In this study，the role of MhCLE8（CLAVATA3/EMBRYO SURRSURROUNDING REGION 8）peptide hormone gene in regulating anthocyanin accumulation was investigated using the meterials Arabidopsis and apple calli. The results showed that the accumulation of anthocyanin in Arabidopsis seedlings and apple calli was significantly inhibited when treated with MhCLE8 peptide （referred to as MhCLE8p）which was synthesised in vitro. Phylogenetic analysis and multiple protein sequences alignment showed that MhCLE8 and its homologues in other plant species contain a highly conserved CLE-motif，and MhCLE8 showed high homology with Prunus armeniaca（CAB4276204.1）and Malus baccata（TQE01035.1）. The MhCLE8 gene was cloned to binary vector pRI，and transferred to Arabidopsis and apple calli to obtain the stable overexpression materials by Agrobacterium-mediated transgenic technology. The transgenic Arabidopsis seedlings and apple calli showed decresed accumulation of anthocyanin. The qRT-PCR analysis showed that the expression of anthocyanin biosynthesis structural genes in MhCLE8 overexpressed plant materials was inhibited to varying degrees. In summary，all the results suggested that the peptide encoding gene MhCLE8 was a negative regulator of anthocyanin accumulation.

In the current study，the flowers of three grape varieties‘Beichun'（hermaphrodite），‘1613C'（male） and‘520A'（female）were chosen. Hormone determination and transcriptome sequencing were performed at the early bud stage，large bud stage and blooming stage. The accumulation of various plant hormones in flowers of different genders was different，and so was that in flowers of the same gender at different developmental stages. The contents of IAA，ABA and MeJA were the highest in the large bud stage of female flowers. A total of 31 965 expressed genes were obtained，and 1 535 genes were directly related to flower development and were mainly involved in phenylpropane synthesis and plant hormone signal transduction pathways. Some genes are continuously up-regulated or down-regulated at different developmental stages. The genes that are continuously up-regulated are mainly involved in Phenylpropane synthesis，plant hormone signal transduction and other pathways. The genes that are continuously down-regulated are mainly involved in starch and sugar metabolism，and amino acid synthesis. MADS-box genes，such as AP1，SEP1，AG2 and SOC1 were significantly differently expressed in different floral organs at developmental stages. During flower sex differentiation，the differential expression of the MADS-box gene，the flower-induced integron gene，and the detoxification and stress-related genes play important roles.

In this study，a total of 296 pear germplasms from National Horticulture Germplasm Resources Center Pear Branch Center（Zhengzhou）were collected for fruit spots observation，data collection and photography. During fruit harvesting period，the indicated pear germplasms were sampled and different fruit spot traits，including fruit spots size，fruit spots density，fruit spots height，and the fruit spots area in unit area were comprehensively analyzed. Additionally，sensory evaluation of fruit appearance quality associated with fruit spots in different pear germplasms was performed，and the apperance quality of different pear germplasms was evaluated by grey relation analysis（GRA）and cluster analysis（CA）to establish a comprehensive evaluation model for pear fruit spot traits. The results showed that the relative correlation degree of fruit spots of 296 pear resources ranged from 0.3158 to 0.6526，and the 296 resources were classified into five grades：excellent，good，medium，poor，and extremely poor. Pear varieties including‘Autumn Red’‘Silk Red’‘Red Sensatian’‘Zhongli Meicui’‘Barlett’and‘Dabali’were screened out with excellent fruit spot traits，which have good appearance quality and were consistent with the actual production fruit exterior. On the contrary，pear varieties including‘Puguali’‘Xihuamake’‘Chili’and‘Enli’were screened out with extremely poor fruit spot traits，which have poor appearance quality. Furthermore，the fruit spot traits of 296 pear germplasm resources were divided into five grades by cluster analysis，including excellent，good，medium，poor and extremely poor，which accounted for 7.8%，8.8%，37.1%，34.1% and 12.1% of the tested materials，respectively. Above all，the germplasm resources with excellent fruit spot traits will lay the foundation for the improvement of pear appearance quality，and the germplasm resources with poor fruit traits will be helpful for the investigation of the formation and regulation mechanism underlying pear fruit spots.

Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 is a key enzyme for substrate ubiquitination reaction，which plays an important role in the mechanism of self-incompatible by S-RNase degradation via ubiquitin-proteasome system. An E2 gene was cloned based on EST sequence（EY715921）of Citrus sinensis using the flower buds from‘Wuzi Shatangju’and‘Shatangju’，named as CrUBC2. The full-length cDNA sequence of the CrUBC2 was 965 bp，encoding 152 amino acids. There was one base difference （C/T）in the coding sequence of CrUBC2 between‘Wuzi Shatangju’and‘Shatangju’，which resulted in the conversion of threonine to isoleucine. Multiple sequence alignment showed that only one amino acid difference（Thr/Ile）was found between CrUBC2 and orthologs. Therefore，CrUBC2 protein was highly conservative during the evolution process. qRT-PCR showed that the highest expression level of the CrUBC2 was detected in anthers，and the expression level of the CrUBC2 after cross-pollination was 2.22-5.36 fold higher than that of self-pollination，indicating obvious expression specificity in different pollination. Pollen germination experiment in vitro showed that CrUBC2 protein of‘Wuzi Shatangju’inhibited significantly the growth of pollen tubes of self-pollination，but it had no effect on the growth of cross-pollination pollen tubes，which may be related to its involvement in S-RNase ubiquitination and resulting in cross-compatibility.

The new cultivar‘Zixia'is derived from the cross Dendrobium Ekapol‘Big Panda'and Dendrobium‘Yuki'. The flower color is purple and bright and the average single branch has 5.3 flowers with flower diameter of 6.8 cm and the branch length is 35.0 cm. The beginning flower of this cultivar is in October and full bloom is November and December when cultured in greenhouse of guangzhou，and can be widely planted in South China.

Using‘Zhangshugang’pepper suitable for fresh and immature fruits as experimental material the changes of shape，firmness，tissue structure，main nutrients，cell wall substances，capsaicinoids and volatile components of fruit during fruit development were investigated，and the correlation analysis and principal component analysis of quality characteristics was carried out to clarify the key factors affecting the quality. The results showed that the longitudinal diameter，transverse diameter，single fruit weight，flesh thickness，fruit firmness and cuticle thickness of fruit increased gradually from the development of pepper fruits to the colour change stage. The number of pericarp cell layers did not change，and the volume of parenchyma cells increased resulting in the thickening of flesh. The contents of soluble protein showed a‘U-shaped’change with fruit development；soluble sugar and vitamin C showed an overall increasing trend；the total pectin content increased first and then decreased. The content of cellulose and hemicellulose showed a decreasing-rising-decreasing-rising trend，and the content of cellulose and hemicellulose was the lowest at 15 days after flowering. Capsaicinoids content increased rapidly in the early stage of development. A total of 158 volatile constituents were detected during pepper fruit development，dominated by terpenes，esters，heterocyclic compounds，hydrocarbons，ketones，alcohols，and aldehydes，with an increase in terpenes，esters，hydrocarbons，ketones，and aldehydes， from 10 to 25 d after flowering. Therefore，low fruit firmness，thin cuticle，moderate spiciness，low content of cellulose and total pectin content，and relatively high volatile componentsmay be the main reasons for the excellent taste of fresh and immature pepper. In addition，the results of principal component analysis showed that soluble protein content was also one of the important factors affecting the quality of ‘Zhangshugang’ pepper.

