Advances in Floral Aroma Biosynthesis and Regulation in Tree Peony

doi:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2025-0961

Acta Horticulturae Sinica ›› 2026, Vol. 53 ›› Issue (2): 447-466.doi: 10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2025-0961

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Advances in Floral Aroma Biosynthesis and Regulation in Tree Peony

NIU Tongfei¹, YANG Di¹^,³, MA Huili², GUO Lili¹, HOU Xiaogai¹()

¹ College of Agriculture，Henan University of Science and Technology，Luoyang，Henan 471000，China
² College of Horticulture and Plant Protection，Henan University of Science and Technology，Luoyang，Henan 471000，China
³ Nanyang Vocational College of Agriculture，Nanyang，Henan 473000，China

Received:2025-11-14 Revised:2026-01-06 Online:2026-02-25 Published:2026-02-12

Abstract

Abstract:

Tree peony（Paeonia Sect. Moutan DC.）is highly valued for its ornamental qualities，including large flower size，bright colors，and diverse fragrance types. In recent years，analyzing the aroma components and breeding fragrant varieties have become key research foci. This paper systematically reviews the research progress on tree peony fragrance，primarily covering the collection methods of aroma components，the factors influencing aroma synthesis and release，and the biosynthetic pathways of key aroma compounds. Finally，perspectives on future research directions were offered，aiming to provide a theoretical reference for the breeding and industrial application of tree peony fragrance.

Key words: tree peony, volatile organic compounds, fragrance-related genes, TPS, HMGR, DXS, biosynthesis pathway

NIU Tongfei, YANG Di, MA Huili, GUO Lili, HOU Xiaogai. Advances in Floral Aroma Biosynthesis and Regulation in Tree Peony[J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2026, 53(2): 447-466.

Figures/Tables 4

References 109

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采集方法 Collection method	优势 Advantage	局限 Limitation	牡丹应用场景 Applications in tree peony	参考文献 Reference
水蒸气蒸馏法 Steam Distillation，SD	经典提取方法，成本低；无溶剂残留Classical extraction method，low cost；no solvent residue.	极性萜烯和化学活性化合物可能会损失；耗时；产量低Polar terpenes and chemically active compounds may be lost；time-consuming；yield low	适合提取水溶性极性挥发物，适合精油工业化制备Suitable for extracting water-soluble polar volatiles，suitable for essential oil industrial-scale preparation	Ormeño et al.,2011；邱守昊等,2023；Nandhini et al.,2025
溶剂萃取法 Solvent extraction，SE	简单易行，可富集弱挥发性成分；无需加热，所需植物材料较少；质量优于水蒸气蒸馏法Simple and easy，can enrich weakly volatile components；no heating required，required plant material less；quality superior to steam distillation	需要大量溶剂；溶剂易残留，难除去；可能共提取非挥发性物质Requires large amount of solvent；solvent easily remains，difficult to remove；may co-extract non-volatile substances	适合提取精油或植物提取物中的挥发性成分Suitable for extracting volatile components from essential oils or plant extracts	Ormeño et al.,2011；尉洁净等,2023；Lo et al.,2024；Nandhini et al.,2025
