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    A Review and Perspective for Citrus Breeding in China During the Last Six Decades
    DENG Xiuxin
    Acta Horticulturae Sinica    2022, 49 (10): 2063-2074.   DOI: 10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2021-0701
    Abstract1229)   HTML92)    PDF (807KB)(757)      

    Citrus genetic improvement has achieved a great progress during the last six decades in China. A repository harboring more than 1 700 accessions of Rutaceae in Chongqing and an embryogenic callus collection including more than 100 varieties in Wuhan have been established,respectively. Continuing exploration of citrus germplasm resulted in the identification of wild Daoxian tangerine,Honghe papeda and the mini-citrus,a mono-embryonic Hongkong kumquat for functional genmics research. A new type of rootstock,Ziyang Xiangcheng(Citrus junos)has been utilized in Chinese citrus industry. A total of 122 citrus varieties including 121 for scion and one for rootstock have been registered or protected by PVP. Out of the scion varieties,88.5% is from the natural mutation including the bud-sport and chance seedling variation,and the rest from artifically created mutants,such as the irradiation,hybridization and protoplast fusion etc. These varieties covered nearly all types of citrus,including loose-skin mandarin,sweet orange and pummelo etc,with improved seedlessness,mature season and fruit color etc. The omics technologies have been widely used in citrus genetic improvement in China. Genomes including sweet orange and other main citrus species have been sequenced and assembled during the recent decade,as has accelerated cloning of the key genes controlling import agronomic traits,such as the polyembryonic related gene CitRWP etc. Genetic transformation and gene editing are also setup in Citrus. These achievments have laid a solid base for citrus genome-design breeding for the future.

    Comparative Study on Drought Resistance of Different Apple Dwarfing Rootstock and Scion Combinations
    FENG Chen, HUANG Xuewang, LI Xingliang, ZHOU Jia, LI Tianhong
    Acta Horticulturae Sinica    2022, 49 (5): 945-957.   DOI: 10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2021-0671
    Abstract925)   HTML120)    PDF (2728KB)(727)      

    To evaluate the effect of apple dwarfing rootstocks on the scion growth and drought resistance,we used four-year-old apple trees with different scion-rootstock combinations(‘Fuji’/G935,‘Fuji’/M9-T337 and‘Fuji’/SH6). Morphology analysis of these three apple trees showed that‘Fuji’scion grown on SH6 exhibited significantly reduced leaf thickness,palisade tissue thickness and stomatal density compared with the‘Fuji’grafted on G935 and M9-T337. Furthermore,three kinds of apple trees were exposed to drought stress treatment for determining their drought tolerance and recovery feature after re-watering. The analysis of drought-related physiology parameters indicated that compared with the other two grafted combinations,the‘Fuji’/SH6 combination displayed enhanced water use efficiency(WUE),osmoregulation substance content,superoxide dismutase(SOD)activity and ABA content,and the reduced malondialdehyde(MDA)content,net photosynthetic rate(Pn),transpiration rate(Tr)and stomatal conductance(Gs)under drought stress. The results of membership function analysis showed that‘Fuji’/SH6 had the optimal drought resistance,followed by‘Fuji’/G935,and‘Fuji’/M9-T337 had the worst drought resistance. Overall,‘Fuji’/SH6 grafted combination showed excellent drought resistance.

    Expression Analysis of MdTOPP13/28 During Axillary Bud Outgrowth in Malus
    LIU Youxian, LI Guofang, TAN Ming, YANG Zhichang, ZHOU Shiwei, HUO Wenjing, ZHANG He, SUN Jianshe, SHAO Jianzhu
    Acta Horticulturae Sinica    2023, 50 (4): 697-712.   DOI: 10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2022-0011
    Abstract539)   HTML107)    PDF (4202KB)(710)      

