Research Progress on Trichoderma in Controlling Soil-Borne Fungal Diseases of Chili Peppers

doi:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2025-0626

Acta Horticulturae Sinica ›› 2026, Vol. 53 ›› Issue (6): 1820-1848.doi: 10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2025-0626

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Research Progress on Trichoderma in Controlling Soil-Borne Fungal Diseases of Chili Peppers

DU Xinqi¹^,²^,^*, ZHU Hongxia¹^,^*, ZHAO Yaping¹^,², HU Linfeng¹^,^**(), FENG Di¹^,^**()

¹ Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment， Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences， Urumchi 830091， China
² Department of Facility Agriculture Science and Engineering， Weifang University of Science and Technology，Weifang， Shandong 262700， China

Received:2025-10-26 Revised:2026-04-29 Online:2026-06-24 Published:2026-06-24
Contact: HU Linfeng, FENG Di

Abstract

Abstract:

As a globally important economic crop，chili peppers are severely threatened by soil-borne fungal diseases such as Fusarium wilt，Phytophthora blight，anthracnose，and root rot. Traditional chemical control not only induces resistance in pathogenic fungi but also causes environmental pollution，biological control technology to become an important development direction in the field of plant protection. Fungi of the genus Trichoderma，as efficient biocontrol microorganisms，have been fully proven to possess great biocontrol potential. This paper systematically reviews the classification，biocontrol efficacy，mechanisms of action，and research and development progress of Trichoderma-based formulations，and summarizes its mechanisms in controlling soil-borne fungal diseases of chili pepper，mainly including：1） Hyperparasitism（recognizing pathogen signals and secreting degrading enzymes such as chitinase and glucanase to destroy mycelial structures）；2）Competitive action（occupying ecological niches relying on rapid colonization ability）；3）Antibiosis（producing secondary metabolites such as 6-PP and gliotoxin to inhibit pathogen growth）；4）Induced systemic resistance（activating plant jasmonic acid and salicylic acid signaling pathways to enhance the activity of defense enzymes）；5）Synergistic antagonism（combining with beneficial bacteria and fungi to inhibit pathogens and improve soil microecology）；6）Growth-promoting effect（secreting plant hormones such as auxin and gibberellin to improve nutrient utilization efficiency）. Future research should further explore the interaction mechanisms among Trichoderma，plants，and pathogens，optimize the preparation process and application strategies of microbial agents，so as to promote the large-scale and efficient application of Trichoderma in the green prevention and control of chili pepper diseases.

Key words: chili pepper, fungal soil-borne diseases, Trichoderma, biological control, microbial agent development, mechanism of action

DU Xinqi, ZHU Hongxia, ZHAO Yaping, HU Linfeng, FENG Di. Research Progress on Trichoderma in Controlling Soil-Borne Fungal Diseases of Chili Peppers[J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2026, 53(6): 1820-1848.

Figures/Tables 5

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菌种Strain	生防机制Biocontrol mechanism	方法Method	生防效果Biocontrol effect	参考文献 Reference
哈茨木霉 T. harzianum	竞争养分与空间、分泌抗生素、诱导植物防御、改变土壤菌群 Competition for nutrients and space，antibiotic production，plant defense induction，alteration of soil fungal community	温室试验 Greenhouse trial	与堆肥联用时完全抑制辣椒枯萎病（100%存活率），显著降低病原菌的相对丰度 Completely suppressed pepper wilt when combined with compost（100% survival）；significantly reduced pathogen abundance	Leyva-Morales et al.,2024
哈茨木霉 T. harzianum	竞争、分泌抗生物质、诱导系统抗性 Competition，antibiotic secretion，induction of systemic resistance	菌丝生长速率法 Hyphal growth assay	抑菌率为89.7% Inhibition rate of 89.7%	王美丽等,2024
钩状木霉 MHT1134 T. hamatum MHT1134	拮抗代谢产物造成病原菌丝变形溶解、溶磷、促生 Antagonistic metabolites deform and lyse pathogens；phosphate solubilization and growth promotion	平板对峙法、发酵液灌根处理 Dual-culture，root drench	平板对峙抑菌率为81.8%；田间防效为61.5% Inhibition rate 81.8%；field control effect 61.5%	Mao et al.,2020
哈茨木霉Th7、Th6 T. harzianum Th7，Th6	竞争、重寄生、诱导植物抗性，促进植物生长 Competition，hyperparasitism，induced resistance，plant growth promotion	双培养法、温室试验 Dual-culture，greenhouse trial	Th7和Th6对维管束病害严重度降低82.2%和79.3%；叶片病害下降68.5%和65.8% Th7 and Th6 reduced vascular disease by 82.2% and 79.3%，foliar disease by 68.5% and 65.8%	Hewedy et al.,2020
棘孢木霉Ta3、Ta1 T. asperellum Ta3，Ta1	重寄生作用，菌丝缠绕，穿透尖孢镰刀菌菌丝 Hyperparasitism，hyphal coiling，penetration of Fusarium		抑菌率为85.8% Inhibition rate of 85.8%
长枝木霉Tl T. longibrachiatum Tl			抑菌率为85.7% Inhibition rate of 85.7%
绿木霉Tv T. viride Tv			抑菌率为81.5% Inhibition rate of 81.5%
哈茨木霉CH1 T. harzianum CH1	分泌抗真菌代谢物，竞争营养空间 Antifungal metabolites，nutrient and space competition	双培养法、PDA孔扩散法 Dual-culture，agar diffusion	抑菌率为78.3% Inhibition rate of 78.3%	Das et al.,2019
棘孢木霉 AFP T. asperellum AFP	产生抑制性代谢物，覆盖病原菌菌丝 Inhibitory metabolites，pathogen overgrowth		抑菌率为62.0% Inhibition rate of 62.0%
棘孢木霉 MC1 T. asperellum MC1	竞争性抑制 Competitive inhibition		抑菌率为70.5% Inhibition rate of 70.5%
康宁木霉 T. koningii	诱导植物细胞壁加厚、竞争生态位 Cell wall thickening，niche competition	孢子悬浮液处理 Spore suspension	单独接种病原菌时植株100%死亡，联合接种时存活 100% mortality with pathogen alone；survival when co-inoculated	Oyetunji & Salami,2011
钩状木霉 T. hamatum	抗生、重寄生、竞争 Antibiosis，hyperparasitism，competition	双培养技术 Dual-culture	抑菌率70.2% Inhibition rate of 70.2%	Anjum et al.,2020
长枝木霉 T. longibrachiatum	抗生作用、促进根系发育、竞争生态位 Antibiosis，root promotion，niche competition	双培养技术、孢子悬浮液处理 Dual-culture，spore suspension treatment	抑菌率69.5%；病害严重度24.7% Inhibition 69.5%；disease severity 24.7%
哈茨木霉 T. harzianum	抗生作用、重寄生作用 Antibiosis，hyperparasitism		抑菌率68.8%；体内病害严重度33.2% Inhibition 68.8%；disease severity 33.2%
深绿木霉 T. atroviride	抗生作用、竞争病原菌资源 Antibiosis,resource competition		抑菌率67.2%；体内病害严重度31.7% Inhibition 67.2%；disease severity 31.7%
哈茨木霉菌F5 T. harzianum F5	协同作用、重寄生、竞争、诱导植物抗性，激活POD/PPO，清除ROS，促进IAA产生 Synergism，hyperparasitism，induced resistance，POD/PPO activation，ROS scavenging，IAA production	琼脂孔扩散法、温室试验 Agar diffusion，greenhouse trial	与Penicillium expansum的协同防效为76.7% Synergistic control with P. expansum was 76.7%	Abdelaziz et al.,2023
长枝木霉菌T1 T. longibrachiatum T1	重寄生、诱导抗性、激活POD、PPO与防御基因、促生 Hyperparasitism，induced resistance，POD/PPO/PR gene activation，growth promotion	双重培养法、孢子悬浮液处理 Dual culture，spore suspension	病害严重度降为25.0% ~ 31.9% Disease severity reduced to 25.0%-31.9%	El-kazzaz et al.,2022
钩状木霉MHT1134 T. hamatum MHT1134	竞争作用，改善微生态、提高养分与酶活、诱导抗性 Competition，microecology improvement，nutrient and enzyme enhancement，induced resistance	发酵液处理 Fermentation drench	连续两年防效为70.2% 70.2% control over two years	Mao & Jiang,2021
木霉—芽胞杆菌复合菌剂 Trichoderma-Bacillus compound microbial agent	复合菌群协同增效，竞争营养，重寄生作用，促进根系发育 Synergistic effects of microbial consortia，nutrient competition，mycoparasitism，and promotion of root development	温室试验 Greenhouse trial	病害防效72.2% Control efficacy 72.2%	卯婷婷等,2020

