Research Progress on the Regulation Mechanism of Linalool Synthesis and Its Ecological Functions

doi:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2024-0845

Acta Horticulturae Sinica ›› 2025, Vol. 52 ›› Issue (8): 2270-2290.doi: 10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2024-0845

• Reviews • Previous Articles

Research Progress on the Regulation Mechanism of Linalool Synthesis and Its Ecological Functions

FENG Lingjia, LIU Yujie, HE Lintong, WANG Xinchao, and YE Meng^*()

Tea Research Institute， Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences，National Center for Tea Plant Improvement，State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Germplasm Innovation and Resource Utilization，Key Laboratory of Biology，Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants，Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs， Hangzhou 310008， China

Received:2024-11-02 Revised:2025-06-18 Online:2025-08-25 Published:2025-08-19
Contact: and YE Meng

Abstract

Abstract:

Linalool is an important monoterpene secondary metabolite in plants，widely present in flowers，fruits，leaves，stems and roots. Its biosynthesis mainly occurs in plastids via the MEP pathway and is regulated by multiple molecular mechanisms，including transcriptional，epigenetic，and post-transcriptional controls. As a key component of plant aroma，linalool plays a significant role in the ecological interactions between plants，pollinators，herbivorous insects，and their natural enemies. In addition，linalool is involved in plant defense responses against pathogens and abiotic stresses. This review summarizes the pathways and regulatory mechanisms of linalool synthesis，providing a comprehensive overview of its ecological functions in attracting pollinators，resisting pests and diseases，and responding to abiotic stress. The review also explores the significance of linalool in plant adaptation to complex environments. Furthermore，it discusses the regulatory effects of linalool in field ecosystems，the functional specificity of individual enantiomers and their derivatives，and the synergistic mechanisms in response to multiple stresses，with the aim of providing theoretical support and technical guidance for the green agricultural applications of horticultural crops.

Key words: linalool, terpenoid secondary metabolites, biosynthesis, regulation, ecological function

FENG Lingjia, LIU Yujie, HE Lintong, WANG Xinchao, and YE Meng. Research Progress on the Regulation Mechanism of Linalool Synthesis and Its Ecological Functions[J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2025, 52(8): 2270-2290.