同时蒸馏萃取 Simulatancous distillation extraction，SDE	成本较低，操作简单；溶剂用量少，能较好保留易挥发成分Cost relatively low，operation simple；solvent amount small，can better retain volatile components	耗时，且高温破坏热敏性成分；溶剂可能有残留Time-consuming，and high temperature damages heat-sensitive components；solvent may have residue	适合提取非含氧单萜以及需要高效、完全提取的挥发物Suitable for extracting non-oxygenated monoterpenes and volatiles requiring efficient，complete extraction	Ormeño et al.,2011；Nandhini et al.,2025
超临界流体萃取 Supercritical fluid extraction，SFE	绿色高效，无溶剂残留；保留热敏性成分Green and efficient，no solvent residue； retains heat-sensitive components	设备昂贵，成本高；不可避免共提取蜡质；牡丹花瓣含油率极低，需要精油含量更高的牡丹新品种的大量花瓣Equipment expensive，cost high；unavoidable co-extraction of waxes；tree peony petals oil yield extremely low，requires large quantity of petals from new tree peony varieties with higher essential oil content	适合提取倍半萜、亲脂性成分，制作高品质香料Suitable for extracting sesquiterpenes，lipophilic components，producing high-quality perfume	Ormeño et al.,2011；黄亚茹等,2022；Nandhini et al.,2025
顶空固相微萃取 Headspace solid phase micro-extraction，HS-SPME	灵敏度高，可有效富集目标成分且用量少，萃取手柄和纤维头可多次使用，不与样品直接接触，能有效减少样品中非挥发性成分对萃取的干扰Sensitivity high，can effectively enrich target components and dosage small，extraction handle and fiber can be used multiple times，does not directly contact the sample，can effectively reduce interference from sample non-volatile components on the extraction	不能提取成分，仅适用于定性/半定量分析，难以精确定量；结果受纤维涂层、温度、时间、湿度等多种因素影响，需要严格优化和控制条件；对痕量成分检测能力有限Cannot extract components，only suitable for qualitative/semi-quantitative analysis，difficult to accurately quantify；results affected by fiber coating，temperature，time，humidity and other factors，requires strict optimization and control of conditions；detection capability for trace components limited	适合珍贵样品的挥发性成分采集Suitable for precious samples volatile component collection	郝守进等,1999；陈美霞,2005；Tholl et al.,2006；Zhang et al.,2021a；Lo et al.,2024；Nandhini et al.,2025
动态顶空取样法 Dynamic headspace sampling，DHS	非破坏性，原位采集；可富集低浓度挥发性成分；数据真实；可连续采样；所用材料可多次使用Non-destructive，in-situ sampling；can enrich low-concentration volatile components；data authentic；allows continuous sampling；materials used can be reused multiple times	吸附剂种类影响挥发性成分吸附效果；设备携带不便Adsorbent type affects volatile component adsorption effect；equipment portability poor	适合种植在实验室外且株型较大的植株，适合时间序列分析Suitable for those plants that are to be planted outside the laboratory and have a large plant size，suitable for time series analysis	Tholl et al.,2006；张辉等,2012；李军,2016