菌种Strain	生防机制Biocontrol mechanism	方法Method	生防效果Biocontrol effect	参考文献 Reference
哈茨木霉 T. harzianum	竞争养分与空间、分泌抗生素、诱导植物防御、改变土壤菌群 Competition for nutrients and space，antibiotic production，plant defense induction，alteration of soil fungal community	温室试验 Greenhouse trial	与堆肥联用时完全抑制辣椒枯萎病（100%存活率），显著降低病原菌的相对丰度 Completely suppressed pepper wilt when combined with compost（100% survival）；significantly reduced pathogen abundance	Leyva-Morales et al.,2024
哈茨木霉 T. harzianum	竞争、分泌抗生物质、诱导系统抗性 Competition，antibiotic secretion，induction of systemic resistance	菌丝生长速率法 Hyphal growth assay	抑菌率为89.7% Inhibition rate of 89.7%	王美丽等,2024
钩状木霉 MHT1134 T. hamatum MHT1134	拮抗代谢产物造成病原菌丝变形溶解、溶磷、促生 Antagonistic metabolites deform and lyse pathogens；phosphate solubilization and growth promotion	平板对峙法、发酵液灌根处理 Dual-culture，root drench	平板对峙抑菌率为81.8%；田间防效为61.5% Inhibition rate 81.8%；field control effect 61.5%	Mao et al.,2020
哈茨木霉Th7、Th6 T. harzianum Th7，Th6	竞争、重寄生、诱导植物抗性，促进植物生长 Competition，hyperparasitism，induced resistance，plant growth promotion	双培养法、温室试验 Dual-culture，greenhouse trial	Th7和Th6对维管束病害严重度降低82.2%和79.3%；叶片病害下降68.5%和65.8% Th7 and Th6 reduced vascular disease by 82.2% and 79.3%，foliar disease by 68.5% and 65.8%	Hewedy et al.,2020
棘孢木霉Ta3、Ta1 T. asperellum Ta3，Ta1	重寄生作用，菌丝缠绕，穿透尖孢镰刀菌菌丝 Hyperparasitism，hyphal coiling，penetration of Fusarium		抑菌率为85.8% Inhibition rate of 85.8%
长枝木霉Tl T. longibrachiatum Tl			抑菌率为85.7% Inhibition rate of 85.7%
绿木霉Tv T. viride Tv			抑菌率为81.5% Inhibition rate of 81.5%
哈茨木霉CH1 T. harzianum CH1	分泌抗真菌代谢物，竞争营养空间 Antifungal metabolites，nutrient and space competition	双培养法、PDA孔扩散法 Dual-culture，agar diffusion	抑菌率为78.3% Inhibition rate of 78.3%	Das et al.,2019
棘孢木霉 AFP T. asperellum AFP	产生抑制性代谢物，覆盖病原菌菌丝 Inhibitory metabolites，pathogen overgrowth		抑菌率为62.0% Inhibition rate of 62.0%
棘孢木霉 MC1 T. asperellum MC1	竞争性抑制 Competitive inhibition		抑菌率为70.5% Inhibition rate of 70.5%
康宁木霉 T. koningii	诱导植物细胞壁加厚、竞争生态位 Cell wall thickening，niche competition	孢子悬浮液处理 Spore suspension	单独接种病原菌时植株100%死亡，联合接种时存活 100% mortality with pathogen alone；survival when co-inoculated	Oyetunji & Salami,2011
钩状木霉 T. hamatum	抗生、重寄生、竞争 Antibiosis，hyperparasitism，competition	双培养技术 Dual-culture	抑菌率70.2% Inhibition rate of 70.2%	Anjum et al.,2020
长枝木霉 T. longibrachiatum	抗生作用、促进根系发育、竞争生态位 Antibiosis，root promotion，niche competition	双培养技术、孢子悬浮液处理 Dual-culture，spore suspension treatment	抑菌率69.5%；病害严重度24.7% Inhibition 69.5%；disease severity 24.7%
哈茨木霉 T. harzianum	抗生作用、重寄生作用 Antibiosis，hyperparasitism		抑菌率68.8%；体内病害严重度33.2% Inhibition 68.8%；disease severity 33.2%
深绿木霉 T. atroviride	抗生作用、竞争病原菌资源 Antibiosis,resource competition		抑菌率67.2%；体内病害严重度31.7% Inhibition 67.2%；disease severity 31.7%
哈茨木霉菌F5 T. harzianum F5	协同作用、重寄生、竞争、诱导植物抗性，激活POD/PPO，清除ROS，促进IAA产生 Synergism，hyperparasitism，induced resistance，POD/PPO activation，ROS scavenging，IAA production	琼脂孔扩散法、温室试验 Agar diffusion，greenhouse trial	与Penicillium expansum的协同防效为76.7% Synergistic control with P. expansum was 76.7%	Abdelaziz et al.,2023
长枝木霉菌T1 T. longibrachiatum T1	重寄生、诱导抗性、激活POD、PPO与防御基因、促生 Hyperparasitism，induced resistance，POD/PPO/PR gene activation，growth promotion	双重培养法、孢子悬浮液处理 Dual culture，spore suspension	病害严重度降为25.0% ~ 31.9% Disease severity reduced to 25.0%-31.9%	El-kazzaz et al.,2022
钩状木霉MHT1134 T. hamatum MHT1134	竞争作用，改善微生态、提高养分与酶活、诱导抗性 Competition，microecology improvement，nutrient and enzyme enhancement，induced resistance	发酵液处理 Fermentation drench	连续两年防效为70.2% 70.2% control over two years	Mao & Jiang,2021
木霉—芽胞杆菌复合菌剂 Trichoderma-Bacillus compound microbial agent	复合菌群协同增效，竞争营养，重寄生作用，促进根系发育 Synergistic effects of microbial consortia，nutrient competition，mycoparasitism，and promotion of root development	温室试验 Greenhouse trial	病害防效72.2% Control efficacy 72.2%	卯婷婷等,2020

