Allele-specific PCR（AS-PCR）and high resolution melting analysis（HRMA）are two widely used SNP genotyping methods but no research has been done to compare them in terms of genotyping efficiency. In this study，16 pummelo cultivars and 8 pummelo hybrids were genotyped using AS-PCR and HRMA respectively on two different sets of 7 SNP loci. It was shown that both methods generated the same genotyping results in which 24 accessions were assigned into 22 genotypes. It was noteworthy that Hassaku and Red Hassaku were identical at all SNP loci，indicating both accessions should  have originated asexually from the same mother cultivar，as was the same case for the two Japanese summer orange cultivars，Beni Amanatsu and Kawano Natsudaidai. Interestingly，the early- and middle-season‘Zhenlong’pummelo cultivars possessed different genotypes，indicating clearly that they unlikely had the same origin as bud mutations as was thought before，and further analysis of HRMA results showed there is no direct hereditary relationship between them. Our results showed that both AS-PCR and HRMA were suitable methods for the identification of pummelo-related accessions. AS-PCR is a reliable and low-cost SNP genotyping method and easily accessible to ordinary laboratories though the method was found to be sensitive to changes in PCR conditions. HRMA is proven to be a reliable，quick，simple and high throughput SNP genotyping method；However，it uses special equipment and expensive reagents.

In this study，apple whole-genome data were used to identify and conduct a biological analysis of the MdTOPP gene family. A total of 44 TOPP genes were systematically identified from apple genome，and they distributed on 15 chromosomes. The phylogenetic tree analysis showed that MdTOPP，PpTOPP and AtTOPP were highly homologous；the gene structure and conserved domain analysis showed that 1-2 exons，0-20 introns and 10 conserved motifs were in MdTOPP genes. The promoter cis-acting element analysis showed that the MdTOPP genes were not only affected by the external environment such as light and heat，but also comprehensively regulated by multiple hormones. All the MdTOPP genes have distinctive expression patterns in different apple tissues. MdTOPP13 and MdTOPP28 were identified from the transcriptome data of exogenous cytokinin（6-BA and TDZ）induced apple axillary bud outgrowth，and cloning sequence alignment showed high homology. Using quantitative real-time PCR，the expressions of MdTOPP13 and MdTOPP28 were upregulated after exogenous 6-BA or TDZ applied on the axillary buds of apple rootstock‘SH40’. In summary，MdTOPP13 and MdTOPP28 may play an important role in mediating cytokinin regulation of axillary bud outgrowth.

During the past 20 years，the pathway of chlorophyll breakdown has been deep- investigated，especially the structure elucidation of nonfluorescent chlorophyll catabolites which is crucial for the cognizance of chlorophyll breakdown pathway. The effects of some catabolic enzymes involved in the chlorophyll degradation have been further demonstrated and part of the pathway is revised and completed. Moreover，the physiologic roles of chlorophyll catabolites enrich the significance of chlorophyll breakdown which is not only a prerequisite to detoxify the phototoxic pigments catabolites，but also is relevant to the viability of senescent leaves and ripening frui.

This study is aiming at cloning PdICbHLH from Prunus davidiana Franch，to analyze its expression pattern and reveal biological functions involved in cold stress. PdCIbHLH gene was obtained，and the open reading frame（ORF）contained 1 617 bp，encoding a protein of 539 amino acid residues. Sequence analysis indicated that PdCIbHLH exhibited the structures of bHLH domain. Phylogenetic relationship analysis showed that the homology of PdCIbHLH was close to the MdICE1. The qRT-PCR analysis indicated that PdCIbHLH was expressed in different organs. The expression showed high level in leaves，and the lowest in stems，and then expression of PdCIbHLH in leaves was induced by 4 ℃ treatment. The PdCIbHLH-overexpressing Arabidopsis exhibited increased tolerance to cold stress. Yeast one-hybrid assay showed that PdCIbHLH interacted with promoter of AtCBF3. The transient expression assays showed that PdCIbHLH could induce the expression of AtCBF3. It is speculated that PdCIbHLH was an important regulatory in response to cold treatment by directly activating the transcript of CBF.