采集方法 Collection method	优势 Advantage	局限 Limitation	牡丹应用场景 Applications in tree peony	参考文献 Reference
水蒸气蒸馏法 Steam Distillation，SD	经典提取方法，成本低；无溶剂残留Classical extraction method，low cost；no solvent residue.	极性萜烯和化学活性化合物可能会损失；耗时；产量低Polar terpenes and chemically active compounds may be lost；time-consuming；yield low	适合提取水溶性极性挥发物，适合精油工业化制备Suitable for extracting water-soluble polar volatiles，suitable for essential oil industrial-scale preparation	Ormeño et al.,2011；邱守昊等,2023；Nandhini et al.,2025
溶剂萃取法 Solvent extraction，SE	简单易行，可富集弱挥发性成分；无需加热，所需植物材料较少；质量优于水蒸气蒸馏法Simple and easy，can enrich weakly volatile components；no heating required，required plant material less；quality superior to steam distillation	需要大量溶剂；溶剂易残留，难除去；可能共提取非挥发性物质Requires large amount of solvent；solvent easily remains，difficult to remove；may co-extract non-volatile substances	适合提取精油或植物提取物中的挥发性成分Suitable for extracting volatile components from essential oils or plant extracts	Ormeño et al.,2011；尉洁净等,2023；Lo et al.,2024；Nandhini et al.,2025
同时蒸馏萃取 Simulatancous distillation extraction，SDE	成本较低，操作简单；溶剂用量少，能较好保留易挥发成分Cost relatively low，operation simple；solvent amount small，can better retain volatile components	耗时，且高温破坏热敏性成分；溶剂可能有残留Time-consuming，and high temperature damages heat-sensitive components；solvent may have residue	适合提取非含氧单萜以及需要高效、完全提取的挥发物Suitable for extracting non-oxygenated monoterpenes and volatiles requiring efficient，complete extraction	Ormeño et al.,2011；Nandhini et al.,2025
超临界流体萃取 Supercritical fluid extraction，SFE	绿色高效，无溶剂残留；保留热敏性成分Green and efficient，no solvent residue； retains heat-sensitive components	设备昂贵，成本高；不可避免共提取蜡质；牡丹花瓣含油率极低，需要精油含量更高的牡丹新品种的大量花瓣Equipment expensive，cost high；unavoidable co-extraction of waxes；tree peony petals oil yield extremely low，requires large quantity of petals from new tree peony varieties with higher essential oil content	适合提取倍半萜、亲脂性成分，制作高品质香料Suitable for extracting sesquiterpenes，lipophilic components，producing high-quality perfume	Ormeño et al.,2011；黄亚茹等,2022；Nandhini et al.,2025
顶空固相微萃取 Headspace solid phase micro-extraction，HS-SPME	灵敏度高，可有效富集目标成分且用量少，萃取手柄和纤维头可多次使用，不与样品直接接触，能有效减少样品中非挥发性成分对萃取的干扰Sensitivity high，can effectively enrich target components and dosage small，extraction handle and fiber can be used multiple times，does not directly contact the sample，can effectively reduce interference from sample non-volatile components on the extraction	不能提取成分，仅适用于定性/半定量分析，难以精确定量；结果受纤维涂层、温度、时间、湿度等多种因素影响，需要严格优化和控制条件；对痕量成分检测能力有限Cannot extract components，only suitable for qualitative/semi-quantitative analysis，difficult to accurately quantify；results affected by fiber coating，temperature，time，humidity and other factors，requires strict optimization and control of conditions；detection capability for trace components limited	适合珍贵样品的挥发性成分采集Suitable for precious samples volatile component collection	郝守进等,1999；陈美霞,2005；Tholl et al.,2006；Zhang et al.,2021a；Lo et al.,2024；Nandhini et al.,2025
动态顶空取样法 Dynamic headspace sampling，DHS	非破坏性，原位采集；可富集低浓度挥发性成分；数据真实；可连续采样；所用材料可多次使用Non-destructive，in-situ sampling；can enrich low-concentration volatile components；data authentic；allows continuous sampling；materials used can be reused multiple times	吸附剂种类影响挥发性成分吸附效果；设备携带不便Adsorbent type affects volatile component adsorption effect；equipment portability poor	适合种植在实验室外且株型较大的植株，适合时间序列分析Suitable for those plants that are to be planted outside the laboratory and have a large plant size，suitable for time series analysis	Tholl et al.,2006；张辉等,2012；李军,2016