菌种Strain	生防机制Biocontrol mechanism	方法Method	生防效果Biocontrol effect	参考文献 Reference
哈茨木霉 T. harzianum 绿木霉 T. viride 里氏木霉 T. reesei	分泌抗真菌酶、寄生、促进植物生长 Secretion of antifungal enzymes，mycoparasitism，plant growth promotion	体外对抗 In vitro antagonism	对Phytophthora的抑制率在85.5%以上 Inhibition rate against Phytophthora exceeds 85.5%	Nawaz et al.,2018
木霉THSW13 Trichoderma HSW13	寄生、抗生、竞争、诱导抗性，与假单胞菌协同作用Mycoparasitism，antibiosis，competition，ISR，synergism with Pseudomonas	体外试验 In vitro assay	单独抑制率61.0%，协同抑制率73.2% 61.0% inhibition alone，73.2% with Pseudomonas	Chemeltorit et al.,2017
哈茨木霉 T. harzianum	重寄生、竞争、分泌CWDEs、诱导系统抗性 Mycoparasitism，competition，CWDE secretion，ISR	孢子悬浮液灌根与喷雾 Spore suspension，root drenching，foliar spray	接种7 ~ 21 d防效91% ~ 100%；灌根30 d防效89.0% Control efficacy of 91%-100% at 7-21 days after inoculation；89.0% with root drenching at 30 days	徐沛东等,2017
棘孢木霉 T. asperellum		孢子悬浮液处理 Spore suspension treatment	接种后防效80.0% ~ 93.0%；灌根30 d防效85.0% Control efficacy of 80.0%-93.0% after inoculation；85.0% with root drenching at 30 days	徐沛东等,2017
绿色木霉 Tv-1、Tv-2 T. viride Tv-1，Tv-2	破坏病原细胞壁结构，调控纤维素酶活性 Disrupts cell wall，modulates cellulase activity	对峙培养、发酵液粗提物处理 Dual culture，crude extract treatment	抑菌率92.7%、95.1% Inhibition rates 92.7% and 95.1%	刘青等,2019
哈茨木霉 Thz-1、Thz-2 T. harzianum Thz-1，Thz-2			抑菌率87.8%、92.7% Inhibition rates 87.8% and 92.7%
钩状木霉 Tha-1 T. hamatum Tha-1			抑菌率90.2% Inhibition rate 90.2%
哈茨木霉mc-2 T. harzianum mc-2	重寄生、竞争 Mycoparasitism，competition	平板对峙法 Dual culture	抑菌率88.7% Inhibition rate 88.7%	朱萍萍等,2015
哈茨木霉T175 T. harzianum T175			抑菌率86.1% Inhibition rate 86.1%
长枝木霉T127 T. longibrachiatum T127			抑菌率85.5% Inhibition rate 85.5%
长枝木霉T29 T. longibrachiatum T29			抑菌率85.7% Inhibition rate 85.7%
木霉TR39 Trichoderma TR39	重寄生、竞争、分泌CWDEs（几丁质酶、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶、纤维素酶） Mycoparasitism，competition，secretion of CWDEs （chitinase，β-1,3-glucanase，cellulase）	对峙培养法 Dual culture assay	抑菌率73.0% Inhibition rate 73.0%	肖淑芹等,2011
哈茨木霉T28 T. harzianum T28	分泌代谢产物抑制病原菌丝生长、孢子萌发 Secretion of metabolites inhibiting mycelial growth and spore germination	GC-MS分析 GC-MS analysis	抑菌率67.1%；孢子囊萌发抑制率71.7%；游动孢子释放抑制率76.3% Inhibition rate 67.1%；sporangium germination inhibition 71.7%；zoospore release inhibition 76.3%	杨立宾等,2013
钩状木霉 ACCC31649 T. hamatum ACCC31649	重寄生、竞争、诱导抗性、促生 Mycoparasitism，competition，induction of resistance，plant growth promotion	平板对峙法、温室试验Dual culture assay，greenhouse experiment	抑菌率49.8%，疫病防治效果53.3% Inhibition rate 49.8%；disease control efficacy 53.3%	赵兴丽等,2020
哈茨木霉 T. harzianum	分泌裂解酶、代谢产物，诱导抗性 Production of lytic enzymes，metabolites；induction of resistance	体外双培养试验 In vitro dual culture test	抑制率在80.0%以上 Inhibition rate exceeds 80.0%	Santos et al.,2023
长枝木霉 T. longibrachiatum	产生代谢产物，竞争营养和空间，诱导植物防御反应，提高叶绿素含量，激活防御基因表达Produces metabolites，competes for nutrients and space，induces plant defenses，activates defense genes		抑菌率82.0% Inhibition rate 82.0%
欧洲木霉 T. aggressivum f. europaeum	产生代谢产物、菌丝覆盖竞争、诱导系统抗性 Produces metabolites，mycelial overgrowth，induces systemic resistance		抑菌率88.0% Inhibition rate 88.0%
棘孢木霉T34 T. asperellum T34	诱导系统抗性、竞争、菌丝寄生 Induces systemic resistance，competition，mycoparasitism	室内试验 Laboratory experiment	病害减少71.0% Disease reduction 71.0%	Segarra et al.,2013
哈茨木霉CH1 T. harzianum CH1	竞争、寄生、分泌代谢物 Competition，mycoparasitism，secretion of antifungal metabolites	双培养法 Dual culture assay	抑菌率65.3% Inhibition rate 65.3%	Das et al.,2019
短密木霉6311 T. brevicompactum 6311	寄生、分泌铁载体与IAA，调控相关基因表达Mycoparasitism，siderophore and IAA production，gene regulation	双培养试验、发酵液培养试验、盆栽试验 Dual culture，fermentation broth，pot experiment	对辣椒疫霉菌丝抑制率达82.2%；发酵液抑制率达100%；对辣椒疫病的防效为55.6% Mycelial inhibition 82.2%；fermentation inhibition 100%；disease control 55.6%	Zhou et al.,2025