    In this study,apple whole-genome data were used to identify and conduct a biological analysis of the MdTOPP gene family. A total of 44 TOPP genes were systematically identified from apple genome,and they distributed on 15 chromosomes. The phylogenetic tree analysis showed that MdTOPP,PpTOPP and AtTOPP were highly homologous;the gene structure and conserved domain analysis showed that 1-2 exons,0-20 introns and 10 conserved motifs were in MdTOPP genes. The promoter cis-acting element analysis showed that the MdTOPP genes were not only affected by the external environment such as light and heat,but also comprehensively regulated by multiple hormones. All the MdTOPP genes have distinctive expression patterns in different apple tissues. MdTOPP13 and MdTOPP28 were identified from the transcriptome data of exogenous cytokinin(6-BA and TDZ)induced apple axillary bud outgrowth,and cloning sequence alignment showed high homology. Using quantitative real-time PCR,the expressions of MdTOPP13 and MdTOPP28 were upregulated after exogenous 6-BA or TDZ applied on the axillary buds of apple rootstock‘SH40’. In summary,MdTOPP13 and MdTOPP28 may play an important role in mediating cytokinin regulation of axillary bud outgrowth.

    Research Progress on Plant Flavonoids Biosynthesis and Their Anti-stress Mechanism
    GE Shibei, ZHANG Xuening, HAN Wenyan, LI Qingyun, LI Xin
    Acta Horticulturae Sinica    2023, 50 (1): 209-224.   DOI: 10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2021-1186
    Abstract1287)   HTML54)    PDF (1969KB)(594)      

    Flavonoids are a class of secondary metabolites with ‘flavan’ skeleton and thousands of derivatives. The biosynthetic pathways of flavonoids are complicated,and some of them and related enzymes have been analyzed. Flavonoids play important roles in the growth and development of plants and the formation of flowers and fruits. Studies revealed that flavonoids can response to stresses and improve the tolerance and resistance of plants. This article reviews the biosynthetic pathways and molecular regulation mechanism of flavonoids in plants,the response of flavonoid pathways to different stresses,the main roles and mechanisms of flavonoids,and the future research directions. Thus,this article is expected to providing theoretical support for the targeted cultivation of horticultural crop varieties with highly resistant,deep processing,and product development.

    Genome-wide Identification of Peach SAUR Gene Family and Characterization of PpSAUR5 Gene
    ZHAI Hanhan, ZHAI Yujie, TIAN Yi, ZHANG Ye, YANG Li, WEN Zhiliang, CHEN Haijiang
    Acta Horticulturae Sinica    2023, 50 (1): 1-14.   DOI: 10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2021-0932
    Abstract700)   HTML72)    PDF (4060KB)(543)      

    To explore the functions of SAUR(Small Auxin-up RNA)gene family in plant growth and development,bioinformatics methods were used to identify the SAUR genes in peach(Prunus persica). The chromosome location,gene structure,evolutionary relationship and gene expression were analyzed,and the function of PpSAUR5 was verified through transgenic method. A total of 80 PpSAUR members were identified and divided into 12 subgroups,which were unevenly distributed on the eight chromosomes. The analysis of gene structure showed that 75 PpSAUR genes contained only one exon,and five genes contained two to three exons. Eighteen SAUR genes were found to be associated with tree growth through RNA-seq analysis. These genes exhibited different expression patterns in response to exogenous hormone.Among them,PpSAUR5 was induced by both IAA and GA. PpSAUR5 transgenic Arabidopsis exhibited longer petiole,hypocotyl,root,and less sensitivity to NAA and 2,4-D treatment than wild-type. The results indicated that PpSAUR5 functioned to promote organ elongation.

    Sixty Years of Facility Horticulture Development in China:Achievements and Prospects
    LI Tianlai, QI Mingfang, and MENG Sida
    Acta Horticulturae Sinica    2022, 49 (10): 2119-2130.   DOI: 10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2022-0700
    Abstract864)   HTML77)    PDF (1112KB)(512)      

    In this article,the development history of protected horticulture in China during the last 60 years has been reviewed briefly including,the accomplishments of protected horticulture in China in industrial growth,scientific and technical innovation,talents training,and team platform construction. Moreover,the potential for future development and the main tasks of protected horticulture in China are prospected.

