Using the novel visual reporter system RUBY as a screening marker，combined with the regeneration-promoting peptide CaREF1，a pepper genetic transformation system were constructed and identified three efficient recipient materials for gene delivery. The transient expression efficiency of RUBY was significantly higher in the pepper genotypes‘L27’（line pepper），‘Zunla-1’（chili pepper），and‘1-51’（bead pepper）compared to other materials. Agrobacterium rhizogenes K599，carrying the pKSE401-RUBY vector，was used for transformation. After 60 days of culturing on the adventitious bud regeneration medium（MS + 5 mg · L^-1 6-BA + 1.2 mg · L^-1 IAA + 10 nmol · L^-1 CaREF1）and shoot proliferation medium[MS + （5-10） mg · L^-1 6-BA + 0.5 mg · L^-1 IAA + 3 mg · L^-1 GA₃ + 10 nmol · L^-1 CaREF1]，the average regeneration efficiency of cotyledon explants was 84% ± 7%，with 5.52 regenerated shoots per explant and a positive transformation rate about 5‰. This system enabled the first Agrobacterium-mediated visual genetic transformation in pepper and facilitated CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing in multiple pepper germplasms，with editing efficiency 100% in T₀ generation plants.

‘Hongsubao’is a new mid to late ripening and red-skinned pear cultivar selected from the cross‘Shinseiki’בHongxiangsu’.‘Hongsubao’has a large fruit size，with an average single fruit weight of 300 g. The fruit is elongated and well-proportioned，with a red blush on the side exposed to the sun，smooth skin，no russet，an attractive appearance，a long shelf life，resistant to storage. The flesh is fine and crisp，juicy，sweet，and slightly sour. The taste is rich，with a soluble solids content of 13%. It matures in mid to late August in Zhengzhou City，Henan Province，with a fruit development period of about 140 days and a vegetative growth period of 230 days. The yield during the peak fruiting period is 48 000 kg · hm^-2.

In this study，ninety-six tree peony cultivars planted in Northwest A & F University were selected as the research objects. Phenotypic diversity analysis，correlation analysis，cluster analysis and principal component analysis were used to analyze the phenotypic diversity analysis and ornamental comprehensive evaluation of tree peony growth，new branch length and flowering time. The results showed that the diversity index of 15 phenotypic traits ranged from 0.56 to 2.03，and the coefficient of variation ranged from 11.84% to 53.82%. The phenotypic diversity of flower diameter was the highest，and the coefficient of variation of flower number per plant was the highest. Plant height，growth，flower diameter，new branch thickness and population flowering time were significantly correlated with other traits；Ninety-six tree peony varieties were divided into three groups by cluster analysis，and different groups corresponded to different types of garden applications. Principal component analysis simplified phenotypic trait factors into five principal components，with a cumulative contribution rate of 64.69%. New branch thickness，plant height，population flowering time and number of flowers per plant were the main factors of phenotypic variation of tree peony. The ninety-six tree peony varieties were sorted by comprehensive scores，and the top 10 cultivars had scores ranging from 0.66 to 1.18，and the cultivars with excellent comprehensive traits such as‘Yubanbai’‘Shima Nishiki’‘High Noon’‘Okan’and‘Duohua Luohan’were selected according to the comprehensive scores.

In this paper， the structural characteristics of different types of promoters and their roles in gene function research，metabolic engineering，and gene editing（CRISPR/Cas9）were discusses，and summarized the content and methods for promoter identification，aiming to provide insights for a deeper understanding and investigation of the structural characteristics and regulatory mechanisms of plant promoters.

‘Baxian Xinfu’is a new apple cultivar selected from the bud mutation of‘Yanfu 3’. The fruit is big，oblate round，and the average weight of fruit is 315.83 g. The fruit surface is smooth，with yellow-green in background color and purple-red on all surface when full coloring. The coloring index is significantly higher than‘Yanfu 3’. The anthocyanin content of fruit peel in‘Baxian Xinfu’is 0.57 mg · g^-1，which is 2.2 times of‘Yanfu 10’. The flesh color is light-yellow，with crispy，juicy，sweet and sour taste. The fruit firmness，the content of soluble solids and titratable acid are 6.49 kg · cm^-2，13.6%，0.18%，respectively. The fruit has excellent quality with rich flavor. The fruit development period is about 180 days，and it matures in the mid to late October in Penglai，Shandong. The yield can reach 60 560 kg · hm^-2 in the full productive stage. It exhibits strong resistance to diseases such as ring rot and anthracnose. It is suitable for cultivation in the major apple-producing regions of the Bohai Bay and western China.