Figures/Tables 4

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科Family	物种Species	基因Gene	合成产物Synthetic product	参考文献Reference
杨柳科 Salicaceae	毛果杨 Populus trichocarpa	PtTPS3	（S）-（+）-芳樟醇和（S）-橙花叔醇（S）-（+）-linalool and （S）-nerolidol	Danner et al.,2011
杨柳科 Salicaceae	毛果杨 Populus trichocarpa	PtTPS4	主要产物：（R）-（−）-芳樟醇和（R）-橙花叔醇；次要产物：（S）-（+）-芳樟醇和（S）-橙花叔醇 Major products：（R）-（-）-linalool and（R）-nerolidol； minor products：（S）-（+）-linalool and（S）-nerolidol	Danner et al.,2011
禾本科 Poaceae	水稻 Oryza sativa	OsTPS3	（S）-（+）-芳樟醇（S）-（+）-linalool	Yuan et al.,2008
禾本科 Poaceae	玉米 Zea mays	ZmTPS1	芳樟醇和β-月桂烯 Linalool and β-myrcene	Yactayo-Chang et al.， 2024
毛茛科 Ranunculaceae	铁线莲 Clematis florida	CfTPS1、CfTPS2	芳樟醇和橙花叔醇 Linalool and nerolidol	Jiang et al.,2020
蔷薇科 Rosaceae	苹果 Malus domestica	MdLIS-RG1	（S）-（+）-芳樟醇（S）-（+）-linalool	Nieuwenhuizen et al.， 2013
	桃 Prunus persica	PpTPS1、PpTPS3	芳樟醇 Linalool	Liu et al.,2017b； Wei et al.,2021
	草莓 Fragaria × ananassa	FaNES1	（S）-（+）-芳樟醇和（E）-橙花叔醇（S）-（+）-linalool and（E）-nerolidol	Aharoni et al.,2004
	月季花 Rosa chinensis	RcLINS	（R）-（-）-芳樟醇（R）-（−）-linalool	Magnard et al.,2018； Ibdah et al.,2022
豆科 Fabaceae	合欢 Albizia julibrissin	AjTPS10	芳樟醇 Linalool	Liu et al.,2021
芸香科 Rutaceae	柑橘 Citrus unshiu	CuSTS3-1、CuSTS3-2	芳樟醇 Linalool	Shimada et al.,2014
芸香科 Rutaceae	柑橘 Citrus unshiu	CuSTS4	芳樟醇和橙花叔醇 Linalool and nerolidol	Shimada et al.,2014
唇形科 Lamiaceae	罗勒 Ocimum basilicum	ObLIS	（R）-（-）-芳樟醇（R）-（-）-linalool	Iijima et al.,2004
	柠檬薄荷 Mentha citrata	McLIS	（R）-（-）-芳樟醇（R）-（-）-linalool	Sugiura et al.,2014
	薰衣草 Lavandula augustifolia	LaLINS	（R）-（-）-芳樟醇（R）-（-）-linalool	Landmann et al.,2007
		LIS1、LIS2	芳樟醇 Linalool	龚林涛等,2021
	紫苏 Perilla hirtella Perilla setoyensis	PhTps-5042L、 PhTps-5073L、 PsTps-5031L	芳樟醇 Linalool	Masumoto et al.,2010
菊科 Asteraceae	黄花蒿 Artemisia annua	AaQH1、AaQH5	（R）-（-）-芳樟醇（R）-（-）-linalool	Jia et al.,1999
茄科 Solanaceae	番茄 Solanum lycopersicum	TPS5、TPS39	芳樟醇 Linalool	Cao et al.,2014
		TPS37、TPS39	芳樟醇和橙花叔醇 Linalool and nerolidol	Falara et al.,2011
		LeMTS1	（R）-（-）-芳樟醇（R）-（-）-linalool	van Schie et al.,2007
	烟草 Nicotiana attenuata	NaLIS	（S）-（+）-芳樟醇（S）-（+）-linalool	He et al.,2019
伞形科 Apiaceae	芫荽 Coriandrum sativum	CsLINS	（S）-（+）-芳樟醇（S）-（+）-linalool	Galata et al.,2014
葡萄科 Vitaceae	葡萄 Vitis vinifera	VvPNRLin	（R）-（-）-芳樟醇（R）-（-）-linalool	Martin et al.,2010
葡萄科 Vitaceae	葡萄 Vitis vinifera	VvPNLinNer1、 VvPNLinNer2、 VvCSLinNer	（S）-（+）-芳樟醇和（E）-橙花叔醇（S）-（+）-linalool and（E）-nerolidol	Martin et al.,2010
山茶科 Theaceae	茶 Camellia sinensis	CsLIS1、CsLIS2	（S）-（+）-芳樟醇（S）-（+）-linalool	Mei et al.,2017
		CsRLIS	（R）-（-）-芳樟醇（R）-（-）-linalool	Zhou et al.,2020
		CsLIS/NES-1	芳樟醇 Linalool	Liu et al.,2017a
锦葵科 Malvaceae	陆地棉 Gossypium hirsutum	GhTPS12、GhTPS14	（S）-（+）-芳樟醇（S）-（+）-linalool	Huang et al.,2017
		GhTPS4	（R）-（-）-芳樟醇（R）-（-）-linalool
		GhTPS10	芳樟醇 Linalool
十字花科 Brassicaceae	拟南芥 Arabidopsis thaliana	AtTPS14	（S）-（+）-芳樟醇（S）-（+）-linalool	Ginglinger et al.,2013