菌种Strain	生防机制Biocontrol mechanism	方法Method	生防效果Biocontrol effect	参考文献 Reference
哈茨木霉 T. harzianum 绿木霉 T. viride 里氏木霉 T. reesei	分泌抗真菌酶、寄生、促进植物生长 Secretion of antifungal enzymes，mycoparasitism，plant growth promotion	体外对抗 In vitro antagonism	对Phytophthora的抑制率在85.5%以上 Inhibition rate against Phytophthora exceeds 85.5%	Nawaz et al.,2018
木霉THSW13 Trichoderma HSW13	寄生、抗生、竞争、诱导抗性，与假单胞菌协同作用Mycoparasitism，antibiosis，competition，ISR，synergism with Pseudomonas	体外试验 In vitro assay	单独抑制率61.0%，协同抑制率73.2% 61.0% inhibition alone，73.2% with Pseudomonas	Chemeltorit et al.,2017
哈茨木霉 T. harzianum	重寄生、竞争、分泌CWDEs、诱导系统抗性 Mycoparasitism，competition，CWDE secretion，ISR	孢子悬浮液灌根与喷雾 Spore suspension，root drenching，foliar spray	接种7 ~ 21 d防效91% ~ 100%；灌根30 d防效89.0% Control efficacy of 91%-100% at 7-21 days after inoculation；89.0% with root drenching at 30 days	徐沛东等,2017
棘孢木霉 T. asperellum		孢子悬浮液处理 Spore suspension treatment	接种后防效80.0% ~ 93.0%；灌根30 d防效85.0% Control efficacy of 80.0%-93.0% after inoculation；85.0% with root drenching at 30 days	徐沛东等,2017
绿色木霉 Tv-1、Tv-2 T. viride Tv-1，Tv-2	破坏病原细胞壁结构，调控纤维素酶活性 Disrupts cell wall，modulates cellulase activity	对峙培养、发酵液粗提物处理 Dual culture，crude extract treatment	抑菌率92.7%、95.1% Inhibition rates 92.7% and 95.1%	刘青等,2019
哈茨木霉 Thz-1、Thz-2 T. harzianum Thz-1，Thz-2			抑菌率87.8%、92.7% Inhibition rates 87.8% and 92.7%
钩状木霉 Tha-1 T. hamatum Tha-1			抑菌率90.2% Inhibition rate 90.2%
哈茨木霉mc-2 T. harzianum mc-2	重寄生、竞争 Mycoparasitism，competition	平板对峙法 Dual culture	抑菌率88.7% Inhibition rate 88.7%	朱萍萍等,2015
哈茨木霉T175 T. harzianum T175			抑菌率86.1% Inhibition rate 86.1%
长枝木霉T127 T. longibrachiatum T127			抑菌率85.5% Inhibition rate 85.5%
长枝木霉T29 T. longibrachiatum T29			抑菌率85.7% Inhibition rate 85.7%
木霉TR39 Trichoderma TR39	重寄生、竞争、分泌CWDEs（几丁质酶、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶、纤维素酶） Mycoparasitism，competition，secretion of CWDEs （chitinase，β-1,3-glucanase，cellulase）	对峙培养法 Dual culture assay	抑菌率73.0% Inhibition rate 73.0%	肖淑芹等,2011
哈茨木霉T28 T. harzianum T28	分泌代谢产物抑制病原菌丝生长、孢子萌发 Secretion of metabolites inhibiting mycelial growth and spore germination	GC-MS分析 GC-MS analysis	抑菌率67.1%；孢子囊萌发抑制率71.7%；游动孢子释放抑制率76.3% Inhibition rate 67.1%；sporangium germination inhibition 71.7%；zoospore release inhibition 76.3%	杨立宾等,2013
钩状木霉 ACCC31649 T. hamatum ACCC31649	重寄生、竞争、诱导抗性、促生 Mycoparasitism，competition，induction of resistance，plant growth promotion	平板对峙法、温室试验Dual culture assay，greenhouse experiment	抑菌率49.8%，疫病防治效果53.3% Inhibition rate 49.8%；disease control efficacy 53.3%	赵兴丽等,2020
哈茨木霉 T. harzianum	分泌裂解酶、代谢产物，诱导抗性 Production of lytic enzymes，metabolites；induction of resistance	体外双培养试验 In vitro dual culture test	抑制率在80.0%以上 Inhibition rate exceeds 80.0%	Santos et al.,2023
长枝木霉 T. longibrachiatum	产生代谢产物，竞争营养和空间，诱导植物防御反应，提高叶绿素含量，激活防御基因表达Produces metabolites，competes for nutrients and space，induces plant defenses，activates defense genes		抑菌率82.0% Inhibition rate 82.0%
欧洲木霉 T. aggressivum f. europaeum	产生代谢产物、菌丝覆盖竞争、诱导系统抗性 Produces metabolites，mycelial overgrowth，induces systemic resistance		抑菌率88.0% Inhibition rate 88.0%
棘孢木霉T34 T. asperellum T34	诱导系统抗性、竞争、菌丝寄生 Induces systemic resistance，competition，mycoparasitism	室内试验 Laboratory experiment	病害减少71.0% Disease reduction 71.0%	Segarra et al.,2013
哈茨木霉CH1 T. harzianum CH1	竞争、寄生、分泌代谢物 Competition，mycoparasitism，secretion of antifungal metabolites	双培养法 Dual culture assay	抑菌率65.3% Inhibition rate 65.3%	Das et al.,2019
短密木霉6311 T. brevicompactum 6311	寄生、分泌铁载体与IAA，调控相关基因表达Mycoparasitism，siderophore and IAA production，gene regulation	双培养试验、发酵液培养试验、盆栽试验 Dual culture，fermentation broth，pot experiment	对辣椒疫霉菌丝抑制率达82.2%；发酵液抑制率达100%；对辣椒疫病的防效为55.6% Mycelial inhibition 82.2%；fermentation inhibition 100%；disease control 55.6%	Zhou et al.,2025

