This paper systematically summarizes and presents the significant achievements and research advancements in Chinese cabbage breeding over the past 70 years. It focuses on four major phases of Chinese cabbage breeding in China，the innovation and utilization of Chinese cabbage germplasm resources，innovations and breakthroughs in breeding technologies，and the innovation and promotion of Chinese cabbage varieties. Additionally，the paper analyzes several existing challenges in the development of Chinese cabbage breeding and the seed industry in China. These challenges include the lack of large-scale application of efficient biobreeding technologies，insufficient systematic and in-depth exploration and evaluation of superior germplasm resources，severe homogeneity of varieties，substantial gaps between certain cropping types and foreign varieties，the need for further enhancement of research and development capabilities in seed enterprises，the preliminary formation of vegetable seed production base layout，steady improvement in seed quality，and the necessity for further enhancements in seed processing and treatment technologies. The paper proposes future directions for the Chinese cabbage seed industry，focusing on efficient breeding technologies，breeding objectives，seed production，and the improvement of seed quality.

‘Huayou Beihong’is a new apple cultivar derived from the cross between‘Hanfu’（female parent）and‘Huahong’（male parent）. The branches grow vigorously. The fruit is conical,the fruit shape index is 0.89,and the average fruit weight is 205 g. The peel is thin,the core is small,the flesh color is light yellow,the flesh is crisp,the juice is more,and the flavor is sour and sweet. The peel hardness was 7.4 kg · cm^-2,the soluble solids content was 18%,the total sugar content was 10.0%,the titratable acid content was 0.27%,and the vitamin C content was 104.7 mg · kg^-1. It is a new late ripening apple cultivar,matured in late October in Xingcheng,Liaoning The highest yield of 5-year-old tree is about 30 kg,and the yield is 35 730 kg · hm^-2. It is suitable for cultivation in Liaoning‘Hanfu’apple planting area in Bohai Bay ecological area.

‘Huayu 1’is a novel disease-resistant fresh apple cultivar developed by crossing‘Jinguan’（female parent）with a multi-resistant germplasm resource（male parent）selected by our research group. The fruit shape is near globose with fruit shape index of 0.97 and average single-fruit weight of 63.23 g. The skin exhibits a streaked red pattern and is fully colored,with medium-sized fruit spots that are sparsely distributed. The flesh is light yellow,crisp,and moderately juicy,offering a mildly sweet flavor,subtle aroma,indicating favorable fruit quality. The flesh hardness after peeling is 8.74 kg · cm^-2,the soluble solids content is 14.8%,and the titratable acidity is 0.83%. It shows high resistance to common apple leaf diseases such as anthracnose leaf blight,Alternaria leaf spot,and brown spot. The fruit development period lasts approximately 135 days,and the yield reaches about 5 000 kg · hm^-2. It is suitable for cultivation in mountain orchards within the Bohai Rim region and certain areas of North China.

In order to reveal the role of Myo-inositol（MI）in apple plants responding to high-temperature stress，apple plants were first exogenously supplied with MI and treated with high temperature stress. The results showed that high-temperature stress significantly caused leaf yellow and wilting，increased the contents of reactive oxygen species（ROS），malondialdehyde（MDA），and relative electrolyte leakage（REL），decreased the contents of the chlorophyll in apple plants. However，100 µmol · L^-1 exogenous MI treatment significantly alleviated the damage caused by high temperature. In addition，MdMIPS1 encoding the key rate-limiting enzyme in the MI biosynthesis，expressed highly under high-temperature stress in apple plants. The transgenic lines overexpressed MdMIPS1（OE，high MI content）were obtained in our previous study. They had higher endogenous content of MI，compared with wild type（WT）plants. And these OE lines were also used in this work and treated with high temperature stress. Compared with WT plants under high temperature stress，the OE lines exhibited slighter chlorisis and wilting in leaves. The contents of REL were lower and the contents of the chlorophyll were higher in OE plants than in WT. In addition，the stomatal aperture were larger in OE leaves，and the photosynthetic efficiency were stronger in OE plants than in WT. Meanwhile，the OE plants possessed less ROS accumulation and higher antioxidant enzyme activity than WT. The expression levels of several genes encoding the heat shock protein were also higher in OE plants than in WT under high temperature stress. In sum，all these results indicated that increasing the MI levels can significantly enhance tolerance to high temperature stress in apple plants.