    Cloning,Expression and Promoter Activity Analysis of VlRRA1 Gene in Grape
    LI Songqi, LI Xufei, LI Min, LIU Hainan, PEI Maosong, WEI Tonglu, GUO Dalong, YU Yihe
    Acta Horticulturae Sinica    2023, 50 (8): 1609-1621.   DOI: 10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2022-0516
    Abstract503)   HTML51)    PDF (1805KB)(511)      

    The cytokinin response regulator VlRRA1 and its promoter were cloned from‘Kyoho’grape. The expression characteristics of VlRRA1 and the activity of VlRRA1 promoter were analyzed. The results showed that the full-length cDNA of VlRRA1 was 666 bp and encoded 221 amino acids. Conservative domain analysis showed that the gene contained only one phosphoacceptor receiver domain(REC),which belongs to type-A RR genes and can only accept phosphate groups;phylogenetic relationships showed that VlRRA1 was closely related to type-A RR in other species. The yeast self-activation assay illustrates that VlRRA1 has no transcriptional activation activity in agreement with other A-type RR genes and does not have a function similar to that of the B-type RR transcription factor. The results of qRT-PCR showed that VlRRA1 had tissue-specific expression and was mainly expressed in stems,leaves and young fruit,slightly lower expression in inflorescence and ripe fruit,suggesting that VlRRA1 may play an important role in the process of fruit set;exogenous cytokinin forchlorfenuron(CPPU)can promote VlRRA1 expression,while the cytokinin biosynthesis inhibitor lovastatin(LOV)inhibits VlRRA1 transcription. Many elements related to abiotic stress and hormone response were found in VlRRA1 promoter. The results of GUS tissue staining showed that VlRRA1 promoter had promoter activity and could respond to a variety of hormone signals,including three plant hormones related to fruit setting,cytokinin,auxin and gibberellin. These results suggest that VlRRA1 plays an important role in grape fruit setting and young fruit development mediated by cytokinin.

    Identification of Apple POD Gene Family and Functional Analysis of MdPOD15 Gene
    MA Weifeng, LI Yanmei, MA Zonghuan, CHEN Baihong, MAO Juan
    Acta Horticulturae Sinica    2022, 49 (6): 1181-1199.   DOI: 10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2021-0275
    Abstract772)   HTML456)    PDF (5503KB)(480)      

    To explore the role of peroxidase(POD)gene family members under stress conditions in apples,51 apple POD(MdPOD)family members were identified through multiple sequence alignments in which the reported Arabidopsis thalianaPOD genes were adopted,and their expression under stresses are analyzed. The results show that the 51 family members scatter in 13 chromosomes,encoding 95 to 1 433 amino acids,protein molecular weight ranges 10.18 to 161.02 kD,and isoelectric point(pI)ranges from 4.36 to 9.90. Further analysis indicates that the gene family is divided into six subfamilies,and the number of exon is 1 to 40. Selective pressure analysis shows that 20 gene pairs are subjected to purification selection in the evolutionary process. Subcellular localization shows that MDPOD15 is mainly presented in the cell membrane,cytoplasm,nucleus and chloroplast. The expression profile of gene chips displays that MdPOD are highly expressed in apple’s flowers,leaves and fruits. Real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR)indicates that the expressions of most genes increased after ABA treatment for 2 h,and then decreases. Under PEG treatment,the expressions of 51 MdPODgenes firstly increase and reach the peak value at 12 h,while under the NaCl treatment,the expressions of MdPOD genes increase with the prolongation of time and reach the peak value at 24 h. The transient expression of MdPOD15 in tobacco leaves shows that MdPOD15 is expressed in the cell wall,cytoplasm and nucleus,and the overexpression of MdPOD15 in apple callus can mitigate the degree of cell damage caused by abiotic stress. Therefore,MdPOD genes may play different roles in different periods of time under different abiotic stresses.

    Advances in miRNA-mediated Growth and Development Regulation in Horticultural Crops
    ZHANG Qianwen, YANG Xihang, LI Feng, DENG Yingtian
    Acta Horticulturae Sinica    2022, 49 (5): 1145-1161.   DOI: 10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2021-0380
    Abstract543)   HTML50)    PDF (2679KB)(475)      

    miRNAs(microRNAs)are a class of endogenous non-coding small RNAs found in eukaryotes. They control gene expression by binding to target mRNA based on sequence complementarity,thereby resulting in cleavage or translational inhibition of target mRNA. This review summarizes the critical roles of miRNA in regulating horticultural crops growth and in particular development of roots,leaves,flowers,fruits and other organs.

