Histone Deacetylases gene MdHDA19（MDP0000132078）was cloned from‘Gala’apple. Its ORF was 1 494 bp，which encoded 497 amino acids. The molecular mass of this protein was 55.73 kD，and pI was 4.98. The phylogenetic tree indicated that the HDA19 had sequence conservation among different species. MdHDA19 exhibited the highest sequence similarity with Theobroma cacao TcHDA19 （87.05%）. The MdHDA19 gene was expressed in all the tissues of apple，especially in root and flower. The MdHDA19 interacted with MdSAT18. The NaCl stress induces the expression level of MdHDA19. MdHDA19 might involve NaCl stress response. The resulted showed that MdHDA19 gene was induced in low temperature（4 ℃）and high temperature（40 ℃）. In addition，the MdHDA19 recombinant protein was obtained. The results established the foundation for the further functions research of MdHDA19 protein.

It is one of the key practices for the high efficiency mode of apple production to properly select and combine scion and rootstocks. Flower formation and plant shaping of apple sapling are the important indexes to evaluate their performances，which was closely related to the root distributions with these combinations. With three year young trees from 8 kinds of typical scion-rootstock combinations as its subjects，this study investigated root distributions with the different scion-rootstock combinations by sectoral digging and trenching. The results showed that：the root architecture of young trees from 8 kinds of typical scion-rootstock combinations were classified into five types，M dwarfing rootstock combinations，SH dwarfing rootstock combinations，vigorous rootstock combinations，M dwarfing interstock combina- tions and SH dwarfing interstock combinations. It showed that the roots of the apple saplings with three years distributed horizontally and vertically within the limits of 0–60 cm，and the further away from their trunks and the deeper into soil，the less dense they distributed. With the different scion-rootstock combinations，the longest roots were roots with diameters of < 2 mm，followed by roots with diameters of 2–5 mm，and the shortest roots were those with diameters of more than 10 mm. There were more thick roots and less fibrous roots with the arborescent seedling root stocks than with the dwarfing clone rootstocks. Among the dwarfing rootstocks，fibrous roots dominated with the M rootstocks and less with the SH and Qingzhen rootstocks. Of the trees，stem diameters and crown diameters，but significantly positively correlated with the branch number，short-shoot proportion and flower bud number. Evaluations of the scion-rootstock combinations in terms of flower formation and plant shaping indicated that in irrigation-available regions of the Weibei Highlands，the trees from the M rootstock and interstock were able to set fruits early and easy to shape；the trees from the SH rootstock were easy to shape and poorly performed in early fruit set；and the trees from the arborescent combinations performed most poorly in early fruit set，which was closely related to the root distributions with these scion-rootstock combinations.

Direct tissue blot immunoassay（DTBIA）was developed to detect Citrus yellow vein clearing virus（CYVCV）by exploring the optimal dilution of rabbit-anti-CYVCV polyclonal antibody （first antibody）and Alkaline phosphatase（Ap）conjugated goat-anti-rabbit IgG（secondary antibody）. The DTBIA was the most effective when the first antibody and secondary antibody diluted in 8 000 and 2 000 separately. Using the method，only CYVCV infected samples showed positive among detected samples associated with different citrus diseases；CYVCV could be effectively detected in 90 days after the tissue blotting membranes kept at 4 ℃. The consistency between DTBIA and one-step RT-PCR was 97.92% in CYVCV detection of citrus varieties. The results showed that the DTBIA method is rapid，simple，stable，specific and reliable，and can be applied for rapid detection of CYVCV in the field，which providing the important practical significance for control of the transmission of citrus yellow vein clearing virus and spreading of the disease widely.

This review briefly describes the carotenoid metabolic pathway and main flux-controlling steps for carotenoid accumulation in plants. It highlights our recent understanding of the regulatory mechanisms underlying carotenoid accumulation at transcriptional，post-transcriptional，post-translational and epigenetic levels.

Transgenic orchid(Phalaenopsis CV．White Hikaru)plants were regenerated by inoculating a
needle wounded protocorm．1ike body (PLB)with Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA4404 harboring
pCAMBIA 1300-SmGFP that carries green fluorescent protein gene( )and hygromycin phosphotransferase
gene( f)．The expression and presence of the transgenes， and f were assessed by detection of green
fluorescent protein under microscope and Southern analysis，respectively．

The effect of DNA methylation inhibitor ( 5-azacytidine, 5-azaC) to chrysanthemum (Dendranthem a ×grandiflorum ) has been studied by the method of in vitro treatment. The results indicated that 500μmol·L - 1 of 5-azaC caused death, above 100μmol·L - 1 of 5-azaC inhibited the materials’development. The multiple buds differentiation of chrysanthemum was inhibited by every concentration of 5-azaC and the inhibiting effect of 5-azaC has time and dose additive effect. 5-azaC treatment at low concentration induced
the flowering early, this effect were stability and could be inherited through asexual multiplication. The results of MSAP (methylation sensitive amplified polymorphism technique) indicated that, the genomic of treated materials DNA methylation decreased distinctly. Part of the sites kept demethylation status in the successive transfer culture when 5-azaC removed.