This paper systematically summarizes and presents the significant achievements and research advancements in Chinese cabbage breeding over the past 70 years. It focuses on four major phases of Chinese cabbage breeding in China，the innovation and utilization of Chinese cabbage germplasm resources，innovations and breakthroughs in breeding technologies，and the innovation and promotion of Chinese cabbage varieties. Additionally，the paper analyzes several existing challenges in the development of Chinese cabbage breeding and the seed industry in China. These challenges include the lack of large-scale application of efficient biobreeding technologies，insufficient systematic and in-depth exploration and evaluation of superior germplasm resources，severe homogeneity of varieties，substantial gaps between certain cropping types and foreign varieties，the need for further enhancement of research and development capabilities in seed enterprises，the preliminary formation of vegetable seed production base layout，steady improvement in seed quality，and the necessity for further enhancements in seed processing and treatment technologies. The paper proposes future directions for the Chinese cabbage seed industry，focusing on efficient breeding technologies，breeding objectives，seed production，and the improvement of seed quality.

‘Zhongnong Zhenzhu 3’is a newly developed nectarine cultivar resulting from the crossbreeding of ‘Zhongnong Zhenzhu’and‘Zhongyou 16’. This cultivar features striking flowers with pink ovate petals. The fruit is characterized by an oblate shape and a concave apex. The average single fruit weighs 96.5 g. The base color of the peel is light-green accented by dark red hues. The flesh of the fruit is white，and it possesses a clingstone pit. It has a sweet and pleasant flavor，with a soluble solids content of 15.9% and a titratable acidity of 0.43%. This cultivar is classified as mid-maturing，with a fruit development period of 130 days. The trees exhibit high productivity，yielding up to 36 500 kg · hm^-2. ‘Zhongnong Zhenzhu 3’is well-suited for spring planting in Rizhao and Linyi，Shandong Province，as well as in similar ecological regions.

‘Xubai’is a new late-ripening peach cultivar derived from the cross of‘Fengbai’and‘Yanhong’. The fruit is round with a flat and round apex. The average fruit weight is 244.0 g. Its peel is greenwish-white，covered with red color. The flesh is white melting flesh，clingstone and sweet. There is no red pigment near the core and under the skin. The average soluble solids content was 13.76%. It matures in late August and early September in Baoding area Hebei Province. The average yield is 34 230 kg · hm^-2 in the full fruit stage. It is suitable for cultivation in Zunhua City，Hebei Province，Baoding City and the areas south of it，as well as other peach production areas with similar climatic conditions.

To screen the dwarf trait related genes，the shoot length and internode length of 12 pear varieties or selections with different plant architectures were measured during the new shoot growth period. The genes differentially expressed in the growth points，leaves and phloem among three pear varieties ‘Zaosu’（vigorous），‘Jinxiang’（semi-dwarf）and‘Zhongai 1’（dwarf）at different periods were screened by transcripome sequencing analysis. Combined with the expression verification in new shoot phloem of 12 varieties or selections，dwarf trait related candidate genes were obtained. One of the candidate genes PcGA2ox2 was overexpressed in tobacco to analyze its function. The results showed that the new shoot length of‘Zaosu’，‘Jinxiang’and‘Zhongai 1’had a slight difference in the early growth period，while showed a significant difference in the middle and late growth period of new shoot. The internode length of dwarf varieties were shorter than that of vigorous varieties in all test periods. The shoot length and internode length of six vigorous varieties were significantly longer than those of six dwarf or semi-dwarf varieties or selections in the middle and late growth period of new shoot. The number of differentially expressed genes between two samples ranged from 1 882 to 5 729 in different tissues，and periods of three varieties. Among them，51 differentially expressed genes showed an increase or decrease in expression levels with the decrease of new shoot length in both leaf and phloem. Nine differentially expressed genes in new shoot phloem of three varieties were selected to verify the expression levels by RT-qPCR in the phloem of 12 pear varieties or selections in the late growth period of new shoot. Among them，four genes showed a tendency of significant higher or lower expression in dwarf varieties or selections than that in vigorous varieties or selections，and were identified as candidate genes related to dwarf trait. One of the dwarf candidate genes was a member of GA2ox family genes. Total 15 members of the GA2ox gene family were further identified in the‘Zhongai 1’genome，and the expression of the candidate PcGA2ox2 gene was significantly higher in new shoot phloem of dwarf varieties or selections than that of vigorous varieties. Then PcGA2ox2 gene was overexpressed in tobacco，the transformed plants were significantly smaller than the control plants. In conclusion，PcGA2ox2 gene plays a key role in the dwarf trait of‘Zhongai 1’pear.

