperature and average temperature difference were significantly correlated with titrable acid and sugar-acid ratio. The results of RDA analysis showed that organic matter content，available P content，mean temperature difference and pH were the key factors affecting fruit quality.

In this study，members of the WOX，GRF，and GIF gene families in citrus were systematically identified and analyzed，and a multiplex CRISPR/dCas9-TV activation system was subsequently developed to precisely induce these endogenous developmental regulators without introducing exogenous coding sequences. Expression profiling revealed that CsWUS，CsWOX9，CsGRF4，CsGRF5，and CsGIF1 are highly expressed during somatic embryogenesis and regeneration. Targeted activation of CsWUS markedly shortened the differentiation cycle of sweet orange callus. In grapefruit，activation of CpWUS，CpWOX9，or CpGRF4 significantly increased regeneration and transformation rates from epicotyl explants，with the combined activation of CpGRF4 and CpGIF1 producing the greatest improvement. In lemon，co-activation of ClWUS，ClWOX9，and ClWRKY42 substantially enhanced hairy root induction and transformation efficiency from leaf explants，while enabling visual selection via carotenoid accumulation. This endogenous multi-gene activation strategy is broadly applicable across citrus cultivars，offers a generalizable route for overcoming regeneration bottlenecks in recalcitrant species.

Cucumber（Cucumis sativus L.）is a globally significant vegetable crop characterized by the presence of trichomes on various plant organs. On the fruit surface，these non-glandular trichomes，known as spines，along with protuberances called tubercules，collectively form warts，which significantly influence fruit epidermal appearance and commercial value. The density and size of warts influence consumer acceptance and shape cultivation and breeding decisions，postharvest processes，and responses to both biotic and abiotic stresses. Numerous genes regulating spine and tubercule development have been identified in cucumber，and their underlying molecular mechanisms have been investigated. This review synthesizes current research on the genetic control of cucumber wart development，describes the regulatory networks governing spine ontogeny，and discusses the role of cucumber trichomes in stress responses. This knowledge provides a foundation for developing improved cucumber varieties with enhanced commercial traits and stress resistance.

Capsaicinoids are a type of substance specifically synthesized in chili peppers，which is widely used in food，medicine，pesticide and other fields. In recent years，many scholars have studied the biosynthesis of capsaicinoids and related genes and enzymes，and have made important progress. In this paper，the synthesis of capsaicinoids in recent years were reviewed，including the classification of peppers，the types of capsaicinoids，the biosynthesis and genes related of capsaicinoids，QTLs related to capsaicinoids content，and the external environmental conditions affecting the capsaicinoids biosynthesis.

The CYP71 gene family is the largest subfamily within the cytochrome P450 enzyme family and plays a crucial role in the biosynthesis pathways of secondary metabolites such as terpenes and flavonoids. Specifically，it is involved in the hydroxylation and oxidation modifications of terpenes，closely associated with the production of plant metabolite derivatives. In the sweet orange genome，138 CYP71 genes have been identified，with highly conserved motifs and gene structures among its members. Promoter cis-acting element analysis revealed that the CsCYP71 subfamily contains light-responsive，hormone-responsive，and other regulatory elements. Through transcriptomic，gene expression，and volatile component analyses，the candidate gene Cs3g07330（termed as CsCYP2）was identified as significantly correlated with essential oil content. The expression level of this gene in leaves and peels showed a strong positive correlation with essential oil accumulation，and it was predominantly expressed in oil glands，suggesting its potential involvement in essential oil biosynthesis. In transgenic plants with CsCYP2 overexpression and gene editing，the expression of CsCYP2 was found to be highly positively correlated with the content of the dioxygenated monoterpene 2-hydroxycineole（exo-2-hydroxycineole）. This indicates that CsCYP2 may be a key gene responsible for the oxidative modification in the synthesis of exo-2-hydroxycineole.

In this study，the leaves from different ploidy Paeonia ostii‘Fengdan’at blooming and flower decay stage as test materials，the change of leaf phenotype，anatomical structure and transcriptome were analyed. The results showed that the order of leaf area size was triploid > tetraploid > diploid；the order of leaf blade thickness and vein diameter were tetraploid > triploid > diploid. Compared with diploid flowering leaves，19 genes such as SAUR23，SAUR32，ARR4，IPT3，and IPT5 were up-regulated expression in triploid leaves at blooming stage；18 genes，including SAUR78，CYCD3，ARP5，ZOG2，HEMD，and HEME，were up-regulated expression in tetraploid leaves at bloom stage. Up-regulated expression of 10 genes including ARF10，IPT9，and HEMB in triploid leaves at flower decay stage；13 genes，including AHP4，CKX7，ZOG，UGT83A1，PAO，and SGR，were up-regulated expression in tetraploid leaves at flower decay stage. The analysis of differential genes in the pathway of carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms showed that the expression levels of GAPC and MDH genes were higher in triploid leaves at blooming stage. WGCNA analyses showed that 18 core genes，including TCTP，BTB，BRH1 and PsMYC2，were expressed at higher levels in triploid，and 15 core genes，such as GLY，NmrA-like and WAT1，were highly expressed in tetraploid. The result of qRT-PCR confirmed the reliability of the RNA-seq data. The differential expression of these genes affected the growth and development of polyploid P. ostii‘Fengdan’leaves.