‘Pingyou 4’is a new small apple cultivar developed through the crossbreeding of‘Huayue’as the female parent and‘Northeast Huanghaitang’as the male parent. The fruit is nearly globose,with a transverse diameter of 3.41 cm,a longitudinal diameter of 3.30 cm,and an average weight of 22 g. It features a yellow ground color and red overcolor,with minimal waxiness,no powdery bloom,and no ridges. The flesh is light yellow and juicy,offering a delightful sweet and sour flavor. The soluble solids content is 14.5%,the titratable acid content is 1.037%,and the fruit firmness measures 17.84 kg · cm^-2. It reaches maturity in late September in Xingcheng City,Liaoning Province. The fruit growth period spans approximately 150 days,yielding an impressive 16 944.9 kg per hectare. This cultivar is well-suited for cultivation in the Bohai Bay region and similar ecological areas.

‘Jinsi’is a new cultivar of Chinese cherry. Its fruits are nearly round,with an average single fruit weight of 3.3 g. The soluble solids content is 22.73%,total acid content is 11.87 g · kg^-1,fruit firmness is 0.24 kg · cm^-2,and the edible rate reaches 91.91%. In the Panxi region of Sichuan Province,the fruits ripen as early as mid-April. This varity has strong adaptability and relatively high resistance to powdery mildew. Compared with traditional local Chinese cherries,it shows better resistance to fruit cracking and higher storability and transportability. It enters the full productive period in 4-5 years,with an average yield of 12 000 kg · hm^-2 during this period. It is suitable for promotion in the Panxi region of Sichuan and similar Chinese cherry planting areas,and should be planted before germination in early winter or the following early spring.

‘Ruipan 37’is a new very late-ripening flat peach（Prunus persica var platycarpa Bailey） with white flesh cultivar derived from the cross of‘Ruiguang 39’בRuipan 21’. The fruit is flat. The average fruit mass is 362 g,and the biggest one is 531 g;hard melting,sweet and clingstone. The soluble solids content is 13.3%. The fruit development period is 139 days. The trees are productive. The yield is up to 33 000 kg · hm^-2. It is suitable for cultivation in Beijing.

Systemic Acquired Resistance Deficient 1（SARD1）is a transcription factor related to salicylic acid synthesis. In order to investigate its role in drought response，the 1 425 bp open reading frame of SARD1 in Poncirus trifoliata（named as PtSARD1）was obtained. The characterization of PtSARD1 was preliminarily studied by sequence analysis，subcellular localization，relative expression level，overexpression（OE），RNA interference（RNAi）and tolerance-related physiological indicators measurement. The results revealed that PtSARD1 contained three calmodulin binding protein domains and the subcellular localization of this protein will change over time，transferring from the nucleus to the cell membrane. The expression of PtSARD1 was detected in root，stem and leaf，with higher expression in leaf. Meanwhile，PtSARD1 was induced by drought and exogenous application of salicylic acid. PtSARD1-RNAi P. trifoliata and PtSARD1-OE tobacco were obtained to study its function in drought response. The detached leaves of two PtSARD1-RNAi P. trifoliata lines showed higher relative water loss at each time point. Relative water loss in detached leaves of two PtSARD1-OE tobacco lines（A7 and F7）were lower than that of the wild type tobacco（WT）. When water was withheld，potted seedlings of A7 and F7 showed better growth status，higher proline content，but lower electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde content. Overall，these results indicated that PtSARD1 may play a positive regulatory role in the drought response of P. trifoliata.

Prunus sibirica‘Shanxing 4’is a new cultivar of Siberian apricot selected from the wild population in Zhalantun City,Inner Mongolia through initial selection,reselection,and final selection（natural selection）. This cultivar has excellent characteristics such as frost resistance,high and stable yield,bitter kernels,and strong adaptability. During the full fruit stage,the average apricot stone yield（≥ 8 years old）is 2 130 kg · hm^-2. Under natural frost conditions（-2 ℃）,the pistil frost damage rate is 1.28%,with a post-frost fruit set rate of 72.98%. This cultivar is suitable for large-scale promotion and application in semi-arid regions with similar ecological conditions to Chaoyang and Fuxin City in Liaoning Province.

‘Jinzaojing’,originated from the cross between‘Wonwhang’and‘Cuiguan’,is an early maturing russet skin type new cultivar of sand pear（Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai）. The trees showed strong vigor and spreading habit. The fruit is round in shape,has smooth russet skin and average weight 340 g. The quality of‘Jinzaojing’fruit is excellent. The fruit is fine,juicy,with the soluble solid content averaged 12.4%. The fruit growth period is 110 d and it matures in middle of July in Wuhan. The precocity of‘Jinzaojing’is early,this cultivar has high yield（29 700 kg · hm^-2）and resistant to pear black spot. It is suitable for growing in Hubei Propvince and similar climatic regions.

