蟹爪兰、假昙花、仙人指、令箭荷花染色体核型分析

doi:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2025-0097

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

以5个蟹爪兰品种和假昙花、仙人指、令箭荷花‘礼服’的叶状茎为试验材料，进行倍性鉴定和基因组大小测定，并进行核型分析。流式细胞检测结果显示，假昙花、仙人指、令箭荷花均为二倍体，染色体数均为22条，核型为1A型，核型公式和核不对称系数分别为2n = 2x = 22 = 18m + 4sm，57.64%；2n = 2x = 22 = 22m，57.93%；2n = 2x = 22 = 20m + 2sm，57.33%。蟹爪兰品种‘晚秋’‘凤冠’和‘白色重瓣’也为二倍体，染色体数为22条，核型公式分别为2n = 2x = 22 = 20m + 2sm、2n = 2x = 22 = 18m + 4sm和2n = 2x = 22 = 20m + 2sm，不对称系数为56.53%、58.10%和57.93%，分别属于1A型、2A型和2B型；蟹爪兰‘R9’为三倍体，染色体数33条，核型公式为2n = 3x = 33 = 30m + 3sm，不对称系数为 58.57%，2A型；蟹爪兰‘贵妃醉酒’为四倍体，染色体数44条，核型公式为2n = 4x = 44 = 32m + 12sm，不对称系数为60.24%，属于 2A 型。进化趋势分析推测进化水平从高到低为：四倍体、三倍体、二倍体。二倍体的假昙花、仙人指、令箭荷花均可与蟹爪兰进行杂交，假昙花和蟹爪兰品种‘凤冠’的核型公式相同，令箭荷花‘礼服’、蟹爪兰‘晚秋’和‘白色重瓣’三者核型公式相同，但‘白色重瓣’的核型分类与二者不同。聚类结果显示，假昙花、仙人指、蟹爪兰品种‘晚秋’和令箭荷花‘礼服’聚为A类，另外4个蟹爪兰品种聚为B类。类间距离的远近能够较准确地反映品种间的亲缘关系。

关键词: 蟹爪兰, 假昙花, 仙人指, 令箭荷花, 染色体, 流式细胞术, 倍性, 核型分析

Abstract:

The phylloclades as the experimental material of five cultivars of Schlumbergera truncata and Rhipsalidopsis gaertneri，Schlumbergera bridgesii，Nopalxochia ackermannii‘Evening Dress’，to identify the ploidy levels and to determine genome size and perform karyotype analysis. The results from flow cytometry indicated that the R. gaertneri，S. bridgesii，N. ackermannii‘Evening Dress’are all diploid. The chromosome numbers of R. gaertneri，S. bridgesii，and N. ackermannii‘Evening Dress’were all 22，and all had karyotypes of type 1A. The karyotype formulas and asymmetric coefficients were 2n = 2x = 22 = 18m + 4sm，57.64%；2n = 2x = 22 = 22m，57.93%；and 2n = 2x = 22 = 20m + 2sm，57.33%，respectively. Schlumbergera truncata cultivars‘Wanqiu’‘Fengguan’and‘White Double Flowers’are all diploid. The chromosome numbers were all 22，and karyotype formulas of 2n = 2x = 22 = 20m + 2sm，2n = 2x = 22 = 18m + 4sm and 2n = 2x = 22 = 20m + 2sm，respectively. The karyotype asymmetry coefficients were 56.53%，58.10% and 57.93%，belonging to types 1A，2A and 2B，respectively. The chromosome number of the triploid S. truncata‘R9’was 33，and a karyotype formula of 2n = 3x = 33 = 30m + 3sm，with an asymmetric coefficient of 58.57%，belonging to type 2A. The tetraploid S. truncata‘Guifei Zuijiu’had a chromosome number of 44，and a karyotype formula of 2n = 4x = 44 = 32m + 12sm，with an asymmetric coefficient of 60.24%，belonging to type 2A. The evolutionary trend analysis suggests that the evolutionary levels are ranked from high to low as follows：tetraploid，triploid，diploid. S. truncata can be hybridized with its diploid relatives，namely R. gaertneri，S. bridgesii and N. ackermannii‘Evening Dress’. The karyotype formulas of R. gaertneri and S. truncata‘Fengguan’are the same. The karyotype formulas of N. ackermannii‘Evening Dress’and S. truncata‘Wanqiu’are the same as those of S. truncata‘White Double Flower’，but the karyotype classification of‘White Double Flower’is different from the other two. The clustering results indicated that the eight materials were divided into two major groups. R. gaertneri，S. bridgesii，S. truncata‘Wanqiu’and N. ackermannii‘Evening Dress’clustered into group A，while the other four S. truncata cultivars clustered into group B. The distances between groups can more accurately reflect the phylogenetic relationships among the cultivars.

Key words: Schlumbergera truncata, Rhipsalidopsis gaertneri, Schlumbergera bridgesii, Nopalxochia ackermannii, chromosome, flow cytometry, ploidy, karyotype analysis

中图分类号:

S682.33

赵天荣, 任锡亮, 凌建刚, 沈岚, 王凯. 蟹爪兰、假昙花、仙人指、令箭荷花染色体核型分析[J]. 园艺学报, 2026, 53(9): 2657-2668.