‘Chuhong 2’is an extremely early maturing nectarine cultivar with red flesh，which derived the cross of‘Zaoyoutao’（♀）and‘Zaoxianhong’（Shuguang × Hongroutao 18，♂）. The tree is robust and half open in shape. The fruit is nearly circular with 80–100 g. The fruit surface is smooth and hairless，with a bright red skin and flesh，and a dark red color at late ripening. The content of anthocyanins is 128–178 mg · kg^-1，and it is clingstone. The flesh is crisp and more durable for storage and transportation. The flavor is strongly sweet，with a soluble solids content of 10% to 12% and a titratable acid content of 0.19% to 0.24%. It ripens in the middle of May，and the fruit development period is 60–70 days. The fruit starts after 2 years of planting and enters the peak fruiting period after 3–4 years，with an average yield of 18 000 kg · hm^-2. The suitable planting area is suitable peach growing area in Hubei Province.

‘Zhongnong Feicui’，a new mid-ripening cold resistant peach cultivar，is derived from the cross between ‘Fudao Taowang’（female）and‘Aodong Hantao’（male）. The fruit is round；the average single fruit weight is 119.3 g，the taste is sweet，and it is clingstone. The soluble solids content is 13.2%，the titratable acid content is 0.10%，the yield is 23 250 kg · hm^-2. In Huludao City，Liaoning Province，it began to blossomed in late April. The fruit ripens in early mid-August，the fruit development period is about 102 days. It can survive in open field without any cold-proof protection. It is suitable for planting in Huludao City，Liaoning Province and similar climate areas.

‘Zhongnong Micui’peach is a hybrid offspring of‘Chaoyang Shuimi’and‘Okubo’. The internodes are long，the flower buds are sparse. The fruit is round with a yellow-white skin and dark red stripes. The flesh is white in color and contains a high content of anthocyanins near the nucleus，half-clingstone. The average weight is 116.1 g，soluble solids content is 11.8% and the titratable acid content is 0.28%. The fruit development period is 135 days，and the yield is up to 36 500 kg · hm^-2. It can withstand the low temperature ranging from–23 ℃ to–20 ℃ without suffering from frost damage，and it is suitable for open-field cultivation in Huludao，Liaoning Province and similar ecological areas.

‘Hongmanao’is a new early ripening red skin pear cultivar selected from the cross‘Zaomeisu’בHongxiangsu’. The fruit is spindle-shaped with a medium size，average weight 174 g. The fruit skin is greenish-yellow covered with bright red on the side exposed to the sun，smooth with small dense lenticels. The flesh is yellowish-white，crisp，juicy and sweet. The soluble solids content is 12.9%，0.13% total acidity，and 49.6 mg · kg^-1 of vitamin C，fruit firmness of 6.9 kg · cm^-2. The fruit matures in mid to late July in the Zhengzhou region of Henan，with a fruit development period of approximately 110 days and a vegetative growth period of around 220 days. The yield during the peak fruiting period is 52 500 kg · hm^-2.

In order to reveal the role of Myo-inositol（MI）in apple plants responding to high-temperature stress，apple plants were first exogenously supplied with MI and treated with high temperature stress. The results showed that high-temperature stress significantly caused leaf yellow and wilting，increased the contents of reactive oxygen species（ROS），malondialdehyde（MDA），and relative electrolyte leakage（REL），decreased the contents of the chlorophyll in apple plants. However，100 µmol · L^-1 exogenous MI treatment significantly alleviated the damage caused by high temperature. In addition，MdMIPS1 encoding the key rate-limiting enzyme in the MI biosynthesis，expressed highly under high-temperature stress in apple plants. The transgenic lines overexpressed MdMIPS1（OE，high MI content）were obtained in our previous study. They had higher endogenous content of MI，compared with wild type（WT）plants. And these OE lines were also used in this work and treated with high temperature stress. Compared with WT plants under high temperature stress，the OE lines exhibited slighter chlorisis and wilting in leaves. The contents of REL were lower and the contents of the chlorophyll were higher in OE plants than in WT. In addition，the stomatal aperture were larger in OE leaves，and the photosynthetic efficiency were stronger in OE plants than in WT. Meanwhile，the OE plants possessed less ROS accumulation and higher antioxidant enzyme activity than WT. The expression levels of several genes encoding the heat shock protein were also higher in OE plants than in WT under high temperature stress. In sum，all these results indicated that increasing the MI levels can significantly enhance tolerance to high temperature stress in apple plants.