    Research Progress of Citric Acid Metabolism in the Fruit
    ZHAO Yong, ZHU Hongju, YANG Dongdong, GONG Chengsheng, LIU Wenge
    Acta Horticulturae Sinica    2022, 49 (12): 2579-2596.   DOI: 10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2021-0709
    Abstract426)   HTML7)    PDF (1535KB)(464)      

    Citric acid is one of the important organic acids in the Horticultural crop fruit. Citric acid significantly affects the taste and flavor of the fruit. This paper reviews the status and function of citric acid synthesis,transport,storage and utilization in the accumulation of fruit. This paper emphasized the influences of the proton transfer of proton pump in the tonoplast and the regulation of citric acid accumulation. In addition,it gives an overview to the status of transcription factors,environmental and climatic factors,cultivation management measures and postharvest treatments in the metabolism and accumulation of citric acid. Based on the comprehensive understanding of the metabolic mechanism of citric acid synthesis and accumulation,the accumulation of citric acid in the fruit can be finely regulated by gene editing,to obtain the fruit with more suitable sugar-to-acid ratio and better taste.

    Molecular Evolution of MiR168 Family and Their Expression Profiling During Dormancy of Pyrus pyrifolia
    LIANG Qin, ZHANG Yanhui, KANG Kaiquan, LIU Jinhang, LI Liang, FENG Yu, WANG Chao, YANG Chao, LI Yongyu
    Acta Horticulturae Sinica    2022, 49 (5): 958-972.   DOI: 10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2021-0103
    Abstract388)   HTML27)    PDF (7508KB)(446)      

    To explore the evolutionary characteristics of miR168 gene family and its expression pattern in dormancy process of pear,the mature and precursor sequences of all miR168 family members in plants were obtained from miRBase 22.0 and miRNA library of pear(‘Huanghua’)created by our laboratory. We cloned two precursors of miR168 from the pear flower buds,which contained two mature sequences. Bioinformatics analysis and real-time quantitative PCR(qRT-PCR)were used to analyze the mature sequences and the pre-miR168 sequences of the miR168 family of pear. The phylogenetic tree was constructed with known plant miR168,and based on target genes prediction,the expression of miR168 and target genes during dormancy development in pear was analyzed. RNAfold prediction analysis showed that the pre-miR168 sequence of pear could form stable hairpin structure. Further analysis showed that the sequences of both ends of plant pre-miR168 were conservative,while the intermediate sequences were not. The mature miR168 was highly conserved,and the evolutionary tree analysis was mainly divided into two categories. Phylogenetic analysis found that the affinity of pre-miR168 of pear was closely related to apple,which showed that species affinity is the main factor for the evolutionary characteristics of the precursor of miR168 family. PsRNA target prediction showed that a total of 21 potential mRNAs of target genes were regulated by miR168 by means of cleavage,which mainly contained protein argonaute 1AGO1)and callose synthase 3CalS3). qRT-PCR analysis showed that a dynamic change of “rise-decline expression pattern of miR168a was observed during the dormancy process of pear bud. In addition,the expression of target gene AGO1 showed an increase trend,while the expression of target gene CalS3 showed a decrease trend. Furthermore,the expression of CalS3 showed a negative correlation with germination rate of pear bud,declined with the increase of germination rate. Taken together,the work also showed that the sequence of plant miR168s was highly conserved,and may regulate flower bud dormancy together with AGO1 through ABA. The up-regulated expression of miR168a in pear may inhibit the expression of CalS3 and thus promote the release of dormancy in pear during dormancy in winter.