ZHAO Tianrong, REN Xiliang, LING Jiangang, SHEN Lan, WANG Kai. Chromosome Karyotype Analysis of Rhipsalidopsis gaertneri，Schlumbergera bridgesii，Nopalxochia ackermannii and Schlumbergera truncata[J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2026, 53(9): 2657-2668.

图/表 6

图1 假昙花、仙人指、令箭荷花和蟹爪兰的叶状茎和花

Fig. 1 Phylloclade and flower of Rhipsalidopsis gaertneri，Schlumbergera bridgesii，Nopalxochia ackermannii and Schlumbergera truncata cultivars

图2 假昙花、仙人指、令箭荷花‘礼服’和不同倍性蟹爪兰与番茄混合样品流式细胞检测直方图

Fig. 2 Flow cytometric histograms of mixed samples of Rhipsalidopsis gaertneri，Schlumbergera bridgesii，Nopalxochia ackermannii‘Evening Dress’and different ploidy Schlumbergera truncata cultivars combined with tomato

表1 假昙花、仙人指、令箭荷花‘礼服’和蟹爪兰5个品种DNA相对含量

Table 1 Relative DNA content of Rhipsalidopsis gaertneri，Schlumbergera bridgesii，Nopalxochia ackermannii‘Evening Dress’and five Schlumbergera truncata cultivars

样品名称 Sample name	内参荧光强度 Fluorescence intensity of internal reference	待测样品荧光强度 Fluorescence intensity of the sample to be measured	比值 Ratio	基因组大小/Gb Genome size	变异系数/% Coefficient of variation
假昙花 Rhipsalidopsis gaertneri	31.71	50.99	1.61	1.45	0
仙人指 Schlumbergera bridgesii	28.99	43.90	1.51	1.36	0
晚秋Wanqiu	30.56	46.21	1.51	1.36	0
凤冠 Fengguan	29.43	45.23	1.54	1.38	0.38
R9	29.38	61.56	2.09	1.88	3.20
贵妃醉酒 Guifei Zuijiu	36.76	108.46	2.95	2.60	1.90
礼服 Evening dress	35.21	50.55	1.44	1.29	1.30
白色重瓣 White Double Flowers	35.71	47.94	1.34	1.20	2.80

表2 假昙花、仙人指、令箭荷花‘礼服’和蟹爪兰5个品种的核型比较

Table 2 Karyotype comparison of Rhipsalidopsis gaertneri，Schlumbergera bridgesii，Nopalxochia ackermannii‘Evening Dress’and five Schlumbergera truncata cultivars

品种 Cultivar	倍性 Ploidy	染色体相对长度范围 Range of relative chromosome length	臂比范围 Range of arm ratio	最长与最短染色体长度比Ratio of longest to shortest chromosome length	染色体臂比值 > 2/% The proportion of chromosomes with arm ratio > 2	核型公式 Karyotype formula	核型类别 Karyotype category	不对称系数/% Asymm-etry Coeffi- cient
假昙花 Rhipsalidopsis gaertneri	2	1.13 ~ 2.19	1.04 ~ 1.95	1.94	0	2n=2x=22=18m+4sm	1A	57.64
仙人指 Schlumbergera bridgesii	2	1.15 ~ 1.98	1.14 ~ 1.67	1.72	0	2n=2x=22=22m	1A	57.93
令箭荷花‘礼服’ Evening Dress	2	0.72 ~ 1.43	1.08 ~ 1.91	1.99	0	2n=2x=22=20m+2sm	1A	57.33
晚秋Wanqiu	2	0.98 ~ 1.65	1.09 ~ 1.85	1.68	0	2n=2x=22=20m+2sm	1A	56.53
凤冠Fengguan	2	0.80 ~ 1.25	1.12 ~ 2.48	1.56	9.10	2n=2x=22=18m+4sm	2A	58.10
R9	3	0.67 ~ 1.19	1.16 ~ 2.05	1.78	9.10	2n=3x=33=30m+3sm	2A	58.57
贵妃醉酒Guifei Zuijiu	4	0.94 ~ 1.52	1.16 ~ 2.13	1.62	9.10	2n=4x=44=32m+12sm	2A	60.24
白色重瓣 White Double Flowers	2	0.36 ~ 1.23	1.04 ~ 2.38	3.42	9.10	2n=2x=22=20m+2sm	2B	57.93

图3 假昙花、仙人指、令箭荷花‘礼服’和蟹爪兰5个品种的有丝分裂中期染色体、核型图和核型模式图

Fig. 3 The meiotic metaphase chromosomes，karyotype and karyotype patterns of Rhipsalidopsis gaertneri，Schlumbergera bridgesii，Nopalxochia ackermannii‘Evening Dress’and five Schlumbergera truncata cultivars

图4 假昙花、仙人指、令箭荷花‘礼服’和蟹爪兰5个品种的聚类结果

Fig. 4 Cluster analysis of Rhipsalidopsis gaertneri，Schlumbergera bridgesii，Nopalxochia ackermannii‘Evening Dress’and five Schlumbergera truncata cultivars

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