Observing sporogenesis and gametogenesis is a fundamental step in revealing the mechanism of embryo abortion in Ziziphus jujuba‘Hupingzao’. The occurrence of megasporogenesis，microsporogenesis as well as the development of female and male gametophyte of‘Hupingzao’were studied by paraffin sectioning technique in this paper. Each anther has four pollen sacs. The anther wall is composed of an epidermis，an endothecium，two middle layers，and a secretory tapetum，and its development type is the basic type. Following meiosis，the microspore mother cells forme tetrahedral tetrads through simultaneous cytokinesis. The mature pollen grains are two-celled with three pollen apertures. The ovule is anatropous，and the ovary is bilocular with one ovule per locule. The megaspore mother cell undergo meiosis to form a linear tetrad along the longitudinal axis. The chalazal megaspore develops into the functional megaspore. The female gametophyte develops through binucleate and four-nucleate embryo sac stages，ultimately formed a mature 7-celled，8-nucleate embryo sac. Embryo sac development is the polygonum type.‘Hupingzao’exhibits dichogamy，with stamens developing earlier than pistils.

In order to explore the aroma quality characteristics of different Citrus junos germplasms，the flavedo of ripe fruits of seven C. junos germplasms were used as experimental materials，and methyl tert-butyl ether（MTBE）solvent extraction method combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry（GC-MS）was applied to detect and analyze volatile compounds in C. junos，and relative odor activity value（ROAV）analysis was further used to screen the main aroma active compounds of orange germplasm. The results indicate that a total of 65 volatile compounds were identified in seven germplasms，including 56 terpenes，7 aldehydes，and 2 esters. Among them，18 volatile components were common to all seven germplasms，including α-pinene，β-myrcene，d-limonene，γ-terpinene，linalool，trans-β-farnesene，germacrene D，etc. There were also 21 volatile compounds that can only be detected in a single germplasm，such as α-farnesene and α-sinensal in Bazhong Xiangcheng，Methyl N-methylanthranilate in Xiecheng，and tetradecanal and hexadecanal in Ziyang Xiangcheng，etc. In addition，the monoterpenes content was the highest in C. junos，reaching more than 93% in all seven C. junos germplasms. Among the seven C. junos，Ziyang Xiangcheng had the highest sesquiterpenes content （5.32%），while Bazhong Xiangcheng had the lowest sesquiterpenes content（0.92%）. Cluster analysis based on the types and contents of volatile substances clearly distinguished Bazhong Xiangcheng and Xiecheng from other germplasms. Through ROAV analysis，seven characteristic aroma compounds were screened from the seven germplasms，including linalool（rose，osmanthus），d-limonene（lemon，sweet），β-myrcene (oil，balsam），α-pinene（turpentine，camphor），decanal（orange peel，soap），α-phellandrene （mint，sweet）and nonanal（rose，orange peel）. Among them，linalool，d-limonene and β-myrcene were the most important aroma active compounds of C. junos.

In this study，Chrysanthemum × morifolium‘Lixiang’was used as the material，and the headspace adsorption（HSA）method combined with automatic thermal desorption-gas chromatography- mass spectrometry（ATD-GC-MS）was utilized to analyze the floral fragrance of‘Lixiang’flowers at bud stage，half-open stage，and peak flowering stage at 14：00，as well as at peak flowering stage at 6：00 and 22：00. The principal component analysis（PCA），hierarchical clustering analysis（HCA）and partial least squares discriminant analysis（PLS-DA）were employed to construct a discriminant model for the volatile organic compounds（VOCs）and to identify differential VOCs. Finally，the relative odor activity value（ROAV）was calculated to analyze the aroma characteristics. A total of 86 VOCs were detected across different flowering stages and time points，with 39 common to all. At 14：00 during the peak flowering stage，both the highest number of VOC types（68）and the highest emission rate（4 032.57 ng · g^-1 · h^-1）were observed. The 86 VOCs were classified into 4 categories，terpenes exhibited both the highest number and emission levels of VOCs at all sampling points，α-pinene was the most abundant VOC in the fragrance of‘Lixiang’. Using VIP scores and P values，a total of 24 differential volatiles were screened. ROAV analysis identified 4 key characteristic aroma components，ethyl isobutyrate provided the highest odor contribution value，imparting a characteristic fruity fragrance to‘Lixiang’flowers，α-pinene，propyl 2-methylpropanoate and (Z)-β-ocimene imparted resin/pine-like，fruity and terpene fragrance characteristics，respectively.