‘Dongshi Zaoyou’，a new pummelo cultivar selected from pummelo seedlings，is mainly cultivated in the tropical areas of Yunnan Province. It has good characteristics such as early-maturing，high-yielding，seedless and etc. However，the genetic origin of‘Dongshi Zaoyou’pummelo has not yet been clarified，which was unfavorable to its protection and utilization. In this study，the cross-compatibility test and molecular markers including self-incompatibility S-genotype，SNP and InDels were used to explore the genetic background differences between‘Dongshi Zaoyou’pummelo and its two similar cultivars ‘Shatianyou’，‘Shuijingyou’. The pollination experiments revealed the cross-incompatibility between‘Dongshi Zaoyou’pummelo and‘Shuijingyou’pummelo while the cross-compatibility between‘Dongshi Zaoyou’pummelo and‘Shatianyou’pummelo. Accordingly，S-genotype of‘Dongshi Zaoyou’pummelo was judged to be S₅S₆，the same as that of‘Shuijingyou’pummelo（S₅S₆），while different from that of ‘Shatianyou’pummelo（S₁S₂）. Based on the genome resequencing data，the genome-wide SNP density distribution of three pummelo cultivars were then plotted and compared. The results showed that‘Dongshi Zaoyou’pummelo and‘Shuijingyou’pummelo had highly similar SNP density and clustered into a group，but they both were significantly different from‘Shatianyou’pummelo. In addition，two InDel polymorphic markers could clearly distinguish‘Dongshi Zaoyou’pummelo from‘Shatianyou’pummelo. Collectively，it could be concluded that‘Dongshi Zaoyou’pummelo showed a closer relationship to‘Shuijingyou’pummelo than‘Shatianyou’pummelo.

Twenty-one quantitative characters（weight of single fruit，stone weight，a thouthand kernel weight，total sugar content，titratable acid content，etc.）of Ziziphus jujuba Mill. var. spinosa（Bunge）Hu ex H. F. Chow fruits'genetic variation rule and genetic diversity were studied in 393 wild jujube germplasm from follow provinces of Hebei，Liaoning，Shandong，Shaanxi．The results showed that the wild jujube germplasm was rich in genetic diversity. The obvious variety was observed with18 quantitative characters. The Shannon's index of the 18 quantitative characters exceeded 1.0. The degree of genetic diversity between various regions was distinctly different，and the upper-to-lower order of the various regions based on Shannon's index was Xingtai（H' = 1.198），Handan（H' = 1.147），Chaoyang（H' = 1.120），Baoding（H' = 1.069），Yulin（H' = 0.953），and Tai'an（H' = 0.733）. Cluster analysis divided the wild jujube germplasm into three groups，North China，Shaanxi，Liaoning. The wild jujube germplasm in North China（mainly represented by Xingtai）was the richest in quantitative diversity，which provides a wealth of material to choose for the breeding. The principal component analysis on quantitative characters result showed that the accumulative contribution rate of the first four principal components accounted for 71.85% in the total variation accounted，and the first principal component mainly reflected the fruit mass and a thouthand kernel weight，while the second principal component reflected the titratable acid content. The third and fourth principal component reflected stone vertical diameter and vitamin C content，respectively.