    Effects and Regulating Mechanism of Exogenous Brassinosteroids on the Growth of Malus hupehensis Under Saline-alkali Stress
    ZHENG Xiaodong, XI Xiangli, LI Yuqi, SUN Zhijuan, MA Changqing, HAN Mingsan, LI Shaoxuan, TIAN Yike, WANG Caihong
    Acta Horticulturae Sinica    2022, 49 (7): 1401-1414.   DOI: 10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2021-0499
    Abstract648)   HTML1139)    PDF (2736KB)(438)      

    In order to explore the effect of brassinosteroids on the growth of apple plants under saline-alkali stress,apple rootstock Malus hupehensis with apomixis characteristics were used as experimental materials. The study investigated the effects of exogenous EBL(brassinosteroids analogs)on ion homeostasis,osmotic regulation,antioxidant system and pH balance of M. hupehensis under saline-alkali stress. The results showed that application of 0.2 mg · L-1 exogenous EBL could significantly enhance the tolerance of M. hupehensis to saline-alkali stress. The main mechanisms were as follows:exogenous EBL could regulate the expression of Na+/K+ transporter genes and enhance the ratio of potassium to sodium to maintain ion homeostasis. Moreover,exogenous EBL could accumulate proline and soluble sugar to modulate osmotic stress,and enhance the activities of POD and CAT to alleviate oxidative damage under saline-alkali stress. Furthermore,exogenous EBL could decrease root pH by improving root secretion of organic acids and enhancing the expression of MhAHA2 and MhAHA8 genes. Exogenous EBL could also cooperate with auxin,gibberellin and dihydrozeatin responding to saline-alkali stress.

    Recent Advances in Molecular Biology of Crassulacean Acid Metabolism Plants and the Application Potential of CAM Engineering
    LI Junzhang, QIN Yuan, XIAO Qiang, AN Chang, LIAO Jingyi, ZHENG Ping
    Acta Horticulturae Sinica    2022, 49 (12): 2597-2610.   DOI: 10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2021-0835
    Abstract536)   HTML6)    PDF (703KB)(432)      

    Crassulacean acid metabolism photosynthetic pathway is a kind of carbon concentrating mechanism that evolved from C3 photosynthesis and it is characterized by nocturnal CO2 fixation and high water use efficiency. Currently,there are growing interests in improving WUE to enhance drought resistance by“transferring”CAM pathway into C3 crops,also called‘CAM engineering’. CAM engineering has significant application potential in agriculture,while systematical investigations of CAM photosynthetic pathway / plants are a prerequisite to its progression. The wide applications of multi-omics and molecular biology methods have extensively promoted CAM plants related studies. CAM pathway-related key genes and their functions are being gradually revealed,and many CAM plant genomes have been published. Diverse mechanisms are involved in the regulation of the CAM pathway, including transcription factors,hormones,miRNA,lncRNA,alternative splicing,and DNA methylation This article mainly focuses on the latest progress of molecular biology and omics studies on CAM plants. In addtion,future research prospective and study interests are also discussed to guide further investigations on CAM plants.

    Review and Prospects of Pepper Breeding for the Past 60 Years in China
    ZOU Xuexiao, HU Bowen, XIONG Cheng, DAI Xiongze, LIU Feng, OU Lijun, YANG Bozhi, LIU Zhoubin, SUO Huan, XU Hao, ZHU Fan, and YUAN Fang
    Acta Horticulturae Sinica    2022, 49 (10): 2099-2118.   DOI: 10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2022-0677
    Abstract685)   HTML38)    PDF (851KB)(424)      

    This paper introduces the important achievements of pepper breeding over the past 60 years in China. It includes the collection,identification,evaluation,utilization and exploration of germplasm resources. The paper also discusses the important advancement in breeding technologies which includes heterosis utilization,anther culture,marker-assisted selection(MAS),multiple resistance breeding and shuttle breeding. In addition,the history of pepper breeding is reviewed,including the traditional breeding before 1980s and the modern breeding guided with National scientific and technological research after 1980s. Then,driven by the industrial demands,China's pepper breeding has been undergoing several major optimizations:increasing yield,adjusting growth period,enhancing disease resistance,breeding for easy storage and transportation,breeding processed-food-specific varieties,improving product quality,and breeding for mechanized harvesting. After more than four decades of development,a modern and world-leading commercial pepper breeding system has been completely established. Domestic varieties with independent intellectual property rights are taking over 95% of market share across the country. Meanwhile,there are several unique advantages of in China's pepper breeding industry,such as low barrier to entry,low risk,high efficiency,large team,rich varieties,and high effectiveness. However,there are also several problems that strongly restrict the development of the pepper seed industry in China,including homogenization of pepper varieties,difficulty in expanding pepper seed business enterprises and slow research progress of pepper molecular breeding technology. Long-season varieties cultivated in green house and ornamental pepper varieties are mainly imported because the pepper breeding in China is still lagging behind developed countries. Therefore,the future directions for pepper breeding in China will be improving product quality,producing varieties suitable for mechanized production,breeding varieties with medicinal or other functional ingredients,exploring and advertising local varieties with excellent properties,and innovating novel breeding technologies.