十字花科 Brassicaceae	拟南芥 Arabidopsis thaliana	AtTPS10	（R）-（-）-芳樟醇（R）-（-）-linalool	Ginglinger et al.,2013
木樨科 Oleaceae	木樨 Osmanthus fragrans	OfTPS1、 OfTPS2	（S）-（+）-芳樟醇（S）-（+）-linalool	Zeng et al.,2016
	木樨 Osmanthus fragrans	OfTPS5	芳樟醇 Linalool	刘偲等,2020
	素馨 Jasminum grandiflorum	LIS1	（R）-（-）-芳樟醇（R）-（-）-linalool	Pragadheesh et al.,2017
樟科 Lauraceae	土肉桂 Cinnamomum osmophloeum	CoLIS-D4、CoLIS-HS、 CoLIS-LL、CoLIS-T1	（S）-（+）-芳樟醇（S）-（+）-linalool	Lin et al.,2014
	香樟 Cinnamomum camphora	CcTPS54	芳樟醇 Linalool	Yang et al.,2023
		CcTPS3	芳樟醇 Linalool	马青等,2023
		CcTPS6	芳樟醇和橙花叔醇 Linalool and nerolidol	马青等,2023
鸢尾科 Iridaceae	香雪兰 Fressia × hybrida	FhTPS1	芳樟醇 Linalool	Gao et al.,2018
百合科 Liliaceae	百合 Lilium brownii	LiTPS2	芳樟醇和其他单萜、橙花叔醇和其他倍半萜 Linalool and other monoterpenes，nerolidol and other sesquiterpenes	Zhang et al.,2020
		LoTPS1	芳樟醇和（Z）-β-罗勒烯 Linalool and （Z）-β-ocimene	Abbas et al.,2018
		LoTPS3	芳樟醇和橙花叔醇 Linalool and nerolidol	Abbas et al.,2018
姜科 Zingiberaceae	姜花 Hedychium coronarium	HcTPS5	芳樟醇 Linalool	Yue et al.,2015； Ke et al.,2021
	姜花 Hedychium coronarium	HcTPS8	芳樟醇和倍半萜 Linalool and sesquiterpenes	Yue et al.,2014
	海南砂仁 Amomum longiligulare	AlTPS2	芳樟醇 Linalool	Zhao et al.,2021
	阳春砂仁 Amomum villosum	AvTPS2	芳樟醇 Linalool	Zhao et al.,2021
桑科 Moraceae	无花果 Ficus carica	FcTPS7 FcTPS8	芳樟醇 Linalool	Nawade et al.,2020
车前科 Plantaginaceae	金鱼草 Antirrhinum majus	AmNES/LIS-2	（S）-（+）-芳樟醇（S）-（+）-linalool	Nagegowda et al.,2008
柳叶菜科 Onagraceae	仙女扇 Clarkia breweri	LIS	（S）-（+）-芳樟醇（S）-（+）-linalool	Dudareva et al.,1996
腊梅科 Calycanthaceae	腊梅 Chimonanthus praecox	CpTPS4	芳樟醇 Linalool	Shang et al.,2020
猕猴桃科 Actinidiaceae	猕猴桃 Actinidia chinensis Actinidia arguta Actinidia polygama	AcLIS/NES	主要产物芳樟醇，次要产物橙花叔醇 Major products：linalool，minor products：nerolidol	Wang et al.,2023
猕猴桃科 Actinidiaceae		AaLS1、ApLS1	（S）-（+）-芳樟醇（S）-（+）-linalool	Chen et al.,2010； Günther et al.,2011
桃金娘科 Myrtaceae	柠檬香桃 Backhousia citriodora	BcLS	芳樟醇 Linalool	Sugiura et al.,2014
番木瓜科 Caricaceae	番木瓜 Carica papaya	CpTPS18	芳樟醇 Linalool	Yao et al.,2023b
檀香科 Santalaceae	檀香 Santalum album	SaNES/LIS	芳樟醇和橙花叔醇 Linalool and nerolidol	Zhang et al.,2021
菖蒲科 Acoraceae	菖蒲 Acorus calamus	AcTPS3、AcTPS4、 AcTPS5	芳樟醇和橙花叔醇 Linalool and nerolidol	Ibdah et al.,2022
兰科 Orchidaceae	铁皮石斛 Dendrobium officinale	DoTPS10	芳樟醇 Linalool	Yu et al.,2020
	蝴蝶兰 Phalaenopsis bellina	PbTPS4、PbTPS10	芳樟醇 Linalool	Huang et al.,2021
		PbTPS3	芳樟醇、β-罗勒烯 Linalool and β-ocimene
		PbTPS5	芳樟醇、香叶醇 Linalool and geraniol
芍药科 Paeoniaceae	牡丹 Paeonia delavayi Paeonia suffruticosa	PdTPS1、PdTPS4	芳樟醇 Linalool	Li et al.,2023
芍药科 Paeoniaceae	牡丹 Paeonia delavayi Paeonia suffruticosa	PsTPS14	芳樟醇 Linalool	王佩云等,2024
松科 Pinaceae	欧洲云杉 Picea abies	PaLIN	主要产物（R）-（-）-芳樟醇；次要产物（S）-（+）-芳樟醇 Major products：（R）-（-）-linalool； minor products：（S）-（+）-linalool	Martin et al.,2004
橄榄科 Burseraceae	乳香 Boswellia serrata	BsTPS2	（S）-（+）-芳樟醇（S）-（+）-linalool	Bhargav et al.,2023