In order to clarify the effects of Bacillus megaterium on the growth of apple（Malus × domestica）trees and the ecological effects of the soil，a field experiment was conducted to explore the effects of B. megaterium application on the growth of new branches，the yield and quality of apple fruits，and the characteristics of soil microbial community using 16 years-old‘Red Fuji’apple trees. The results showed that the growth rate of new branches in 2021 and 2022 were increased by 3.45% and 17.01% within compared with the control 30 d，respectively（P < 0.05），and by 2.58% and 6.71% within 60 d，respectively（P < 0.05），after application of B. megaterium inoculant to apple trees in spring. Moreover，the yield increased by 7.17% and 7.01% respectively（P < 0.05）；the fruits number per plant were increased by 4.95% in 2021（P < 0.05），in the treatment group of 2021 and 2022，but application of B. megaterium inoculant had no significant effect on the fruit shape index，hardness of fruits，and the contents of soluble sugar，soluble solids，and vitamin C in apple fruits. In 2022，the fruit color related indexes of the treatment group，Red-Green Index a^* is lower and Chroma angle h is higher than those of the control group，and there were no significant differences in 2021. Furthermore，the number of fungi in the soil layer of 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm decreased，while the number of bacteria showed the opposite trend. There was no significant difference in α-diversity of soil fungal and bacterial communities in the soil layer of 20-40 cm. For the soil fungal community at genus level，the relative abundances of Trichocladium，Solicocozyma，Naganishia and Ilyoctria in the treatment 1.87，1.92，2.91 and 3.38 times higher than those in the control；The relative abundances of Tausonia and Cephalotrichum were 76.44% and 67.96% of that in the control，respectively（P < 0.05）. For the soil bacterial community at genus level，the relative abundances of Streptomyces and Gemmatimonas in the treatment were 2.65- and 1.33-fold of that in the control，but the relative abundance of Chujaibacter was 48.88% lower than that of the control（P < 0.05）. The number of bacteria and fungi OTU in the rhizosphere of the treatment changed significantly compared with the control；Additionally，the contents of soil available phosphorus and potassium in the rhizosphere of the treatment were 21.87% and 20.81%；5.14% and 5.31%，respectively（P < 0.05），which are higher than those in the control（P < 0.05）. In summary，the application of B. megaterium inoculant to apple trees in spring can inhibit harmful soil fungi，improve the structure and quantity of soil microbial community，mobilize soil phosphorus and potassium，and promote the growth of apple tree and apple fruits yield.

In China，there are four kinds of important deciduous fruit trees with a cultivation area of over 666 700 hm²：apple，pear，peach and grape. According to the quality and maturity，several generations of domestic genetic breeders，after decades of collaborative innovation and joint research，created a high-quality and efficient breeding technology system on the basis of excellent germplasm evaluation and creation，and bred a series of high-quality new cultivars of apples and pears with high quality，storability，different maturity and diverse characteristics，and bred high-quality new cultivars of peaches and grapes in early，middle and late maturity. A high-quality and efficient supporting cultivation technology system for new cultivars has been developed，which has promoted the large-scale popularization and application of independent research and development of new cultivars and the high-quality and efficient development of the industry，and provided important support for ensuring the annual demand for high-quality fruits.

The‘Shine Muscat'grapes were used as the experimental material. Combined treatments of gibberellic acid（GA₃），forchlorfenuron（CPPU），tiabenon（TDZ）were used to study their effects on fruit quality under different application methods，treatment periods，concentrations and combinations. The results from this were then used to screen for the best combination of growth regulators，and provide scientific basis for its cultivation of denuclearization. Results showed that：dipping 2 mg · L^-1 TDZ + 1 mg · L^-1 CPPU + 15 mg · L^-1 GA₃ into flower spikes within 24 h of blooming，dipping 4 mg · L^-1 TDZ + 25 mg · L^-1 GA₃ in the early stage of fruit expansion had the best effect. The cluster mass and single fruit weight were 779.24 g and 9.84 g，respectively，which were increased by 35.14% and 22.24% compared with the water control group. The longth of the fruit was 27.69 cm，the width of fruit grain was 24.75 cm，and the seedless rate was 96%，which increased by 8.97%、16.53% and 118.18% compared with the control. The total acid content was 3.98 g · kg^-1，decreased by 7.44% compared with the control group，vitamin C content was 7.98 μg · g^-1，increased by 48.60% compared with the control group，soluble sugar content was 16.28%，increased by 21.95% compared with the control group. This treatment had larger fruit size and better taste，and could significantly improve the fruit quality of‘Shine Muscat'. It is the most suitable combination of planting and conditioning for‘Shine Muscat'grape.