化合物Compounds	品种Cultivar	气味特征Odour profile	参考文献 Reference
单萜类Monoterpenes
芳樟醇Linalool	‘海黄’‘格桑黄’‘黄水晶’、大花黄牡丹 P. suffruticosa‘Highnoon’，P. ludlowii‘Gesanghuang’，P. suffruticosa ‘Huangshuijing’，P. ludlowii	花香、甜香、柑橘香 Floral，sweet，citrus	孙苗,2021；丁星文等,2022；徐慧,2023
香茅醇Citronellol	‘银粉金鳞’‘冠群芳’‘香玉’‘肉芙蓉’‘初乌’ P. suffruticosa‘Yinfen Jinlin’，P. suffruticosa‘Guanqunfang’，P. suffruticosa ‘Xiangyu’， P. suffruticosa‘Roufurong’，P. suffruticosa‘Chuwu’	花香、玫瑰香、柑橘香 Flora，rose，citrus	周海梅等,2008；孙强,2012；李莹莹等,2015；张玲,2019；刘爽等,2019
橙花醇Nerol	‘赵粉’‘脂红’‘凤丹’P. suffruticosa‘Zhaofen’，P. suffruticosa‘Zhihong’，P. ostii‘Fengdan’	天然橙花气味、甜香、柑橘香、玉兰香Natural neroli，sweet，citrus，magnolia	刘爽等,2019；郭耀东等,2019
香叶醇Geraniol	‘千堆雪’‘墨润绝伦’‘粉中冠’‘赛雪塔’ P. suffruticosa‘Qianduixue’，P. suffruticosa‘Morun Juelun’，P. suffruticosa‘Fenzhongguan’，P. suffruticosa ‘Saixueta’	甜美的花香、水果香、玫瑰香、柑橘香 Sweet floral，fruity，rose，citrus	张红磊,2011；孙强,2012；张玲,2019；刘爽等,2019
罗勒烯Ocimene	‘格桑绿’‘鲁菏红’‘脂红’‘首案红’ P. ludlowii‘Gesanglv’，P. suffruticosa‘Luhehong’，P. suffruticosa‘Zhihong’，P. suffruticosa‘Shouanhong’	绿色、热带气息、木质香、花香、柑橘香 Green，tropical，woody，floral，citrus	张红磊,2011；张静等,2013；刘爽等,2019；丁星文等,2022
倍半萜类Sesquiterpenes
大根香叶烯D Germacrene D	‘姚黄’‘粉楼台’‘银红巧对’‘春雪’‘二乔’P. suffruticosa‘Yaohuang’，P. suffruticosa‘Fenloutai’，P. suffruticosa‘Yinhong Qiaodui’，P. suffruticosa‘Chunxue’，P. suffruticosa‘Erqiao’	木质味、辛辣味 Woody，spicy	周海梅等,2008；张红磊,2011；孙强,2012；王娟,2014；李莹莹等,2015
β-石竹烯β-Caryophyllene	‘蓝宝石’‘水晶白’‘紫二乔’ P. suffruticosa‘Lanbaoshi’，P. suffruticosa‘Shuijingbai’，P. suffruticosa‘Zierqiao’	丁香、木本、坚果、果皮、粉椒味道 Clove，woody，nut，skin，powdery peppery	李莹莹等,2015
α-法尼烯α-Farnesene	‘乌金耀辉’‘百园紫’‘海黄’‘大棕紫’ P. suffruticosa‘Wujin Yaohui’，P. suffruticosa ‘Baiyuanzi’，P. suffruticosa‘Highnoon’，P. suffruticosa‘Dazongzi’	清新绿色植物味、热带水果味 Fresh green vegetative，tropical fruity	周海梅等,2008；孙强,2012；李莹莹等,2015；Li et al.,2022
β-波旁烯β-Bourbonene	大花黄牡丹P. ludlowii	草本、木本味道Herbaceous，woody	徐慧,2023
苯丙素类/苯环类Benzenoids/phenylpropanoids
对二甲氧基苯1,4-Dimethoxybenzene	‘书生捧墨’‘银红巧对’‘首案红’‘藏枝红’ P. suffruticosa‘Shusheng Pengmo’，P. suffruticosa ‘Yinhong Qiaodui’，P. suffruticosa‘Shouanhong’，P. suffruticosa‘Cangzhihong’	新刈的干草、茴香、绿山楂 New mown hay，anisic，green hawthorn	张红磊,2011；张静等,2013；张玲,2019