菌株Strain		生防机制Biocontrol mechanism	方法Method	生防效果Biocontrol effect	参考文献 Reference
棘孢木霉 T. asperellum		竞争与重寄生 Competition and hyperparasitism	生长速率法、对峙实验法 Growth rate method，Dual-culture method	抑菌率为76.9%；病原菌菌落被完全包围，菌丝变薄、颜色变浅 Inhibition rate 76.9%；pathogen colonies fully surrounded，mycelium thinning and lightening	辛怿如等,2025
深绿木霉ATR697 T. atroviride ATR697		产生挥发性有机化合物（VOC）、代谢产物、协同作用 Production of volatile organic compounds（VOC），metabolites，synergistic action	平板对峙法、体外拮抗实验 Plate confrontation test，in vitro antagonism test	菌丝生长抑制率达83.8%；体外拮抗试验抑制率为100%；田间试验病害率14.0% Mycelial growth inhibition rate 83.8%；in vitro inhibition rate 100%；field disease incidence 14.0%	Kim et al.,2023
长枝木霉LON701 T. longibrachiatum LON701				体外拮抗实验抑制率为100%；田间试验病害率37.4% In vitro inhibition rate 100%；field disease incidence 37.4%	Kim et al.,2023
深绿木霉424 T. atroviride 424 近深绿木霉123T T. paratroviride 123T		分泌抗真菌代谢物、空间竞争、诱导植物抗性、协同作用、促生作用 Secretion of antifungal metabolites，spatial competition，induction of plant resistance，synergistic and growth-promoting effects	平板对峙法、玻璃纸培养法 Plate confrontation，glass paper culture method	非挥发性代谢产物对盘长孢状刺盘孢的抑制率达92.0%以上 Inhibition rate of non-volatile metabolites on Colletotrichum gloeosporioides 92.0%	李叶彤等,2023
短密木霉LG004-52 T. brevicompactum LG004-52 棘孢木霉 LS073-23 T. asperellum LS073-23 长枝木霉ZJB3-12 T. longibrachiatum ZJB3-12		抗生作用、产生挥发性有机物、竞争作用Antagonistic effects，production of volatile organic compounds，competition	孢子悬浮液 Spore suspension	三株木霉对炭疽病的抑制率分别为37.4%、38.2%和75.4% Inhibition rates on anthracnose 37.4%，38.2%，and 75.4% for the three strains	张静雅等,2022
棘孢木霉 LS073-23 T. asperellum LS073-23 长枝木霉ZJB3-12 T. longibrachiatum ZJB3-12	抗生作用、产生挥发性有机物、竞争作用Antagonistic effects，production of volatile organic compounds，competition		菌株发酵液 Fermentation broth	ZJB3-12可完全抑制炭疽菌菌丝的生长，抑制率为100%；其次是菌株LS073-23的发酵液，抑制率为83.7% Completely inhibits Colletotrichum mycelial growth，inhibition rate 100%；followed by the fermentation broth of strain LS073-23，with an inhibition rate of 83.7%	张静雅等,2022
短密木霉LG004-52 T. brevicompactum LG004-52 棘孢木霉LS073-23 T. asperellum LS073-23			平板对峙实验 Plate confrontation method	木霉菌株LG004-52、LS073-23抑制率分别为82.7%和83.5% The inhibition rate of T. brevicompactum LG004-52 was 82.7%,whereas that of T. asperellum LS073-23 reached 83.5%	张静雅等,2022
拟康氏木霉SDTP1 T. pseudokoningii SDTP1	竞争、抗生 Competition，antibiosis		平板对峙实验 Plate confrontation method	对辣椒炭疽菌抑制率91.0% Inhibition rate on chili anthracnose pathogen 91.0%	郭敏等,2008
棘孢木霉T8a T. asperellum T8a	纤维素酶、竞争、寄生 Cellulase production，competition，parasitism		平板对峙实验 Plate confrontation method	抑菌率91.0% Inhibition rate 91.0%	de los Santos- Villalobos et al.,2013
棘孢木霉BHUF4 T. asperellum BHUF4	诱导系统抗性，提高PAL、PO、总酚活性，拮抗作用，分泌β-1,3-葡聚糖酶及几丁质酶，促生作用，协同效应 Induction of systemic resistance，enhancement of PAL，PO，total phenols，antagonism，secretion of β-1,3-glucanase and chitinase，growth promotion，synergistic effects		对峙培养法、叶面喷雾处理 Dual-culture method，foliar spray treatment	体外抑菌率77.7%；减少病斑49.6% Inhibition rate in vitro 77.7%；disease lesion reduction 49.6%	Saxena et al.,2016；2020
哈茨木霉T16A T. harzianum T16A			对峙培养法、根际接种处理 Dual-culture method，root inoculation treatment	体外抑菌率70.0%；减少病斑44.4% Inhibition rate in vitro 70.0%；disease lesion reduction 44.4%	Saxena et al.,2016；2020
哈茨木霉 T. harzianum	增强防御相关酶（POX、PAL、PPO）和抗氧化酶（SOD、CAT、APX、GPx）活性；调控活性氧（ROS），增加叶绿素含量，协同作用 Enhances defense-related enzymes （POX，PAL，PPO）and antioxidant enzymes （SOD，CAT，APX，GPx）；regulates reactive oxygen species（ROS），increases chlorophyll content，synergistic effects		双培养法、温室试验 Dual-culture method，greenhouse test	抑菌率75.5%；病害防效为70.0% Inhibition rate 75.5%；disease control efficacy 70.0%	Yadav et al.,2021
棘孢木霉 T. asperellum			双培养法、温室试验 Dual-culture method，greenhouse test	抑菌率73.1%；病害防效为64.0%；与T. harzianum协同处理的辣椒种子防效为78.7% Inhibition rate 73.1%；disease control efficacy 64.0%；combined seed protection efficacy with T. harzianum 78.7%	Yadav et al.,2021
棘孢木霉T1 T. asperellum T1	产生2-戊基呋喃（2-pentyl furan）等VOC，抑制菌丝生长和孢子形成，破坏细胞膜完整性 Produces 2-pentyl furan（VOC），inhibits mycelial growth and spore formation，disrupts cell membrane integrity		双对峙培养、GC-MS分析 Dual-culture method，GC-MS analysis	抑菌率34.0% Inhibition rate 34.0%	Chávez- Avilés et al.,2024
棘孢木霉T3 T. asperellum T3	产生α-水芹烯（α-phellandrene）等萜类化合物破坏细胞膜，增强其他VOC的渗透毒性 Produces α-phellandrene and other terpenoids to disrupt cell membranes，enhancing the permeability toxicity of other VOC			抑菌率51.9% Inhibition rate 51.9%
深绿木霉IMI206040 T. atroviride IMI206040	6-PP抑制病原菌代谢，诱导菌丝畸形 6-PP inhibits pathogen metabolism，induces mycelial malformation			抑菌率49.9% Inhibition rate 49.9%
拟康宁木霉PSU3-2 T. koningiopsis PSU3-2	竞争作用，产生挥发性有机化合物（VOC）；产生β-1,3-葡聚糖酶、几丁质酶等细胞壁降解酶，溶解病原菌菌丝 Competition，production of volatile organic compounds（VOC）；production of β-1,3-glucanase，chitinase and other cell wall-degrading enzymes，dissolution of pathogen mycelium		双培养试验 Dual culture assay	抑制率79.6% Inhibition rate 79.6%	Ruangwong et al.,2021