To investigate the roles of magnesium transporters（MGTs）in magnesium transportation，the genome-wide identification of peach（Prunus persica）MGTs（PpMGTs）was performed and their effects in exogenous magnesium application on peach tree were studied. A total of eight PpMGTs，which were unevenly distributed in four chromosomes（Chr1，Chr3，Chr6 and Chr8），were identified based on protein homology searches and conserved domain analyses. System evolution analysis results suggested that plant MGTs could be grouped into five different clades which show quantitative differences in species-specific MGTs. PpMGTs had 4–13 exons，ten conserved motifs in protein sequence，and diverse cis-elements of stress response，transcriptional regulation，circadian rhythm，phytohormone response and developmental growth in their upstream promoters. All PpMGTs were transcribed in flowers，fruits，leaves and roots with their unique tissue specific expression pattern. The distinct transcriptional changes of PpMGTs could be observed after exogenous magnesium spraying. Differentially expressed genes found before and after exogenous magnesium application were discrepant in peach leaves and peels，but some of them were commonly involved in the photosynthesis pathway. The transcriptional profile and correlation analysis results suggested that expressional changes of light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b protein complex genes were positively corelated with transcriptional levels of PpMGT4，PpMGT6 and PpMGT8. Heterologous expression of PpMGT4，PpMGT6 and PpMGT8 were able to rescue growth defects of magnesium transport mutant MM281（Salmonella typhimurium mutant），suggesting these three proteins were serving important magnesium transport functions. Thus，the results from sequence characteristics，expressional profiles and exogenous magnesium application showed that PpMGTs had potential functional diversity and synergistic effects in magnesium transport and utilization. The expressional changes of PpMGT4，PpMGT6 and PpMGT8 may associate with exogenous magnesium intake and magnesium utilization.

This review summarizes the molecular mechanisms underlying the roles of abscisic acid，jasmonic acid，ethylene，auxin，cytokinin，brassinolide，gibberellin and strigolactone in regulating the anthocyanin accumulation in the fruit trees based on gene expression regulation of the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway. The review will provide a theoretic basis for enriching the fundamental researches of anthocyanin regulation and biosynthesis in fruit trees，understanding the critical signal transduction pathways of plant hormones，and rationally applying plant hormones to regulate fruits development. The information provides references for the further study of the nthocyanin metabolic pathways in different types of fruit trees.

The patterns of anthocyanin and ABA accumulation and ethylene production as well as the changes in expression of the key genes associated with their synthesis or regulation during berry development were studied using Kyoho grapes（Vitis vinifera × V. labrusca‘Kyoho’）. Analysis of gene expression，promoter response and relative mRNA abundance showed that exogenous ABA treatment upregulated the expression level of VlMybA1 and VlMybA2，in which VlMybA1 was significantly expressed and promoted berry skin pigmentation；In contrast，exogenous ACC treatment increased the VlMybA2 expression and anthocyanin accumulation. The interaction between ABA and ethylene was found，100 μmol · L^-1 ABA largely induced the production of endogenous ethylene，and 500 μmol · L^-1 ACC significantly increased ABA content. Additionally，exogenous ABA treatment increased the relative mRNA abundance of VlMybA2 via ethylene. Collectively，ABA promoted berry skin pigmentation by upregulating the VlMybA1 expression directly and the VlMybA2 expression indirectly via ethylene.

To scientifically evaluate the fruit quality of citrus，this study tested the conventional quality，soluble sugar and organic acid content of nine‘Ehime Kashi 28’（‘Beni Madonna’）samples. In addition，panelists were organized to evaluate the favor ability of each sensory attribute and the weight level of each attribute in different samples. Correlation analysis between comprehensive sensory evaluation in six sensory attributes and flavor substances was hence performed. The results showed that the main soluble sugars in the juice sacs of‘Ehime Kashi 28’were fructose，glucose and sucrose，with higher content in sample 3 and 8，and lower content in sample 1 and 9. The main organic acids in the juice sacs of‘Ehime Kashi 28’were citric acid and low level of malic acid，the total acid content in sample 5，3 and 1 were higher，and the content in sample 9 was the lowest. The panelists paid attention to each quality attribute of‘Ehime Kashi 28’as follows：pulp sweetness > pulp acidity > pulp mastication > fruit aroma > fruit color = fruit shape，and the highest sensory comprehensive evaluation scores were in sample 9，3 and 2. In addition，the sensory comprehensive score was significantly correlated with pulp sweetness，pulp mastication and fruit aroma. The sensory evaluation of sugar content was significantly positively correlated with fructose，glucose，total sugar and TSS，and significantly negatively correlated with malic acid.