The cytokinin response regulator VlRRA1 and its promoter were cloned from‘Kyoho’grape. The expression characteristics of VlRRA1 and the activity of VlRRA1 promoter were analyzed. The results showed that the full-length cDNA of VlRRA1 was 666 bp and encoded 221 amino acids. Conservative domain analysis showed that the gene contained only one phosphoacceptor receiver domain（REC），which belongs to type-A RR genes and can only accept phosphate groups;phylogenetic relationships showed that VlRRA1 was closely related to type-A RR in other species. The yeast self-activation assay illustrates that VlRRA1 has no transcriptional activation activity in agreement with other A-type RR genes and does not have a function similar to that of the B-type RR transcription factor. The results of qRT-PCR showed that VlRRA1 had tissue-specific expression and was mainly expressed in stems，leaves and young fruit，slightly lower expression in inflorescence and ripe fruit，suggesting that VlRRA1 may play an important role in the process of fruit set;exogenous cytokinin forchlorfenuron（CPPU）can promote VlRRA1 expression，while the cytokinin biosynthesis inhibitor lovastatin（LOV）inhibits VlRRA1 transcription. Many elements related to abiotic stress and hormone response were found in VlRRA1 promoter. The results of GUS tissue staining showed that VlRRA1 promoter had promoter activity and could respond to a variety of hormone signals，including three plant hormones related to fruit setting，cytokinin，auxin and gibberellin. These results suggest that VlRRA1 plays an important role in grape fruit setting and young fruit development mediated by cytokinin.

Heavy ion beam irradiation is an emerging radiation mutagenesis technology. Compared
with traditional radiation such as X-rays and gamma rays，heavy ion beam provides a high linear energy
transfer（LET）and relative biological effectiveness（RBE）. This technique induces mutations at a higher
rate and wider mutation spectrum. When irradiated，the sensitivity of different parts and developmental
stages of different plant materials varies. Radiation ion source commonly used is C，N，Ne etc. Through a
combination of tissue culture，materials processing，re-irradiation and genetic engineering，this approach
has been applied in more than 20 ornamental plants，including chrysanthemum，carnation，verbena，torenia
etc. Many novel mutations and varieties have been obtained，some of them have been commercialized with
large economic benefits. Heavy ion beam technology is an excellent tool to improve mutation breeding of
horticulture plants with high efficiency.

The large ornamental plant，Platycerium wallichii Hook.，was investigated with both axenic cultivation and soil medium to study its spore culture and rejuvenation. The results indicated that the optimal temperature of spore germination are about 20–30 ℃. Spores did not germinate in dark conditions，and the optimum light intensity for growth are 60–80 μmol · m^-2 · s^-1. The successful development of gametophyte was achieved with the pH 4.5 to 7.5. It is more suitable for spore germination and prothallus to formation with 2% or lower sucrose. When the young sporophytes reach 2–3 cm length，it can be transplanted. The young sporophyte can be cultivateded in the mixed medium composed of leaf mould substrate，sand and organic fertilizer. Young sporophyte shows somewhat ornamental values when it has 10 cm height.

Flavonoids are a class of secondary metabolites with ‘flavan’ skeleton and thousands of derivatives. The biosynthetic pathways of flavonoids are complicated，and some of them and related enzymes have been analyzed. Flavonoids play important roles in the growth and development of plants and the formation of flowers and fruits. Studies revealed that flavonoids can response to stresses and improve the tolerance and resistance of plants. This article reviews the biosynthetic pathways and molecular regulation mechanism of flavonoids in plants，the response of flavonoid pathways to different stresses，the main roles and mechanisms of flavonoids，and the future research directions. Thus，this article is expected to providing theoretical support for the targeted cultivation of horticultural crop varieties with highly resistant，deep processing，and product development.

In this study，ninety apple cultivars were used as experimental materials to evaluate cold tolerance by a relative electrical conductivity test. Genome-wide association analysis was conducted on 1 247 162 SNPs detected in apple accessions by genome resequencing technology，and candidate genes significantly associated with cold tolerance were selected. Three cultivars with the strongest cold tolerance were identified，and their relative electrical conductivity was all less than 40%，which were‘Jinhong’，‘Ederbostdorf’and‘Haralson’. Based on the association analysis using 1 247 162 high-quality SNPs and index of relative electrical conductivity characterizing cold tolerance，five significant correlated loci related to cold tolerance were identified，which were distributed on chromosome 4，15，and 16，respectively. Three candidate genes TIF3B1（MD04G1241100），COR47（MD15G1003900），and MD16G1069900 closely related to cold stress tolerance were identified.