    Evaluation of Cold Tolerance of 90 Apple Cultivars and Genome Wide Association Analysis
    KAN Zhiyong, ZHANG Dehui, LI Zhongxing, YU Sisi, QIAN Qian, FAN Tianle, LI Xuewei, MA Fengwang, GUAN Qingmei
    Acta Horticulturae Sinica    2023, 50 (5): 921-932.   DOI: 10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2022-0052
    Abstract893)   HTML26)    PDF (2043KB)(406)      

    In this study,ninety apple cultivars were used as experimental materials to evaluate cold tolerance by a relative electrical conductivity test. Genome-wide association analysis was conducted on 1 247 162 SNPs detected in apple accessions by genome resequencing technology,and candidate genes significantly associated with cold tolerance were selected. Three cultivars with the strongest cold tolerance were identified,and their relative electrical conductivity was all less than 40%,which were‘Jinhong’,‘Ederbostdorf’and‘Haralson’. Based on the association analysis using 1 247 162 high-quality SNPs and index of relative electrical conductivity characterizing cold tolerance,five significant correlated loci related to cold tolerance were identified,which were distributed on chromosome 4,15,and 16,respectively. Three candidate genes TIF3B1(MD04G1241100),COR47(MD15G1003900),and MD16G1069900 closely related to cold stress tolerance were identified.

    Bioinformatics Analysis of Apple ELO Gene Family and Its Expression Analysis Under Low Temperature Stress
    GAO Yanlong, WU Yuxia, ZHANG Zhongxing, WANG Shuangcheng, ZHANG Rui, ZHANG De, WANG Yanxiu
    Acta Horticulturae Sinica    2022, 49 (8): 1621-1636.   DOI: 10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2021-0545
    Abstract771)   HTML106)    PDF (5969KB)(402)      

    In order to study the role of apple ELO gene family in wax synthesis and cold resistance,bioinformatics methods were used to identify and analyze the ELO family members in the whole apple genome. The results showed that the MdELO gene family consisted of seven members,which were unevenly distributed on three apple chromosomes(Chr2,Chr8 and Chr15). The MdELO protein contains 211-305 amino acid residues with isoelectric points ranging from 9.43 to 11.62. The results of subcellular localization showed that MdELO protein was distributed in the nucleus,cell membrane and chloroplast. The analysis of cis-acting elements showed that the 2 000 bp sequences upstream of the seven MdELO promoters were distributed with response elements such as hormones,environmental adaptability and stress induction. The wax content in different apple cultivars was further determined,and the results showed that the wax content of‘Oregon Spur Delicious’was significantly higher than that of‘Miyazaki’;On the other hand,from the it perspective of wax morphology and cuticle morphology,the wax of‘Oregon Spur Delicious’was needle-like and closely distributed,and the cuticle structure of its branches was close and smooth,while the wax of‘Miyazaki’was loose and lumpy,and the cuticle structure of its branches was loose and the surface was rough. Additionally,the proline,relative electrical conductivity and starch phosphorylase of the two apple branches increased firstly and then decreased with the extension of the overwintering period,and the amylase increased gradually,among which the content and activity of all indexes of‘Oregon Spur Delicious’were higher than that of‘Miyazaki’. The changes of the above indexes showed that the cold resistance of‘Oregon Spur Delicious’was significantly higher than that of‘Miyazaki’. It was found that the expression of ELO family members can be detected in the roots and leaves through qRT-PCR analysis,and the expression level displayeded certain differences. Most of them showed a trend of rising first and then falling,and the expression level is the highest at 12 h or 24 h,indicating that this family members may play an important role in low temperature stress.