The F2 genetic segregating population was constructed via using high ascorbic acid（AsA）tomato accession TS-226 and low ascorbic acid tomato accession TS-228 as parents. The high-ascorbic acid and low-ascorbic acid pools were constructed respectively. Through bulked segregant analysis sequencing analysis（BSA-seq），the main QTL related to ascorbic acid was found，and the candidate gene related to ascorbic acid was located in the 58.00–60.15 Mb region of tomato chromosome 8. Furthermore，the ∆SNP-index data were analyzed to determine the main candidate gene SlPPO（Polyphenol oxidase）that controls the ascorbic acid content of tomato fruit. Using TS-228 as the background plant，transgenic lines with SlPPO overexpression and silencing were obtained by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Compared with the wild type，the total ascorbic acid content in the red ripe fruits of the overexpression lines OE-3 and OE-18 decreased by 18.89% and 26.56%，respectively. The total ascorbic acid content in the red ripe fruits of the silenced lines Ri-9 and Ri-16 increased by 37.53% and 63.93% relative to wild type，respectively. Taken together，SlPPO is the key gene to control the ascorbic acid content of tomato red ripe fruit，and plays a negative role in regulating fruit ascorbic acid content.

Tomato brown rugose fruit virus（ToBRFV）belongs to the genus of Tobamovirus and the family of Virgaviridae，which is an RNA virus. It can infect plants from various families and genera，including tomato，posing a serious threat to agricultural production. It was first discovered in Israel in 2014 and subsequently spread to many countries and regions around the world. In April 2021，the virus was as a quarantine virus in China. In this article，the genome structure，host range，symptoms，mode of transmission，detection methods，host resistance and defense measures of the virus were summarized，in order to provide reference for the fight against ToBRFV.

To investigate the function of MrSPL4 in response to drought and low temperature stress in Chinese bayberry，the cis-acting element of MrSPL4 promoter and treating MrSPL4-OE transgenic tobacco T2 generation strain with drought and low temperature stress were analyzed，observing its seed germination rate and plant phenotype，and measuring plant physiological indexes to clarify the function of MrSPL4. The results showed that the promoter region of MrSPL4 contains cis-acting elements for drought induction，low temperature response，defense and stress response，and the other important cis-elements.Compared with wild-type tobacco（WT），under drought stress，MrSPL4-OE transgenic tobacco seed germination rate was significantly reduced. There was no significant difference in the reduction of plant water loss and wilting between WT and MrSPL4-OE. Except for a significant decrease in H2O2 content，there was no significant difference in other indicators. Transfer to normal conditions after low temperature stress，the germination rate of seeds significantly increased. Plant greening and wilting were reduced. SOD and POD enzyme activities increased significantly，while the content of MDA，H2O2，proline，and soluble sugar decreased significantly. The results indicated that MrSPL4 positively regulates the response process of tobacco to low temperature stress，improves its ability to tolerate low temperature，but inhibits the germination rate of tobacco seeds under drought stress.

Circadian clock genes play important roles in the regulation of plant growth，development and metabolism. LNK1，EID1 and ELF3 are important circadian clock genes in tomato. In this study，orthologous genes of SlLNK1，SlEID1 and SlELF3 were identified by BLAST software in 35 species. The phylogenetic analysis found these genes were originated from land plants. qRT-PCR experiments showed that the three genes responded to photoperiod and different light intensities with different expression patterns. During two photoperiods（48 h），the net photosynthetic rate，intercellular CO₂ concentration，stomatal conductance，and transpiration rate changed rhythmically. Transcriptome analysis of temporal and spatial expression patterns of clock genes SlLNK1，SlEID1，and SlELF3 in tomato showed differences in different tissues.