科Family	物种Species	基因Gene	合成产物Synthetic product	参考文献Reference
杨柳科 Salicaceae	毛果杨 Populus trichocarpa	PtTPS3	（S）-（+）-芳樟醇和（S）-橙花叔醇（S）-（+）-linalool and （S）-nerolidol	Danner et al.,2011
杨柳科 Salicaceae	毛果杨 Populus trichocarpa	PtTPS4	主要产物：（R）-（−）-芳樟醇和（R）-橙花叔醇；次要产物：（S）-（+）-芳樟醇和（S）-橙花叔醇 Major products：（R）-（-）-linalool and（R）-nerolidol； minor products：（S）-（+）-linalool and（S）-nerolidol	Danner et al.,2011
禾本科 Poaceae	水稻 Oryza sativa	OsTPS3	（S）-（+）-芳樟醇（S）-（+）-linalool	Yuan et al.,2008
禾本科 Poaceae	玉米 Zea mays	ZmTPS1	芳樟醇和β-月桂烯 Linalool and β-myrcene	Yactayo-Chang et al.， 2024
毛茛科 Ranunculaceae	铁线莲 Clematis florida	CfTPS1、CfTPS2	芳樟醇和橙花叔醇 Linalool and nerolidol	Jiang et al.,2020
蔷薇科 Rosaceae	苹果 Malus domestica	MdLIS-RG1	（S）-（+）-芳樟醇（S）-（+）-linalool	Nieuwenhuizen et al.， 2013
	桃 Prunus persica	PpTPS1、PpTPS3	芳樟醇 Linalool	Liu et al.,2017b； Wei et al.,2021
	草莓 Fragaria × ananassa	FaNES1	（S）-（+）-芳樟醇和（E）-橙花叔醇（S）-（+）-linalool and（E）-nerolidol	Aharoni et al.,2004
	月季花 Rosa chinensis	RcLINS	（R）-（-）-芳樟醇（R）-（−）-linalool	Magnard et al.,2018； Ibdah et al.,2022
豆科 Fabaceae	合欢 Albizia julibrissin	AjTPS10	芳樟醇 Linalool	Liu et al.,2021
芸香科 Rutaceae	柑橘 Citrus unshiu	CuSTS3-1、CuSTS3-2	芳樟醇 Linalool	Shimada et al.,2014
芸香科 Rutaceae	柑橘 Citrus unshiu	CuSTS4	芳樟醇和橙花叔醇 Linalool and nerolidol	Shimada et al.,2014
唇形科 Lamiaceae	罗勒 Ocimum basilicum	ObLIS	（R）-（-）-芳樟醇（R）-（-）-linalool	Iijima et al.,2004
	柠檬薄荷 Mentha citrata	McLIS	（R）-（-）-芳樟醇（R）-（-）-linalool	Sugiura et al.,2014
	薰衣草 Lavandula augustifolia	LaLINS	（R）-（-）-芳樟醇（R）-（-）-linalool	Landmann et al.,2007
		LIS1、LIS2	芳樟醇 Linalool	龚林涛等,2021
	紫苏 Perilla hirtella Perilla setoyensis	PhTps-5042L、 PhTps-5073L、 PsTps-5031L	芳樟醇 Linalool	Masumoto et al.,2010
菊科 Asteraceae	黄花蒿 Artemisia annua	AaQH1、AaQH5	（R）-（-）-芳樟醇（R）-（-）-linalool	Jia et al.,1999
茄科 Solanaceae	番茄 Solanum lycopersicum	TPS5、TPS39	芳樟醇 Linalool	Cao et al.,2014
		TPS37、TPS39	芳樟醇和橙花叔醇 Linalool and nerolidol	Falara et al.,2011
		LeMTS1	（R）-（-）-芳樟醇（R）-（-）-linalool	van Schie et al.,2007