    Study on Expression and Anthocyanin Accumulation of Solute Carrier Gene MdSLC35F2-like in Apple
    WANG Zhiyu, CHANG Beibei, LIU Qi, CHENG Xiaofan, DU Xiaoyun, YU Xiaoli, SONG Laiqing, ZHAO Lingling
    Acta Horticulturae Sinica    2022, 49 (11): 2293-2303.   DOI: 10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2021-0764
    Abstract592)   HTML50)    PDF (3169KB)(396)      

    Anthocyanin is the main pigment affecting the skin color of apple fruit. In our previous study,MdSLC35F2-like was expressed at higher levels in the‘Nagafu 2’apple red bud mutant than in the wild-type. The open reading frame(ORF)of MdSLC35F2-like was cloned,it is 1 041bp,encoding 346 amino acids,which was predicted to be a hydrophobic α helix transmembrane protein with the highest homology to the PbSLC35F1-like of Pyrus × bretschneideri. Phylogenetic analysis showed that it had the closest evolutionary relationship with P. × bretschneideri,and the furthest evolutionary relationship with Theobroma cacao and Eucalyptus grandis. MdSLC35F2-like sequence and its expression rules before and after the fruit bagging were analyzed. After unbagging,the expression level of MdSLC35F2-like increased firstly,and then decreased with a peak on the third day. The expression level of MdSLC35F2-like in the two kinds of buds was significantly higher than that of‘Nagafu 2’. The above results indicated that the expression level of MdSLC35F2-like gene is positively correlated with anthocyanine content. Meanwhile,its expression levels in different color apple cultivars were compared. The expression of MdSLC35F2-like in red peel cultivars was significantly higher than that in green peel cultivars,and the expression level in red pulp cultivars was higher than that in non-red pulp cultivars. It suggests that MdSLC35F2-like may participate in the anthocyanine accumulation process.

    Simulation Analysis of Effects of Shoot Type Composition on Canopy Light Interception Efficiency and Photosynthetic Productivity in Apple Trees
    ZHANG Xiaoyun, TANG Yuwei, WANG Kai, ZHANG Dong, YANG Weiwei
    Acta Horticulturae Sinica    2022, 49 (4): 709-722.   DOI: 10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2020-1051
    Abstract704)   HTML74)    PDF (2671KB)(386)      

    This research was conducted to study the effects of shoot types and their relative fractions on canopy light interception and photosynthetic capacities in both short-shoot-type‘Liquan Fuji’and long-shoot-type‘Regal Gala’apple trees. Three-dimensional(3D)virtual shoots for all shoot types and 3D virtual canopies for each cultivar were reconstructed by combining 3D digitizing and shoot- and leaf-scale allometric relationships. The RATP functional-structural plant model was used to estimate canopy photosynthetic productivity. The effects of relative fraction of bourse shoots and vegetative shoots on canopy light interception and photosynthetic productivity were investigated by in silico virtual experiments. The results showed that the reconstructed 3D virtual shoots had similar shoot leaf number and shoot leaf area compared to observed shoots in field,but the light interception efficiency was underestimated. The two-parameter Beta function was able to accurately describe the leaf inclination distribution for all shoot types. The leaf inclination of bourse leaves belonged to plagiophile and the leaves of other shoot types belonged to planophile. The higher internode length and leaf inclination angle for leaves of bourse and bourse shoots led to 8%-14% higher light interception efficiency compared to vegetative shoots. The ‘Liquan Fuji’had higher leaf dispersion than that of‘Regal Gala’,but with similar light interception efficiency. The canopy net photosynthetic rate and daily photosynthesis in‘Regal Gala’were higher than that of‘Liquan Fuji’regardless of under sunny or cloudy climate conditions. An increase in the fraction of bourse shoot increased the canopy light interception efficiency for both cultivars,and increased the canopy net photosynthetic rate and the total photosynthesis for‘Liquan Fuji’,exclusively under cloudy conditions. In summary,at the shoot scale,the leafy shoots developed from the flower buds have a significantly higher light interception than those developed from vegetative buds. At the canopy scale,increase in flower bud density could improve the canopy light interception efficiency and especially improve the photosynthetic productivity for short-shoot-type apple cultivar under cloudy conditions.