Promoter analysis of SlIAA14 was carried out，to further study the expression profile of SlIAA14 and its regulatory mechanism in tomato root development. A 2 197 bp promoter fragment was cloned from tomato cultivar Ailsa Craig，using PCR-based genomic DNA walking. Several putative cis-elements responding to phytohormones（ABA，GA and CTK）and stress（dehydration and wounding）were predicted using online promoter analysis software. This promoter fragment was employed to drive YFP-GUS reporter genes，and was introduced into tomato using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. YFP and GUS activity was detected in tomato root tip and lateral root primordium，suggesting SlIAA14 gene might participate in the root elongation and lateral root initiation of tomato.

The variety of ornamental flower colors are due to the diversity of reproductive systems that co-evolved with pollinators,and tightly connected to the evolution of the pollination systems. For human production or aesthetic,plants domestication,cultivation,hand-pollination,and the abuse of chemical insecticides have led to insect pollinators habitat loss and food chain disruption,and the population of insect pollinators decline in agricultural areas,urban green areas and gardens. Therefore,people have begun to pay more attentions to the mechanisms of the adaptation between flower colors and pollinators. In this review,insect perception with flower color,flower epidermal structure and color pattern,flower color polymorphism and regionality driven by insect pollinators,flower color changer and its pollinator attract,imitation and deception of flowers were reviewed. Finally,we briefly summarized the research on the mutualistic and antagonistic interactions of flower color and the insect pollinators,and put the suggestions on how to scientific attract pollinators base on flower color on the construction of wildflower strips and urban garden,improve the breeding efficiency of ornamental plants and cultivating more colorful flowers.

In this study，a total of 296 pear germplasms from National Horticulture Germplasm Resources Center Pear Branch Center（Zhengzhou）were collected for fruit spots observation，data collection and photography. During fruit harvesting period，the indicated pear germplasms were sampled and different fruit spot traits，including fruit spots size，fruit spots density，fruit spots height，and the fruit spots area in unit area were comprehensively analyzed. Additionally，sensory evaluation of fruit appearance quality associated with fruit spots in different pear germplasms was performed，and the apperance quality of different pear germplasms was evaluated by grey relation analysis（GRA）and cluster analysis（CA）to establish a comprehensive evaluation model for pear fruit spot traits. The results showed that the relative correlation degree of fruit spots of 296 pear resources ranged from 0.3158 to 0.6526，and the 296 resources were classified into five grades：excellent，good，medium，poor，and extremely poor. Pear varieties including‘Autumn Red’‘Silk Red’‘Red Sensatian’‘Zhongli Meicui’‘Barlett’and‘Dabali’were screened out with excellent fruit spot traits，which have good appearance quality and were consistent with the actual production fruit exterior. On the contrary，pear varieties including‘Puguali’‘Xihuamake’‘Chili’and‘Enli’were screened out with extremely poor fruit spot traits，which have poor appearance quality. Furthermore，the fruit spot traits of 296 pear germplasm resources were divided into five grades by cluster analysis，including excellent，good，medium，poor and extremely poor，which accounted for 7.8%，8.8%，37.1%，34.1% and 12.1% of the tested materials，respectively. Above all，the germplasm resources with excellent fruit spot traits will lay the foundation for the improvement of pear appearance quality，and the germplasm resources with poor fruit traits will be helpful for the investigation of the formation and regulation mechanism underlying pear fruit spots.

According to the related literatures the advances in resveratrol（Res）research of grape（Vitis L.）were reviewed involving the prevention and treatment effects on human disease and the roles in plant disease resistance of Res，the extraction and determination methods，the contents，the biosynthesis and modifications of Res in grapes，etc. And the future studies should focus on the disease resistance mechanisms of Res in grapes，genetic analysis and hereditary researchs of the high-Res content grape genotypes，and the enzymatic and molecular mechanisms of Res synthesis in critical period of grape berry developments.

In China，there are four kinds of important deciduous fruit trees with a cultivation area of over 666 700 hm²：apple，pear，peach and grape. According to the quality and maturity，several generations of domestic genetic breeders，after decades of collaborative innovation and joint research，created a high-quality and efficient breeding technology system on the basis of excellent germplasm evaluation and creation，and bred a series of high-quality new cultivars of apples and pears with high quality，storability，different maturity and diverse characteristics，and bred high-quality new cultivars of peaches and grapes in early，middle and late maturity. A high-quality and efficient supporting cultivation technology system for new cultivars has been developed，which has promoted the large-scale popularization and application of independent research and development of new cultivars and the high-quality and efficient development of the industry，and provided important support for ensuring the annual demand for high-quality fruits.

