人工生草对灵武长枣园土壤微生物多样性、土壤代谢组和果实品质的影响

doi:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2024-1046

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

以行间人工种植“长柔毛野豌豆、白三叶和蒲公英”、“黑麦草为主，少量种植白三叶、长柔毛野豌豆和蒲公英”和“半清耕半自然生草”3种生草模式的灵武长枣园土壤为研究对象，分析不同生草模式对灵武长枣园土壤微生物多样性、土壤代谢组和土壤肥力以及果实品质等方面的影响，筛选适合宁夏干旱半干旱地区推广种植的灵武长枣园生草模式。结果表明：与半清耕半自然生草相比，两种人工生草模式均能增加枣园土壤微生物的多样性（Chao1和ACE指数）。人工混合种植“长柔毛野豌豆、白三叶和蒲公英”显著提高了土壤样本中的变形菌门（Proteobacteria）和担子菌门（Basidiomycota）的丰度。人工种植“黑麦草为主，少量种植白三叶、长柔毛野豌豆和蒲公英”显著提高了土壤样本中的酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）和子囊菌门（Ascomycota）的丰度。土壤差异代谢物主要富集在角质、亚蜡和蜡的生物合成、异喹啉生物碱的生物合成、亚油酸代谢、花生四烯酸代谢和氰胺酸代谢等通路。同时，两种人工生草模式显著降低了土壤pH值，并显著增加了土壤有机质含量，“长柔毛野豌豆、白三叶和蒲公英”模式显著增加了果实的可溶性固形物、总糖和可滴定酸含量。综上，宁夏干旱半干旱区灵武长枣园种植“长柔毛野豌豆、白三叶和蒲公英”可改善土壤细菌和真菌群落结构和多样性，提高土壤营养水平，影响枣园土壤的代谢产物和果实品质。

关键词: 果园生草, 枣, 长柔毛野豌豆, 土壤, 微生物, 代谢物

Abstract:

This study focuses on the artificial planting mixture of Vicia villosa，Trifolium repens and Taraxacum mongolicum or artificial planting of Lolium perenne as the main and a small amount of Trifolium repens，Vicia villosa，and Taraxacum mongolicum or semi-cultivation and semi-natural grass as the objects in‘Lingwuchangzao’jujube orchard. The effects of grass growing modes on soil microbial diversity，soil metabolome，soil fertility and fruit quality in‘Lingwuchangzao’jujube orchard were analyzed，and a suitable grass growing mode for promoting planting in arid and semi-arid areas of Ningxia was screened. The results showed that both grasses cultivation patterns could increase the diversityindices（Chao1 and ACE） of soil microbial，compared with semi-cultivation and semi-natural grass in ‘Lingwuchangzao’jujube orchard. Artificially planting a mixture of Vicia villosa，Trifolium repens and Taraxacum mongolicum significantly increased the abundance of Proteobacteria and Basidiomycota in soil samples. While artificially planting Lolium perenne being the main method，plus planting a small amount of Trifolium repens，Vicia villosa，and Taraxacum mongolicum significantly increased the abundance of Acidobacteria and Ascomycota in soil samples. Differential metabolites was mainly concentrated in cutin，wax and wax biosynthesis，isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis，linoleic acid metabolism，arachidonic acid metabolism，cyanuric acid metabolism and cyanuric acid metabolism. Moreover，the soil pH value was significantly decreased and the soil organic matter content was significantly increased under the two artificial modes. Grass-growing mode 1 Vicia villosa，Trifolium repens and Taraxacum mongolicum） significantly increased the contents of soluble solids，total sugar and titratable acid of the jujube. In conclusion，artificial planting mixture of Vicia villosa，Trifolium repens and Taraxacum mongolicum in ‘Lingwuchangzao’jujube orchard in arid and semi-arid of Ningxia can improve the community structure and diversity of soil bacteria and fungi，improve the level of soil nutrition，thus affecting the soil metabolites and fruits quality.

Key words: orchard grasses cultivation, jujube, Vicia villosa, soil, microbiology, metabolite

魏天军, 李慧, 王贵云, 陈卫军, 李光明. 人工生草对灵武长枣园土壤微生物多样性、土壤代谢组和果实品质的影响[J]. 园艺学报, 2026, 53(1): 185-201.

WEI Tianjun, LI Hui, WANG Guiyun, CHEN Weijun, LI Guangming. Effects of Growing Grasses on Soil Microbial Diversity，Soil Metabolites and Fruits Quality in‘Lingwuchangzao’Jujube Orchard[J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2026, 53(1): 185-201.

图/表 13

图1 不同生草模式下细菌群落α多样性 SA：行间种植长柔毛野豌豆、白三叶和蒲公英；SB：行间种植黑麦草为主，少量种植白三叶、长柔毛野豌豆和蒲公英；SCK：对照，半清耕半自然生草。差异显著性分析方法为图基检验，*** P < 0.001。下同

Fig. 1 α diversity of bacterial communities under different grasses cultivation patterns SA：Artificially planting a mixture of Vicia villosa，Trifolium repens and Taraxacum mongolicum；SB：Artificially planting Lolium perenne being the main method，plus planting a small amount of Trifolium repens，Vicia villosa and Taraxacum mongolicum；SCK：Control，semi-cultivation and semi-natural grass mode. The method of significant difference analysis is the Tukey test，*** P < 0.001. The same below