    Origin,Evolution and Cultivation History of the Pepper
    ZOU Xuexiao, ZHU Fan
    Acta Horticulturae Sinica    2022, 49 (6): 1371-1381.   DOI: 10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2021-0853
    Abstract745)   HTML55)    PDF (722KB)(383)      

    The Pepper originated in the semi-arid area in central and southern Bolivia where the annual rainfall is less than 500 mm. This is a subtropical frost-free area. The original wild species are perennial herbs. According to the analysis and study of the starch granules,the Capsicum starch microfossils have been found dating from 8 000-7 500 years ago. Over thousands of years,Capsicum seeds spread out from Bolivia with the help of birds and indigenous peoples,thus spreading throughout South and Central America,then to the southwest of North America. In different ecological regions,more than 10 wild relatives and about 20 wild non-relatives of cultivated species have evolved. Capsicum cultivars evolved from the common ancestor Capsicum chacoense. The purple flower ancestors migrated to the Andes highlands and evolved to Capsicum pubescens. And the white flower ancestors migrated to the relatively dry area of southern Bolivia to evolve to Capsicum baccatum,continuing to migrate to the humid Amazon basin and evolve to the common ancestors of Capsicum annuum,Capsicum frutescens L. and Capsicum chinense Jacquin. They continued to migrate outward,evolving Capsicum annuum in Mexico and northern Central America,Capsicum frutescens L. in the Caribbean,and Capsicum chinense Jacquin in the northern valleys of the Amazon Basin. The pepper domestication started by removing the wild species from the original area for artificial cultivation. The wild species with the fruit small,single-color,upward-facing and easily falling off were domesticated into cultivated species with the fruit succulent,various-shaped,colorful,downward-facing,and not easy falling off,i.e. good economic benefits. Capsicum annuum was the first cultivated species domesticated in Mexico and Central America more than 6 000 years ago,and the other four cultivated species had been cultivated for at least 4 000 years,which are the oldest cultivated plants in America.

    Identification and Pathogenicity of Colletotrichum Species Causing Anthracnose on Camellia sinensis
    GONG Changyi, LIU Jiaojiao, DENG Qiang, ZHANG Lixin
    Acta Horticulturae Sinica    2022, 49 (5): 1092-1101.   DOI: 10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2021-0377
    Abstract683)   HTML18)    PDF (3168KB)(378)      

    The samples were collected from tea leaves showing anthracnose symptoms from 12 different provinces,and the pathogen was isolated and identified by morphological characteristics and multi-locus phylogenetic analysis,along with the pathogenicity tests according to Koch’s postulates. The results showed that a total of 57 isolates were obtained and divided into five types based on the colony morphology and conidia characteristics. Twenty-one representative isolates were selected for further sequencing and phylogenic analysis based on six loci(ITS,TUB2,ACT,CAL,CHS-1 and GAPDH). The results indicated that the tested isolates all belonged to Colletotrichum gloeosporioides complex,including seven isolates of C. fructicola,eight isolates of C. camelliae,three isolates of C. siamense and three isolates of C. aenigma. The separation frequency of C. camelliae and C. fructicola in tea area was higher. Pathogenicity assays were performed with 21 representative isolates from the four species of Colletotrichum. They were inoculated on the leaves of detached branches of Camellia sinensis‘Shuchazao’ by stabbing method. It was found that 17 isolates could cause necrosis at the inoculation site of tea leaves at two weeks post infection. Pathogenicity variation was observed among the four species when inoculated on‘Shuchazao’,and the isolates of C. camelliae showed strong virulence. In addition,different isolates of the same species displayed variant virulence. Moreover,this is the first report of C. fructicola causing anthracnose disease of Camellia sinensis in Henan Province,China.