The presence ofRNA molecules in plant phloem sieve elements which can do long-distance transport is an important discovery in plant kingdom. And it has been discovered that there are three kinds of RNA molecules in phloem sap including exogenous viroids or virus RNA，plant endogenous mRNA and small non-protein-coding RNA（snRNA）. Long-distance transport of RNAs in phloem sap can function as signal molecules in mediating plant growth and development. In this paper，the methods of how to collect phloem sap，the RNA molecules in plant phloem sap and the signaling pathways as well as the mechanisms by which how they are transported are discussed and summarized.

Citrus is usually considered as a typical non-climacteric fruit，with abscisic acid being primarily associated with citrus fruit maturity. However，other hormones，such as ethylene，gibberellin，auxin，also contribute significantly to the maturity and color transition of citrus. In production，a variety of natural hormones and synthetic plant growth regulators are commonly utilized to extend the marketing period of citrus fruits and improve postharvest preservation. This paper provides a comprehensive review of current research advances concerning the role of plant hormones on the maturation of citrus fruits. It delves into the complex relationships between these hormones and investigates the regulatory mechanisms controlled by related transcription factors. The primary aim is to provide reference for further research.

The methods for QTL identification of important traits in fruit trees by genetic linkage map，BSA and GWAS are expounded and compared. The current review summarizes advancement on the identification of QTLs associated with important traits of fruit trees，including external appearance，internal quality，growth and development，resistance to biotic and abiotic stress，in recent years. The purpose of this review is to provide clues for understanding the QTL identification and breeding of fruit tree，and to discuss and propose the methods and strategies that can be used for QTL identification and mapping of important characters in fruit trees.

This article has summarized Rhododendron germplasm resourses and research progress on breeding objectives of Rhododendron around the world，involved in colour，florescence，fragrance，resistance. In the end，the development of breeding techniques，especially cross and genetic engineering，is reviewed. Crossbreeding is still the key method for Rhododendron breeding and molecular biology will be highlighted in the future.

In this study, the extraction efficacity of solvent type and precision of determining-methods for anthocyanins in fruits were compared. Five solvents, acetone:water:formic acid (A), acetonitrile:acetic acid (B), ethanol:water:acetic acid (C), methanol:water:acetic acid (D), and methanol:HCl (E) were used to extract anthocyanins in strawberry and blueberry fruits and the anthocyanin content in the extracts was determined with colorimetry and HPLC. The results showed that extraction efficiency varied among the solvents with different organic-solvent and acid-type. In strawberries, the extraction efficiency of anthocyanin with D was best, followed by E, C, and A. However, B was the worst to extract the anthocyanin, with its value being less than 1/3 that obtained using the extract containing D. A similar tendency was found in blueberries. The anthocyanin contents determined by colorimetry with extracts containing D, E, and C in both fruits were respectively lower than that shown by HPLC. But, the value was obtained by colorimetry with extracts containing B was 2-fold to that by HPLC. In blueberries, obvious differences were not found in the results obtained using the extract containing A employing both methods, although in strawberries the anthocyanin content determined using the spectrophotometric method was higher by about 50% than with those obtained using HPLC. These results suggest that the HPLC method should be utilized to determine the anthocyanin content and that the colorimetry could be used to compare samples from the same kind of fruit, especially, using a low boiling-point alcohol as a solvent.

The effects of cadmium (Cd)（5、15、30 mg·L^-1）on chlorophyll levels and photosynthesis of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis) were studied under different concentrations of Cd using hydroponics system. Meanwhile, the differential centrifugation techniques and sequential extraction methods were used to determine the subcellular distribution and chemical form of Cd in leaves. Cd contents in different parts of plant were also measured after harvest. The results showed that, after different contents of Cd were supplied for two weeks, except intercellular CO₂ concentration(Ci), the levels of chlorophyll a and b, net photosynthesis rate(Pn), stomatal conductance(Gs) and transpiration rate(Tr) all decreased significantly compared with the control. For the leaves, Cd was mainly distributed in the fractions of cytoplasm(70.19%－74.40%) and cell wall (22.56%－27.12%), and less distributed in the fractions of mitochondrion and chloroplast(0.90%－2.49%). The sequential extraction results of Cd in leaves indicated that NaCl extractable Cd was predominated (33%—39%), and the distribution of six Cd forms in leaves was as following: F _NaCl > F_H2O> F_HAC> F_Alcohol> F_HCL> FResidue. Most of Cd absorbed by plant was accumulated in roots, little of them was transported to the aboveground portions. The order of Cd accumulation in different plant parts was: roots>stems, leaves>flowers.

The anthocyanins biosynthetic pathway and its influence factors，related regulation genes were summarized in this paper.