Using two high-generation inbred broccoli lines（B20101 and B736）exhibiting significant differences in curd agronomic traits as parents，a test population of 228 F₂ individuals was obtained through hybridization and selfing. By mapping QTLs related to curd agronomic traits，candidate genes were identified to lay a theoretical foundation for elucidating the molecular mechanisms of curd formation in broccoli and breeding new superior varieties. Based on resequencing technology，SNP markers and constructed a genetic map consisting of 985 bin markers（comprising 6 329 SNP markers）were developed. The map spanned 788.78 cM，with an average marker interval of 0.84 cM. Through QTL mapping analysis of curd-related agronomic traits，3，3，1，4，and 8 QTLs were detected to control stem diameter，curd diameter，curd height，single curd weight，and floret size，respectively. The phenotypic variation explained（PVE）by these QTLs ranged from 4.5689% to 21.0997%. Among them，one major QTL（LOD = 10.6897，PVE = 21.0997%）controlling floret size was mapped within an approximately 58.977 kb interval defined by SNP markers mk_18639516 and mk_18698493. Analysis of this QTL interval identified four candidate genes-Bo6g067260，Bo6g067270，Bo6g067280，and Bo6g067290-that may influence floret size in the parental lines. These genes showed significant differences in expression levels between the two parents but no sequence variations in the parental lines or the F₂ population. This suggests that variations in the regulatory regions（e.g.，promoters）of these genes may lead to differences in gene expression，thereby affecting floret size.

‘Jiyu’is a new cold-hardiness,disease-resistant,late-maturing pear cultivar developed from the cross‘Hanxiang’בQiyue Su’. The globose fruits exhibit yellow skin with a reddish blush on the sun-exposed side and average 153.0 g in weight. The flesh is white,crisp at harvest,softening and developing fragrance after 10 d of ripening. Fruit characteristics include：slight fragrance,small core,low stone cell content,juiciness,and a sweet-sour flavor. Fruit quality is excellent（soluble solids content 15.3%,soluble sugar 8.59%,and titratable acidity 0.33%）. The fruit takes approximately 144 days to develop,and matures in late September in Gongzhuling,Jilin Province. Under ambient storage in ordinary cellars,fruits remain marketable for 20-30 days. During the full fruiting stage,the yield can reach 23 000 kg · hm^-2. The cultivar demonstrates strong cold tolerance and high leaf resistance to pear scab and brown spot.‘Jiyu’is suitable for trial introduction in regions with a frost-free period ≥ 135 days and an effective accumulated temperature（≥ 10 ℃）≥ 2 800 ℃.

‘Huayang’is a new mid-ripening cultivar of yellow-fleshed apple developed through controlled artificial hybridization,utilizing a self-selected multi-resistant apple germplasm as the paternal parent and‘Jinguan’as the maternal parent. The fruit is near globose,with a fruit shape index of 0.91,and an average fruit weight of 101.51 g. The skin exhibits complete yellow coloration at maturity,accompanied by small and sparse lenticels. The flesh is light yellow,firm,and crisp,characterized by a sweet taste and distinct aromatic profile devoid of off-flavors,resulting in favorable organoleptic and marketable qualities. The peeled fruit has a hardness of 7.00 kg · cm^-2,a soluble solids content of 15.20%,and a titratable acidity of 0.50%. The tree demonstrates high resistance to apple powdery mildew. Under the growing conditions of Huludao,Liaoning Province,the fruit ripens in mid-September,with a development period of approximately 130 days and a yield of 8 200 kg · hm^-2. This cultivar is suitable for cultivation in mountainous orchards within the Bohai Rim region and certain areas of North China.

‘Pingyou 3’is a new mid-late maturing small apple cultivar bred by crossing‘Huayue’（female parent）with‘Dongbei Huanghaitang’（male parent）. The fruit is nearly globose,with a transverse diameter of 3.90 cm,a longitudinal diameter of 3.51 cm,and an average weight of 28 g. It features a yellow ground color with minimal waxiness,no powdery bloom. The flesh is light yellow and juicy,offering a delightful sweet and sour flavor. The soluble solids content is 18.10%,the titratable acid content is 0.67%,and the fruit firmness measures 14.14 kg · cm^-2. It reaches maturity in late September in Xingcheng City,Liaoning Province. The fruit growth period spans approximately 155 days,yielding an impressive 18 391.12 kg · hm^-2. This cultivar is well-suited for cultivation in the Bohai Bay region and similar ecological areas.

Pyrus pyrifolia‘Jinbi’is new cultivar of sand pear which was bred by the hybrid of‘Annong 1’and‘Kikusui’pear. Fruits shapes are round,and the average fruit weight is 360 g. The skin of fruit is green peel and the skin is yellowish-green when the fruit is ripe. It has smooth surface. Its flesh is creamy white,crisp,rich juice,sweet flavor,stone cell is 0.3%,soluble solids content is 13.0%-14.2%,and titratable acid content is 0.17%. The fruit growth period is 160 d and it matures in late August in Wuhan. The yield of full fruiting period is 31 500 kg · hm^-2 and it is resistant to black spot disease and anthracnose. This cultivar is suitable for growing in Hubei Province and similar climatic regions.