Research Progress on Trichoderma in Controlling Soil-Borne Fungal Diseases of Chili Peppers

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菌株Strain	生防机制Biocontrol mechanism	方法Method	生防效果Biocontrol effect	参考文献 Reference
哈茨木霉 T. harzianum	竞争营养与空间，可能通过分泌抗生物质或诱导植物抗性抑制病原菌 Competes for nutrients and space，may suppress pathogens by secreting antibiotics or inducing plant resistance	菌丝生长速率法 Mycelial growth rate method	抑菌率为74.6% Inhibition rate 74.6%	王美丽等,2024
哈茨木霉M20210527-2 T. harzianum M20210527-2	竞争作用、重寄生、分泌抑菌活性成分 Competitive interaction，hyperparasitism，secretion of antimicrobial metabolites	对峙培养法、盆栽试验 Dual-culture and pot experiment	对茄镰刀菌抑制率为79.3%；根腐病相对防效为94.3% Inhibition rate on Fusarium solani 79.3%；relative control efficacy on root rot disease 94.3%	李树江等,2023
短密木霉Tb1 T. brevicompactum Tb1	菌丝侵入病原菌内部，覆盖并产孢，产生木霉素等抗菌物质 Mycelial invasion into the pathogen，covering and sporulation，production of antimicrobial compounds such as trichodermol	平板对峙法、生长速率法 Plate confrontation and growth rate method	对辣椒根腐病抑制率为73.5%；孢子悬液抑制率为98.4% Inhibition rate on chili root rot 73.5%；spore suspension inhibition rate 98.4%	申君等,2022
黄绿木霉T1010 T. aureoviride T1010	竞争作用、寄生作用、溶菌作用、土壤定殖、促进植物生长 Competitive，parasitic，and lytic actions，soil colonization，promotion of plant growth	对峙培养法 Dual-culture method	抑菌率为83.3% Inhibition rate 83.3%	陈建爱等,2012
棘孢木霉AFP T. asperellum AFP	菌丝缠绕与寄生作用、分泌抗真菌代谢物 Mycelial wrapping and parasitism，secretion of antifungal metabolites	双培养法 Dual-culture method	抑菌率为62.3% Inhibition rate 62.3%	Das et al.,2019
哈茨木霉 T. harzianum	产生高水平几丁质酶、分泌抗真菌代谢产物、诱导植物系统抗性 High chitinase production，secretion of antifungal metabolites，induction of systemic resistance in plants	平板对峙法 Plate confrontation method	添加0.5%几丁质后，对P. capsici抑制率为55.6% With 0.5% chitin，inhibition rate on P. capsici 55.6%	Sid Ahmed et al.,2003
深绿木霉T32 T. atroviride T32	抗生作用，产生抗生素和细胞壁降解酶，溶解病原菌孢子 Antagonistic effects，production of antibiotics and cell wall-degrading enzymes，dissolution of pathogen spores	对峙培养法 Dual-culture method	对Fusarium oxysporum菌丝生长抑制率为64.0% Inhibition rate on Fusarium oxysporum mycelial growth 64.0%	Eke et al.,2021
长枝木霉ON203115 T. longibrachiatum ON203115	破坏菌丝膜结构，产生活性氧（ROS）抑制病原菌生长，激活植物抗氧化酶系统（如SOD、APX） Disrupts hyphal membrane structure，generates reactive oxygen species（ROS） to inhibit pathogen growth，activates plant antioxidant enzyme systems（SOD，APX）	琼脂稀释法 Agar dilution method	木霉菌滤液抑菌率为62.6%；ZnO-NPs（12 mg · L^-1）抑菌率为80.7% Inhibition rate with Trichoderma filtrate 62.6%；ZnO-NPs（12 mg · L^-1） 80.7%	Ghareeb et al.,2024