图2 不同生草模式下土壤细菌的PCA和PCoA分析

Fig. 2 Principal coordinate analysis and principal co-ordinates analysis of soil bacterial diversity under different grasses cultivation patterns

图3 不同生草模式灵武长枣园土壤细菌群落的组成结构

Fig. 3 Bacterial groups composition of soil in‘Lingwuchangzao’jujube orchard under different grasses cultivation patterns

图4 不同生草模式下真菌群落α多样性

Fig. 4 α diversity of fungal communities under different grasses cultivation patterns ** P < 0.01；*** P < 0.001

图5 不同生草模式下土壤真菌的PCA和PCoA分析

Fig. 5 Principal coordinate analysis and principal co-ordinates analysis of soil fungal diversity under different grasses cultivation patterns

图6 不同生草模式的灵武长枣园土壤真菌群落的组成结构

Fig. 6 Fungal groups composition of soil in‘Lingwuchangzao’jujube orchard under different grasses cultivation patterns

图7 不同生草模式处理组的差异代谢物聚类热图

Fig. 7 Heatmaps of different metabolites in different grass model treatment group

图8 不同生草模式处理组的差异代谢物火山图

Fig. 8 Volcanic maps of different metabolites in different grass model treatment groups

图9 不同生草模式处理组的差异代谢物KEGG富集图

Fig. 9 KEGG enrichment of different metabolites in different grass model treatment groups

表1 不同生草模式下土壤理化指标

Table 1 Soil physicochemical indexes under different grass growing modes

生草模式 Grass growth pattern	土层深度/cm Soil depth	全盐/% Total soil	pH	有机质/（g · kg^-1） Organic material	碱解氮/（mg · kg^-1） Alkali-hydrolysate nitrogen
SCK	0 ~ 20	0.13 ± 0.01 d	8.63 ± 0.01 b	16.07 ± 0.20 d	70.03 ± 7.83 a
SCK	20 ~ 40	0.20 ± 0.03 b	8.74 ± 0.02 a	14.30 ± 0.16 e	52.51 ± 4.41 b
SA	0 ~ 20	0.23 ± 0.01 a	7.95 ± 0.05 e	16.54 ± 0.08 c	55.14 ± 5.43 b
SA	20 ~ 40	0.15 ± 0.01 c	8.30 ± 0.02 d	20.84 ± 0.23 a	78.26 ± 7.56 a
SB	0 ~ 20	0.17 ± 0.01 bc	8.54 ± 0.01 c	20.11 ± 0.33 b	78.58 ± 2.56 a
SB	20 ~ 40	0.20 ± 0.02 b	8.66 ± 0.02 b	16.66 ± 0.41 c	78.24 ± 1.41 a
生草模式 Grass growth pattern	速效磷/（mg · kg^-1） Available phosphorus	速效钾/（mg · kg^-1） Rapidly available potassium	有效铜/（mg · kg^-1） Rapidly available copper	有效铁/（mg · kg^-1） Rapidly available iron	有效锰/（mg · kg^-1） Rapidly available manganese
SCK	53.95 ± 1.75 c	148.67 ± 0.58 c	1.72 ± 0.41 d	20.83 ± 0.19 e	5.60 ± 0.02 c
	61.89 ± 1.79 b	144.00 ± 6.25 c	2.48 ± 0.28 bc	25.89 ± 0.51 c	5.07 ± 0.55 d
SA	45.22 ± 1.10 d	173.67 ± 1.53 b	2.91 ± 0.30 b	24.11 ± 0.39 d	6.21 ± 0.25 b
	73.69 ± 1.95 a	128.00 ± 6.08 d	3.83 ± 0.04 a	34.25 ± 0.50 a	6.92 ± 0.32 a
SB	50.39 ± 1.91 c	259.67 ± 2.08 a	2.39 ± 0.18 c	23.84 ± 0.43 d	7.22 ± 0.05 a
	37.65 ± 3.45 e	262.33 ± 7.51 a	2.80 ± 0.10 bc	30.60 ± 0.41 b	7.01 ± 0.24 a

表2 不同生草模式对灵武长枣果实品质的影响

Table 2 The effects of different grass management patterns on the fruit quality of‘Lingwuchangzao’jujube

生草模式 Grass growth pattern	产量/（kg · hm^-2） Yileld	可溶性固形物/% Soluble solid	总糖/% Sugar	可滴定酸/% Titratable acid	维生素C/（mg· kg^-1） Vitamin C
SA	12 435.0 ± 290.4 a	27.02 ± 0.50 a	24.23 ± 0.50 a	0.33 ± 0 a	40.70 ± 0 a
SB	15 307.5 ± 120.5 a	26.52 ± 0.07 ab	23.30 ± 0.40 b	0.32 ± 0.02 ab	40.70 ± 0 a
SCK	13 245.0 ± 209.8 a	25.79 ± 0.53 c	23.03 ± 0.31 b	0.31 ± 0 b	37.40 ± 0 a

图10 门水平不同生草模式的土壤细菌群落结构与土壤理化因子冗余分析

Fig. 10 Redundancy analysis of structure of soil bacterial community and soil environmental physicochemical factors under different grass modes at phylum level

图11 门水平上不同生草模式土壤真菌群落结构与土壤理化因子冗余分析

Fig. 11 Redundancy analysis of soil fungal community and soil environmental physicochemical factors under different grass modes at phylum level

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