‘Zhongnong Yanghong’，a new mid-ripening cold resistant peach cultivar，is derived from the cross between‘Fudao Taowang’and‘Aodong Hantao’. The fruit is oblate；the average single fruit weight is 85.1 g，the taste is sour-sweet，and it is semi-freestone. The soluble solids content is 14.8%，the titratable acid content is 0.85%，the yield is 22 650 kg · hm^-2. In Huludao City，it began to blossomed in late April. The fruit ripening date is in late July，the fruit development period is about 98 days. It can survive in open field without any cold-proof protection. It is suitable for planting in Huludao City，Liaoning Province and similar climate areas.

‘Yanxing’is a new salt-tolerant cultivar bred from wild Malus robusta Rehd. Plants collected in Huailai，Hebei. After subjecting their offspring to salt stress treatment，this ultivar was selected. This cultivar has a compact growth habit，small branching angles，and uniform budding. Its young leaves are emerald green while mature leaves are dark green. The flowers are white，the petals are broad oval-shaped and the flower stalks are short. The salt tolerance threshold of seedlings is approximately 0.6%，which was suitable for landscaping and rootstock，and planting in light and moderate salt-alkali areas around the Bohai Sea in Hebei，Tianjin and Shandong.

Cucumber is the vegetable with highest yield among all the facility-grown vegetables in China. In recent years，the main epidemic diseases have had a serious impact on cucumber production. Utilizing molecular breeding techniques to improve selection efficiency，cultivating new resistant cultivars，and promoting their application is the most economical and effective way to control diseases and of great significance for the improvement of cucumber yield and food safety. In this paper，the research on molecular breeding of cucumber disease resistance was reviewed from the aspects of germplasm resources of resistant materials，mapping of resistance genes and QTLs，gene cloning and molecular mechanism analysis，and cultivation of new disease-resistant cultivars. Besides，the existing problems were analyzed，and the future work was prospected so as to provide reference for cucumber disease resistance breeding in the future.

‘Xuyao’is a new mid-ripening peach cultivar derived from the cross of‘Fengbai’and‘Yanhong’. The fruit is round with a flat and round apex，a shallow suture. The average fruit weight is 221.0 g. The base color of the fruit peel is creamy yellow covered with red color，and it is easy to be colored. The flesh is yellowish-white，with a soft melting texture，adheres to the stone，has no obvious pigment near the stone，juicy，and tastes sweet. The average soluble solids content was 13.87%. It matures in mid to late July in Baoding area of Hebei Province. The average yield is 33 435 kg · hm^-2 in the full fruit stage. It is suitable for cultivation in Tangshan City，Hebei Province，and the areas south of it，as well as other peach production areas with similar climatic conditions.

In order to investigate the molecular mechanism of grape VvARF18 in fruit development，‘Red Globe’grapes（Vitis vinifera‘Red Globe’）were used as materials，the VvARF18 gene was cloned，and analyzed for its bioinformatics，and the gene was heterologously overexpressed in tomato to verify its effect on fruit development. The CDS of the VvARF18 gene was 22 109 bp in length，coding for 703 amino acids，with a pI of 6.50. Phylogenetic analysis showed that VvARF18 was the closest related to the VrARF18 protein of Vitis riparis；the gene was heterologously overexpressed in tomato. Expression，the longitudinal and transverse diameters of T₃ generation transgenic tomato fruits were significantly higher than those of the wild type，and its volume and single fruit mass were significantly increased，suggesting that VvARF18 has a positive regulatory effect on fruit expansion；transcriptional activation assay found that VvARF18 was not toxic but had self-activating activity，and screening of proteins interacting with its conserved functional structural domain B3-Auxin revealed a potential interplay relationship with the signaling complex VvCOP9.

Peach trees have a large amount of new shoot growth and require more pruning labor. Previous studies have shown that amino acid fertilizers can not only be used as a new type of nitrogen fertilizer，but also have a certain effect on controlling the growth of new shoots. However，the effect and mechanism of using methionine to control shoots are not clear. Using 5-year-old‘Yuanxiangmi’peaches as test materials，foliar spraying of equal concentrations of methionine and urea was conducted to analyze their effects on peach shoot growth and fruit quality，providing a theoretical basis for finding safe and effective nutritional green control substances to inhibit redundant growth of peach tree shoots. The research results showed that compared with urea treatment，spraying of low methionine significantly inhibited shoot growth. However，after methionine treatment the net photosynthetic rate of leaves was significantly increased（17.39%），and the content of lignin and pectin in the branches was increased，resulting in an increase in branch strength；Reduced the content of gibberellin（36.85%）and auxin（24.96%）in branches and shoots，while improving the quality of single fruit and increasing the content of soluble solids in fruit.