类型Type	代表产物Representative compounds	菌株Strains	作用机制Mechanism	生防效果Biocontrol effect	参考文献References
多硫代二酮哌嗪 Epipolythiodioxopiperazines（ETPs）	胶霉毒素 Gliotoxin 绿胶霉素 Gliovirin	绿木霉T. virens 长枝木霉 T. longibrachiatum 绿色木霉T. viride 里氏木霉T. reesei 哈茨木霉 T. harzianum	与巯基结合，生成活性氧（ROS），导致蛋白失活，抑制病原菌生长 Binds to thiol groups and generates reactive oxygen species（ROS），leading to protein inactivation and inhibition of pathogen growth	木霉菌株HZA14产生的胶霉毒素可抑制辣椒疫霉病，控制辣椒枯萎病，并能抑制腐霉和立枯丝核菌 The gliotoxin produced by Trichoderma strain HZA14 can inhibit Phytophthora blight，control Fusarium wilt in chili pepper，and suppress Pythium and R. solani	Gardiner et al.,2005；Khan et al.,2020；Tomah et al.,2020；Asad,2022
吡喃酮 Pyrones	绿吡喃酮 Viridepyronone 6-戊基-2H-吡喃-2-酮（6-PP） 6-Pentyl-2H-pyran- 2-one	绿色木霉T. viride 康宁木霉 T. koningii 哈茨木霉 T. harzianum 长枝木霉 T. longibrachiatum 棘孢木霉 T. asperellum	抑制病原菌菌丝生长，诱导植物系统抗性，促进植物生长 Inhibits hyphal growth of pathogens，induces systemic resistance in plants，and promotes plant growth	400 μg · mL^-1浓度下几乎完全抑制辣椒疫霉菌丝生长，该浓度下游动孢子囊萌发抑制率为92.2% At 400 μg · mL^-1，nearly complete inhibition of Phytophthora mycelial growth was observed，with 92.2% inhibition of zoospore cyst germination	Evidente et al.,2003；Ahluwalia et al.,2014；张量和张敬泽,2015；Pascale et al.,2017
吡啶酮 Pyridones	哈茨吡啶酮 Harzianopyridone	哈茨木霉 T. harzianum	具有广谱抗真菌活性，抑制病原菌生长 Exhibits broad-spectrum antifungal activity and suppresses pathogen growth	抑制90%以上的立枯丝核菌、尖孢镰刀菌和齐整小核菌的生长 This compound inhibits more than 90% of the growth of R. solani，F. oxysporum，and S. rolfsii	Ahluwalia et al.,2015；Khan et al.,2020
丁烯内酯类 Butenolides	哈茨内酯 Harzianolide 哈茨内酯脱氢衍生物ehydro-derivative of harzianolide T39丁烯内酯 T39 butenolide 5-Hydroxyvertinolide	哈茨木霉 T. harzianum	抑菌活性显著，干扰病原菌生长发育 Possesses strong antimicrobial activity，interfering with pathogen growth and development	T39丁烯内酯对立枯丝核菌具有生长抑制的作用 Butenolide T39 inhibits the growth of R. solani	Andrade et al.,1992；Vinale et al.,2006；Khan et al.,2020
阿扎菲酮 Azaphilones	哈茨菲酮 Harziphilone fleephilone T22阿扎菲酮 T22 azaphilone	哈茨木霉 T. harzianum	具有抗菌活性，促进合成复杂化合物，赋予木霉菌新的生理功能 Exhibits antimicrobial activity and facilitates the synthesis of complex compounds，conferring new physiological functions to Trichoderma	对终极腐霉、小麦禾谷镰孢菌以及立枯丝核菌表现出显著的抗真菌活性 Exhibits strong antifungal activity against P. ultimum，G. graminis var. tritici，and R. solani	Vinale et al.,2006；Huang et al.,2020
康宁素 Koninginins	康宁木霉素A-E Koninginins A-E 康宁木霉素G Koninginin G	康宁木霉 T. koningi 哈茨木霉 T. harzianum 黄绿木霉 T. aureoviride	具抗真菌活性，通过抑制病原菌生长发挥作用 Exhibits antifungal activity by suppressing pathogen growth	在康宁木霉YIM PH30002中获得的koninginins A、B和D对尖孢镰刀菌、腐皮镰刀菌和链格孢菌表现出抗真菌活性 Koninginins A，B，and D isolated from T. koningii YIM PH30002 show antifungal activity against F. oxysporum，F. solani，and Alternaria alternata	Kroken et al.,2003；陈金莲等,2015；Khan et al.,2020
类固醇 Steroids	豆甾醇 Stigmasterol 麦角甾醇 Ergosterol 3,5,9-三羟基麦角甾-7,22-二烯- 6-酮 3,5,9-trihydroxyergosta-7,22-dien-6-one	康宁木霉 T. koningi 哈茨木霉 T. harzianum	干扰病原菌细胞膜结构和生理代谢，抑制生长 Disrupts membrane structure and physiological metabolism of pathogens，inhibiting their growth	豆甾醇对立枯丝核菌、齐整小核菌、菜豆壳球孢菌和尖孢镰刀菌具有抗真菌活性 β-sitosterol shows antifungal activity against R. solani，S. rolfsii，C. lindemuthianum，and F. oxysporum	Mukherjee et al.,2012b；Ahluwalia et al.,2015