In this paper, the history,the regulation mechanism and key function of the transcription factors CRT/DRE-binding factor (CBF) genes in cold response were reviewed. The relationship between cold tolerant regulated by CBF and ABA was also discussed in this review.

Allele-specific PCR（AS-PCR）and high resolution melting analysis（HRMA）are two widely used SNP genotyping methods but no research has been done to compare them in terms of genotyping efficiency. In this study，16 pummelo cultivars and 8 pummelo hybrids were genotyped using AS-PCR and HRMA respectively on two different sets of 7 SNP loci. It was shown that both methods generated the same genotyping results in which 24 accessions were assigned into 22 genotypes. It was noteworthy that Hassaku and Red Hassaku were identical at all SNP loci，indicating both accessions should  have originated asexually from the same mother cultivar，as was the same case for the two Japanese summer orange cultivars，Beni Amanatsu and Kawano Natsudaidai. Interestingly，the early- and middle-season‘Zhenlong’pummelo cultivars possessed different genotypes，indicating clearly that they unlikely had the same origin as bud mutations as was thought before，and further analysis of HRMA results showed there is no direct hereditary relationship between them. Our results showed that both AS-PCR and HRMA were suitable methods for the identification of pummelo-related accessions. AS-PCR is a reliable and low-cost SNP genotyping method and easily accessible to ordinary laboratories though the method was found to be sensitive to changes in PCR conditions. HRMA is proven to be a reliable，quick，simple and high throughput SNP genotyping method；However，it uses special equipment and expensive reagents.

Marker-assisted selection significantly facilitates breeding of new resistant grape varieties，which is widely used in recent years. In addition，with identification and isolation of more and more resistant genes from grape，genetic modification for disease resistance has obtained some preliminary achievements. Progress and achievements of molecular breeding for grape disease resistance have been reviewed. Meanwhile，the problems present was also analyzed and discussed.

At present，10 complete genome sequences are available for fruit trees such as grape，
papaya，apple，banana，pear and sweet orange. In this review，we first surveyed the historical development
of genomic sequence of fruit trees. Then we investigated the evolution history of fruit trees，and
summarized the progress of fruit trees post-genomic research. Challenges in genomics for fruit trees are
raised and the future of post-genomics research interests in fruit trees was discussed in the end.

Citrus is one of the major sources of dietary flavonoids that are polyphenolic compounds biosynthesized in secondary metabolism pathways. Possibly due to their strong antioxidant activity，flavonoids have many health-promoting properties，including anticancer，antiviral，anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial functions. The types of flavonoids detected in Citrus so far consist of flavanones，flavones，flavonols，dihydrochalcones and anthocyanins. Flavanone glycosides are the most abundant flavonoids in Citrus. Flavonoid composition varied significantly between different Citrus species and between tissue types，i.e. pummelo fruit contains large amounts of the bitter compound neohesperidosides，while sweet orange and mandarin have tasteless rutinosides as their dominant flavonoids. So far，our understanding of flavonoid metabolism is mostly on the structural genes in main biosynthesis pathways，while information on genes regulating the pathways and enzymes involving in glycosylation，acylation and methylation of flavonoid are relatively scarce. Future researches in flavonoid biosynthesis in citrus will reveal more genetic mechanisms controlling the synthesis，modification and distribution of the flavonoids. A better understandingof these mechanisms will provide guidance for citrus breeding programs to produce functional fruit with enhanced levels of flavonoids.

This paper reviews the achievements of Cymbidium germplasm resources，breeding and the molecular research of main ornamental traits. Germplasm resources are the basis for the breeding of Cymbidium. China is the distribution center of this genus with 57 species out of 83 species in the world，and have been formed a large number of traditional varieties which domesticated since 2 500 years ago. To date，the breeding method is still focused on traditional hybridization. There are more than 17 000 Cymbidium hybrids registered on RHS，and 43 new Cymbidium cultivars authorized by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China. More importantly，Genetic engineering breeding will be the key direction of Cymbidium breeding in the future. A batch of structural genes and transcription factors involved in the main ornamental traits have been unearthed through transcriptome and genome and some of them have been functionally verified，which layed the foundation for the transformation of Cymbidium from traditional breeding to molecular breeding.

Crispy loss is an important reason for reducing the fruit quality of horticultural crops and consumers’ desire to purchase. As a comprehensive concept that includes sound conduction，geometric characteristics and fracture characteristics，the fruit crispy is affected by the cell state，the mechanical strength of the cell wall and the turgor pressure. In-depth understanding of fruit crispy，clarifying crispy evaluation methods and the physiological and biochemical changes in the process of crispy change not only provide a theoretical basis for the production of high-quality fruit，but also provide an important guidance for increasing yield and income. This article summarizes the perceptual process and evaluation of fruit crispy，the factors affecting the crispy and the important progress in related physiological and biochemical metabolism.