	烟草 Nicotiana attenuata	NaLIS	（S）-（+）-芳樟醇（S）-（+）-linalool	He et al.,2019
伞形科 Apiaceae	芫荽 Coriandrum sativum	CsLINS	（S）-（+）-芳樟醇（S）-（+）-linalool	Galata et al.,2014
葡萄科 Vitaceae	葡萄 Vitis vinifera	VvPNRLin	（R）-（-）-芳樟醇（R）-（-）-linalool	Martin et al.,2010
葡萄科 Vitaceae	葡萄 Vitis vinifera	VvPNLinNer1、 VvPNLinNer2、 VvCSLinNer	（S）-（+）-芳樟醇和（E）-橙花叔醇（S）-（+）-linalool and（E）-nerolidol	Martin et al.,2010
山茶科 Theaceae	茶 Camellia sinensis	CsLIS1、CsLIS2	（S）-（+）-芳樟醇（S）-（+）-linalool	Mei et al.,2017
		CsRLIS	（R）-（-）-芳樟醇（R）-（-）-linalool	Zhou et al.,2020
		CsLIS/NES-1	芳樟醇 Linalool	Liu et al.,2017a
锦葵科 Malvaceae	陆地棉 Gossypium hirsutum	GhTPS12、GhTPS14	（S）-（+）-芳樟醇（S）-（+）-linalool	Huang et al.,2017
		GhTPS4	（R）-（-）-芳樟醇（R）-（-）-linalool
		GhTPS10	芳樟醇 Linalool
十字花科 Brassicaceae	拟南芥 Arabidopsis thaliana	AtTPS14	（S）-（+）-芳樟醇（S）-（+）-linalool	Ginglinger et al.,2013
十字花科 Brassicaceae	拟南芥 Arabidopsis thaliana	AtTPS10	（R）-（-）-芳樟醇（R）-（-）-linalool	Ginglinger et al.,2013
木樨科 Oleaceae	木樨 Osmanthus fragrans	OfTPS1、 OfTPS2	（S）-（+）-芳樟醇（S）-（+）-linalool	Zeng et al.,2016
	木樨 Osmanthus fragrans	OfTPS5	芳樟醇 Linalool	刘偲等,2020
	素馨 Jasminum grandiflorum	LIS1	（R）-（-）-芳樟醇（R）-（-）-linalool	Pragadheesh et al.,2017
樟科 Lauraceae	土肉桂 Cinnamomum osmophloeum	CoLIS-D4、CoLIS-HS、 CoLIS-LL、CoLIS-T1	（S）-（+）-芳樟醇（S）-（+）-linalool	Lin et al.,2014
	香樟 Cinnamomum camphora	CcTPS54	芳樟醇 Linalool	Yang et al.,2023
		CcTPS3	芳樟醇 Linalool	马青等,2023
		CcTPS6	芳樟醇和橙花叔醇 Linalool and nerolidol	马青等,2023
鸢尾科 Iridaceae	香雪兰 Fressia × hybrida	FhTPS1	芳樟醇 Linalool	Gao et al.,2018
百合科 Liliaceae	百合 Lilium brownii	LiTPS2	芳樟醇和其他单萜、橙花叔醇和其他倍半萜 Linalool and other monoterpenes，nerolidol and other sesquiterpenes	Zhang et al.,2020
		LoTPS1	芳樟醇和（Z）-β-罗勒烯 Linalool and （Z）-β-ocimene	Abbas et al.,2018
		LoTPS3	芳樟醇和橙花叔醇 Linalool and nerolidol	Abbas et al.,2018
姜科 Zingiberaceae	姜花 Hedychium coronarium	HcTPS5	芳樟醇 Linalool	Yue et al.,2015； Ke et al.,2021
	姜花 Hedychium coronarium	HcTPS8	芳樟醇和倍半萜 Linalool and sesquiterpenes	Yue et al.,2014