蒽醌类 Anthraquinones	1,8-二羟基-3-甲基蒽醌 1,8-dihydroxy-3-methylanthraquinone 1-羟基-3-甲基蒽醌1-hydroxy-3-methylanthraquinone 6-甲基-1,3,8-三羟基蒽醌 6-methyl-1,3,8-trihydroxyanthraquinone	哈茨木霉 T. harzianum	抑制病原菌生长，可能通过调节自身氧化状态提升抗性 Inhibits pathogen growth，possibly by modulating oxidative status and enhancing resistance	对立枯丝核菌等有抑制活性，6-甲基-1,3,8-三羟蒽醌可增强木霉对宿主防御反应的适应能力 Show inhibitory effects against R. solani，etc.，6-methyl-1,3,8-trihydroxyanthraquinone helps Trichoderma overcome host defenses and enhances antagonism	Vinale et al.,2006；Liu et al.,2009；Khan et al.,2020
内酯类 Lactones	Cremenolide Aspinolide C Cerinolactone Nafuredin A/C	T. arundinaceum 蜡色木霉 T. cerinum 哈茨木霉 T. harzianum	抑菌、促生、诱导植物抗病反应 Antimicrobial，growth-promoting，and induces plant disease resistance responses	Cremenolide可促进番茄幼苗的生长，对尖孢镰刀菌具有抗真菌活性；Cerinolactone对Rosellinia necatrix表现出很强的活性 Cremenolide promotes tomato seedling growth and inhibits F. oxysporum；Cerinolactone is highly active against R. necatrix	Vinale et al.,2012,2016；Arjona-Girona et al.,2014；Zhao et al.,2020
单端孢霉烯 Trichothecenes	木霉菌素 Trichodermin 哈茨木霉素A Harzianum A 单端孢霉烯醇A Trichothecinol A 8-去氧单端孢菌素 8-deoxytrichothecin 单端孢霉烯醇B Trichothecinol B 木霉烯 A Trichodermene A	短密木霉 T. brevicompactum 哈茨木霉 T. harzianum	抑制蛋白合成，阻断核糖体功能，诱导植物防御反应 Inhibits protein synthesis and blocks ribosome function，triggering plant defense responses	Trichodermin对黄瓜立枯病菌和水稻纹枯病菌菌丝生长具有显著的抑制活性 Trichodermin significantly inhibits R. solani in cucumber and Thanatephorus cucumeris in rice	Degenkolb et al.,2008；石一珺等,2009；Malmierca et al.,2013；Vinale et al.,2014；Du et al.,2020
蛋白酶类 Proteases	天冬氨酸蛋白酶P6281 Aspartic protease P6281	绿木霉T. virens 深绿木霉 T. atroviride 棘孢木霉 T. asperellum 哈茨木霉 T. harzianum	降解病原体细胞壁，增强植物防御 Degrades pathogen cell walls，thereby enhancing plant defense mechanisms	抑制了灰葡萄孢菌、立枯丝核菌等多种病原真菌的孢子萌发与生长 Inhibit spore germination and growth of Botrytis cinerea，R. solani，etc	Deng et al.,2018
哌珀霉素 Peptaibols	木霉菌素 Trichokonin 木霉菌素VI、VII、VIII Trichokonin VI，VII，VIII 木霉氨酸A1 Trichorzianine A1 木霉氨酸B1 Trichorzianine B1	绿色木霉T. viride 康宁木霉 T. koningi 哈茨木霉 T. harzianum 棘孢木霉 T. asperellum 拟康氏木霉 T. pseudokoningii	形成离子通道，抑制细胞壁相关酶，诱导系统抗性 Forms ion channels，inhibits cell wall-associated enzymes，and induces systemic resistance	拟康氏木霉中分离得到Trichokonin VI，可诱导炭疽菌、尖孢镰刀菌、疫霉的细胞程序性死亡 Trichokonin VI from T. longibrachiatum induces programmed cell death in Colletotrichum，Fusarium，and Phytophthora	Shi et al.,2012；Zhao et al.,2018；Khan et al.,2020
聚酮类 Polyketides	康宁素 Koningines 蒽醌类 Anthraquinones 哈茨内酯 Harzianolide Nafuredins A/C	康宁木霉 T. koningi 哈茨木霉 T. harzianum 蜡色木霉 T. cerinum	抗菌、抑菌、诱导植物防御，来源于不同PKS基因簇 Antibacterial，antifungal，and defense-inducing；derived from distinct PKS gene clusters	对禾谷镰刀菌、菌核病菌等具抗性 Effective against F. graminearum and S. sclerotiorum	李纪顺等,2010；Mukherjee el al.,2013
萜烯类 Terpenoids	倍半萜烯 Trichodiene 甾体 Ergosterol 二萜 Trichodimerol	短密木霉 T. brevicompactum 哈茨木霉 T. harzianum	抗真菌、调节植物免疫反应，部分为信号分子 Antifungal activity and regulation of plant immune responses；some act as signaling molecules	对尖孢镰刀菌、立枯丝核菌、灰葡萄孢菌等具有抑制作用 Show inhibitory effects against F. oxysporum，R. solani，and B. cinerea	Reino et al.,2008；Khan et al.,2020

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