‘Zhongping Zaohong 4’is a new mid-ripening apple cultivar selected from the progenies of‘Golden Delicious’and‘Huayue’. The fruit is narrow conical with a fruit shape index of 1.2,small in size with an average weight of 98 grams per fruit. Yellow ground color with stripes red overcolor,good surface finish. The flesh is in light yellow color,loose,crispy,juicy,with a peel hardness of 7.0 kg · cm^-2. The flavor is sweet-tart with a soluble solid substance of 13.8% and a total titratable acid content of 0.26%. The fruit development period is approximately 120 days. The yield is 17 808 kg · hm^-2,and it matured in early September in the western Liaoning.

‘Qinpu 3 Hao’grape is a cross breeding with‘mare teat grape’as the female parent and ‘Muscat Hamburg’as the male parent.‘Qinpu 3 Hao’had a conical panicle with an average panicle weight of 612.3 g. The fruit was large,oval,yellow,with a horizontal and longitudinal diameter of 2.16 cm × 2.84 cm,and an average weight of 9.44 g. The powder is medium thick,the peel is thin,the peel hardness is 7.71 kg · cm^-2,and the peel is not easy to peel off. The flesh is crisp,without flesh sacs,and juicy. The anthocyanin content is 11.2 μg · g^-1 FW,the soluble solids content is 16.64%,the total acid is 0.56%,and the sugar-acid ratio is 30.4. The average yield is over 30 000 kg · hm^-2. The fruit ripens in mid to late August,has strong resistance and wide adaptability,and is suitable for promotion in Guanzhong,Shaanxi Province and similar ecological regions.

‘Yuanjinxiang’is a new high-quality medium ripening table grape cultivar,developed through the crossbreeding of Shine Muscat and Honey Crisp. The shape of cluster is conical. The average cluster length and width was 21.0 cm and 11.0 cm. The single berry is oval shape. The cluster density is tight. The berry color was green with a pure rose fragrance. The skin is thin and have no astringency. The flesh is hard. The soluble solids content is 17%-20%. Under rain-sheltered cultivation conditions in Zhang Jiagang,the cultivar bud burst began in late March,blooming in early May,and matured in mid-late July. The berry growth period was 115-125 d. The appearance and internal quality of this cultivar are superior,and it is suitable for seedless treatment. It would be suitable for planting in grape producing areas with annual rainfall ≥ 600 mm,such as Jiangsu Province and Yunnan Province.

‘Xingli 20’is a new high-quality and late-ripening pear cultivar selected from the cross of ‘Huangguan’and‘Jinhua’. The tree has a strong growth vigor and upright posture ability. The fruit is short and conical with yellow peel and an average single fruit weight of 218.73 g. The sepal is absent. The flesh is milky white. The flavor is sour and sweet and the average content of soluble solids is 15.46%. The average fruit firmness is 66.64 N · cm^-2. In Xingcheng,Liaoning,the fruit ripens in early and middle October,and the fruit development period is about 170 d. The yield of the full fruit was about 37 770 kg · hm^-2. It is suitable for cultivation in Huludao,Liaoning and Tangshan,Hebei and similar ecological areas.

Flat peach，with its unique flat fruit shape，provide an ideal material for analyzing the mechanism of fruit shape regulation. Previous studies have confirmed that PpOFP1 is a key regulator of flat fruit formation in peach；however，its molecular regulatory network remains unclear. Studies have shown that TRMs（TONNEAU1 Recruiting Motif proteins）interact with OFP family proteins though a conserved M8 domain，and this interaction plays a pivotal role in regulating tomato fruit shape. In this study，a total of 12 TRM family members were identified in peach，and phylogenetic analysis revealed their classification into four evolutionary clades. The analysis of protein conserved motifs revealed that 8 of these members contain the conserved M8 domain，which is essential for TRM-OFP interaction. In this

study，we also found that PpTRM5，PpTRM17，PpTRM18，and PpTRM26 were confirmed to interact with PpOFP1 through yeast two-hybrid assay，luciferase complementation assay，and bimolecular fluorescence complementation analysis，and this interaction occurs in the cytoplasm and cell membrane. Transcriptome analysis indicated that PpTRM17was highly expressed during the first rapid growth phase of both flat and round peach fruits，which was consistent with the high expression of PpOFP1 in flat peaches during this period，revealing that the two might jointly regulate the formation of flat fruit shape in flat peaches.