1,3,5-三甲氧基苯1,3,5-Trimethoxybenzene	‘粉楼台’‘蓝宝石’‘脂红’‘葛巾紫’ P. suffruticosa‘Fenloutai’，P. suffruticosa‘Lanbaoshi’，P. suffruticosa‘Zhihong’，P. suffruticosa‘Gejinzi’	酚类、甜三叶草 Phenolic，sweet clover	张静等,2013；李莹莹等,2015；刘爽等,2019
苯乙醇Phenylethyl alcohol	‘天香’‘冠艳群芳’‘十八号’‘黄水晶’P. suffruticosa ‘Tianxiang’，P. suffruticosa‘Guanyan Qunfang’，P. suffruticosa‘Shibahao’，P. suffruticosa‘Huangshuijing’	花香、玫瑰、蜂蜜、甜、新鲜 Floral，rose，honey，sweet，fresh	张红磊,2011；张玲,2019；孙苗,2021
乙酸苯乙酯 Acetic acid, 2-phenylethyl ester	‘一品红’‘冠群芳’‘墨楼争辉’‘花二乔’P. suffruticosa‘Yipinhong’，P. suffruticosa ‘Guanqunfang’，P. suffruticosa‘Molou Zhenghui’，P. suffruticosa‘Huaerqiao’	甜、蜂蜜、花香、玫瑰 Sweet，honey，floral，rose	李莹莹等,2015
甲基丁香酚Methyleugenol	‘粉面桃腮’‘春雪’‘赛雪塔’‘雪莲’P. suffruticosa ‘Fenmian Taosai’，P. suffruticosa‘Chunxue’， P. suffruticosa‘Saixueta’，P. suffruticosa‘Xuelian’	辛辣、肉桂、丁香、霉味、蔬菜、蜡质、胡椒Spicy，cinnamon，clove，musty，vegetable，waxy，peppery	孙强,2012；张玲,2019
脂肪酸衍生物Fatty acid derivatives
己酸乙酯Acetic acid, hexyl ester	‘京飞红’‘醉桃’‘雪海冰心’‘首案红’ P. suffruticosa‘Jingfeihong’，P. suffruticosa‘Zuitao’，P. suffruticosa‘Xuehai Bingxin’，P. suffruticosa‘Shouanhong’	苹果、香蕉、草、香草、梨 Apple，banana，grass，herb，pear	张静等,2013；张玲,2019
乙酸香茅酯Citronellyl acetate	‘香玉’‘粉面桃腮’‘白鹤展翅’‘雪海冰心’P. suffruticosa‘Xiangyu’，P. suffruticosa‘Fenmian Taosai’，P. suffruticosa‘Baihe Zhanchi’， P. suffruticosa‘Xuehai Bingxin’	花香、芳香、玫瑰 Floral，fragant，rose	张玲,2019
乙酸香叶酯Geranyl acetate	‘春雪’‘丛中笑’‘宏图’‘红霞争辉’ P. suffruticosa‘Chunxue’，P. suffruticosa ‘Congzhongxiao’，P. suffruticosa‘Hongtu’， P. suffruticosa‘Hongxia Zhenghui’	花香、玫瑰、薰衣草、绿色、蜡质 Floral，rose，lavender，green，waxy	孙强,2012
壬醛Nonanal	‘海黄’‘天香’‘春雪’‘凤丹白’ P. suffruticosa‘Highnoon’，P. suffruticosa‘Tianxiang’，P. suffruticosa‘Chunxue’，P. ostii‘Fengdanbai’	柑橘味，蜡质，清新的绿色的柠檬皮，黄瓜的油脂味 Citrus，waxy，fresh slightly green lemon peel like nuance，cucumber fattiness	孙强,2012；张玲,2019；Li et al.,2022
十五烷Pentadecane	‘凤丹’‘洛阳红’‘赵粉’‘海黄’ P. ostii‘Fengdan’，P. suffruticosa‘Luoyanghong’，P. suffruticosa‘Zhaofen’，P. suffruticosa‘Highnoon’	气味极其微弱或近乎无味 Weak or odorless	周海梅等,2008；张静等,2013；郭耀东等,2019；孙苗,2021；Li et al.,2022