	海南砂仁 Amomum longiligulare	AlTPS2	芳樟醇 Linalool	Zhao et al.,2021
	阳春砂仁 Amomum villosum	AvTPS2	芳樟醇 Linalool	Zhao et al.,2021
桑科 Moraceae	无花果 Ficus carica	FcTPS7 FcTPS8	芳樟醇 Linalool	Nawade et al.,2020
车前科 Plantaginaceae	金鱼草 Antirrhinum majus	AmNES/LIS-2	（S）-（+）-芳樟醇（S）-（+）-linalool	Nagegowda et al.,2008
柳叶菜科 Onagraceae	仙女扇 Clarkia breweri	LIS	（S）-（+）-芳樟醇（S）-（+）-linalool	Dudareva et al.,1996
腊梅科 Calycanthaceae	腊梅 Chimonanthus praecox	CpTPS4	芳樟醇 Linalool	Shang et al.,2020
猕猴桃科 Actinidiaceae	猕猴桃 Actinidia chinensis Actinidia arguta Actinidia polygama	AcLIS/NES	主要产物芳樟醇，次要产物橙花叔醇 Major products：linalool，minor products：nerolidol	Wang et al.,2023
猕猴桃科 Actinidiaceae		AaLS1、ApLS1	（S）-（+）-芳樟醇（S）-（+）-linalool	Chen et al.,2010； Günther et al.,2011
桃金娘科 Myrtaceae	柠檬香桃 Backhousia citriodora	BcLS	芳樟醇 Linalool	Sugiura et al.,2014
番木瓜科 Caricaceae	番木瓜 Carica papaya	CpTPS18	芳樟醇 Linalool	Yao et al.,2023b
檀香科 Santalaceae	檀香 Santalum album	SaNES/LIS	芳樟醇和橙花叔醇 Linalool and nerolidol	Zhang et al.,2021
菖蒲科 Acoraceae	菖蒲 Acorus calamus	AcTPS3、AcTPS4、 AcTPS5	芳樟醇和橙花叔醇 Linalool and nerolidol	Ibdah et al.,2022
兰科 Orchidaceae	铁皮石斛 Dendrobium officinale	DoTPS10	芳樟醇 Linalool	Yu et al.,2020
	蝴蝶兰 Phalaenopsis bellina	PbTPS4、PbTPS10	芳樟醇 Linalool	Huang et al.,2021
		PbTPS3	芳樟醇、β-罗勒烯 Linalool and β-ocimene
		PbTPS5	芳樟醇、香叶醇 Linalool and geraniol
芍药科 Paeoniaceae	牡丹 Paeonia delavayi Paeonia suffruticosa	PdTPS1、PdTPS4	芳樟醇 Linalool	Li et al.,2023
芍药科 Paeoniaceae	牡丹 Paeonia delavayi Paeonia suffruticosa	PsTPS14	芳樟醇 Linalool	王佩云等,2024
松科 Pinaceae	欧洲云杉 Picea abies	PaLIN	主要产物（R）-（-）-芳樟醇；次要产物（S）-（+）-芳樟醇 Major products：（R）-（-）-linalool； minor products：（S）-（+）-linalool	Martin et al.,2004
橄榄科 Burseraceae	乳香 Boswellia serrata	BsTPS2	（S）-（+）-芳樟醇（S）-（+）-linalool	Bhargav et al.,2023

Research Progress on the Regulation Mechanism of Linalool Synthesis and Its Ecological Functions

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