VaSTS19 and VdSTS19 were cloned from Vitis amurensis Rupr.‘Tonghua 3’and V. davidii Foex.‘Tangwei’. Sequence analysis showed that the open reading frame of VaSTS19 and VdSTS19 were 1 179 bp，encoding 392 amino acid，and they were located on chromosome 16. The identity between VaSTS19 and VdSTS19 nucleotide and amino acid was 98.81% and 98.21%，respectively. Both VaSTS19 and VdSTS19 are located on the cytomembrane，cytoplasm and nucleus. The expression of STS19 gene and the synthesis and accumulation of resveratrol were significantly promoted when VaSTS19 and VdSTS19 were transferred into tomato by Agrobacterium-mediated method. The promoters of VaSTS19 and VdSTS19 were cloned from‘Tonghua 3’and‘Tangwei’，respectively. cis-Acting elements analysis showed that both promoters contained stress-related elements，hormone-related elements and light-related elements. A sequence alignment showed that the VaSTS19 promoter was demonstrated 60% homology with the VST2 promoter cloned from V. vinifera. The promoters of VaSTS19 and VdSTS19 and their fragments were significantly responsive to SA and MeJA induction in transgenic tobacco leaves. The results indicated that the expression pattern of STS19 and the production of resveratrol may be related to the regulation of the upstream region.

Crassulacean acid metabolism photosynthetic pathway is a kind of carbon concentrating mechanism that evolved from C3 photosynthesis and it is characterized by nocturnal CO₂ fixation and high water use efficiency. Currently，there are growing interests in improving WUE to enhance drought resistance by“transferring”CAM pathway into C₃ crops，also called‘CAM engineering’. CAM engineering has significant application potential in agriculture，while systematical investigations of CAM photosynthetic pathway / plants are a prerequisite to its progression. The wide applications of multi-omics and molecular biology methods have extensively promoted CAM plants related studies. CAM pathway-related key genes and their functions are being gradually revealed，and many CAM plant genomes have been published. Diverse mechanisms are involved in the regulation of the CAM pathway, including transcription factors，hormones，miRNA，lncRNA，alternative splicing，and DNA methylation This article mainly focuses on the latest progress of molecular biology and omics studies on CAM plants. In addtion，future research prospective and study interests are also discussed to guide further investigations on CAM plants.

Citric acid is one of the important organic acids in the Horticultural crop fruit. Citric acid significantly affects the taste and flavor of the fruit. This paper reviews the status and function of citric acid synthesis，transport，storage and utilization in the accumulation of fruit. This paper emphasized the influences of the proton transfer of proton pump in the tonoplast and the regulation of citric acid accumulation. In addition，it gives an overview to the status of transcription factors，environmental and climatic factors，cultivation management measures and postharvest treatments in the metabolism and accumulation of citric acid. Based on the comprehensive understanding of the metabolic mechanism of citric acid synthesis and accumulation，the accumulation of citric acid in the fruit can be finely regulated by gene editing，to obtain the fruit with more suitable sugar-to-acid ratio and better taste.

‘Konglongdan’is a middle-season maturity new pluot culitvar of hybrid between the species of plum and apricot . The fructescence is from early to middle of August . The sarcocarp with pink color and fine texture is adherent to the stone and has abundance juice. The flavor is very sweet and fragrant . The average mass of fruit is 126 g , the biggest one can reach 199 g. Soluble solid concentration is 15 % - 20 %. High yield about 30.0 - 37.5 t/ hm² .

Flower color is one of the most obvious ornamental character for lotus（Nelumbo Adans.）. The flavonoids are the dominant pigments in lotus petals. A series of key enzyme genes and transcription factors related to the biosynthesis of flavonoids regulate flower color. However,lotus is not rich in flower color and the innovation of which has been a bottleneck in lotus breeding. Elucidating the mechanism of flower color formation is of great significance for molecular color breeding. This paper will review and summarize researches on flower color breeding of lotus,the chemical and molecular mechanism for the formation of lotus flower color,which will serve as significant theoretical basis for breeding of lotus cultivars with novel and excellent flower color.

Zaotanmei 8801, a new cultivar, was selected from the bayberry (Myrica rubra Bieb) cultivar
Biqi, Its fruits begin to mature on June 10 th, 10 - 15 days ahead of Biqi cultivar, and 17.86% bigger than
the early ripening strains. Its p roduction is 3.5 kg/m² within the crown diameter. As a multifunctions cultivar,
Zaotanmei 8801 can be p lanted formidable eco-environment, such as red earth and low-hill strip s. The fruits
of Zaotanmei 8801 can be used for fresh consump tion and processing, and have a high and stable yields.