化合物Compounds	品种Cultivar	气味特征Odour profile	参考文献 Reference
单萜类Monoterpenes
芳樟醇Linalool	‘海黄’‘格桑黄’‘黄水晶’、大花黄牡丹 P. suffruticosa‘Highnoon’，P. ludlowii‘Gesanghuang’，P. suffruticosa ‘Huangshuijing’，P. ludlowii	花香、甜香、柑橘香 Floral，sweet，citrus	孙苗,2021；丁星文等,2022；徐慧,2023
香茅醇Citronellol	‘银粉金鳞’‘冠群芳’‘香玉’‘肉芙蓉’‘初乌’ P. suffruticosa‘Yinfen Jinlin’，P. suffruticosa‘Guanqunfang’，P. suffruticosa ‘Xiangyu’， P. suffruticosa‘Roufurong’，P. suffruticosa‘Chuwu’	花香、玫瑰香、柑橘香 Flora，rose，citrus	周海梅等,2008；孙强,2012；李莹莹等,2015；张玲,2019；刘爽等,2019
橙花醇Nerol	‘赵粉’‘脂红’‘凤丹’P. suffruticosa‘Zhaofen’，P. suffruticosa‘Zhihong’，P. ostii‘Fengdan’	天然橙花气味、甜香、柑橘香、玉兰香Natural neroli，sweet，citrus，magnolia	刘爽等,2019；郭耀东等,2019
香叶醇Geraniol	‘千堆雪’‘墨润绝伦’‘粉中冠’‘赛雪塔’ P. suffruticosa‘Qianduixue’，P. suffruticosa‘Morun Juelun’，P. suffruticosa‘Fenzhongguan’，P. suffruticosa ‘Saixueta’	甜美的花香、水果香、玫瑰香、柑橘香 Sweet floral，fruity，rose，citrus	张红磊,2011；孙强,2012；张玲,2019；刘爽等,2019
罗勒烯Ocimene	‘格桑绿’‘鲁菏红’‘脂红’‘首案红’ P. ludlowii‘Gesanglv’，P. suffruticosa‘Luhehong’，P. suffruticosa‘Zhihong’，P. suffruticosa‘Shouanhong’	绿色、热带气息、木质香、花香、柑橘香 Green，tropical，woody，floral，citrus	张红磊,2011；张静等,2013；刘爽等,2019；丁星文等,2022
倍半萜类Sesquiterpenes
大根香叶烯D Germacrene D	‘姚黄’‘粉楼台’‘银红巧对’‘春雪’‘二乔’P. suffruticosa‘Yaohuang’，P. suffruticosa‘Fenloutai’，P. suffruticosa‘Yinhong Qiaodui’，P. suffruticosa‘Chunxue’，P. suffruticosa‘Erqiao’	木质味、辛辣味 Woody，spicy	周海梅等,2008；张红磊,2011；孙强,2012；王娟,2014；李莹莹等,2015
β-石竹烯β-Caryophyllene	‘蓝宝石’‘水晶白’‘紫二乔’ P. suffruticosa‘Lanbaoshi’，P. suffruticosa‘Shuijingbai’，P. suffruticosa‘Zierqiao’	丁香、木本、坚果、果皮、粉椒味道 Clove，woody，nut，skin，powdery peppery	李莹莹等,2015
α-法尼烯α-Farnesene	‘乌金耀辉’‘百园紫’‘海黄’‘大棕紫’ P. suffruticosa‘Wujin Yaohui’，P. suffruticosa ‘Baiyuanzi’，P. suffruticosa‘Highnoon’，P. suffruticosa‘Dazongzi’	清新绿色植物味、热带水果味 Fresh green vegetative，tropical fruity	周海梅等,2008；孙强,2012；李莹莹等,2015；Li et al.,2022
β-波旁烯β-Bourbonene	大花黄牡丹P. ludlowii	草本、木本味道Herbaceous，woody	徐慧,2023
苯丙素类/苯环类Benzenoids/phenylpropanoids
对二甲氧基苯1,4-Dimethoxybenzene	‘书生捧墨’‘银红巧对’‘首案红’‘藏枝红’ P. suffruticosa‘Shusheng Pengmo’，P. suffruticosa ‘Yinhong Qiaodui’，P. suffruticosa‘Shouanhong’，P. suffruticosa‘Cangzhihong’	新刈的干草、茴香、绿山楂 New mown hay，anisic，green hawthorn	张红磊,2011；张静等,2013；张玲,2019
1,3,5-三甲氧基苯1,3,5-Trimethoxybenzene	‘粉楼台’‘蓝宝石’‘脂红’‘葛巾紫’ P. suffruticosa‘Fenloutai’，P. suffruticosa‘Lanbaoshi’，P. suffruticosa‘Zhihong’，P. suffruticosa‘Gejinzi’	酚类、甜三叶草 Phenolic，sweet clover	张静等,2013；李莹莹等,2015；刘爽等,2019
苯乙醇Phenylethyl alcohol	‘天香’‘冠艳群芳’‘十八号’‘黄水晶’P. suffruticosa ‘Tianxiang’，P. suffruticosa‘Guanyan Qunfang’，P. suffruticosa‘Shibahao’，P. suffruticosa‘Huangshuijing’	花香、玫瑰、蜂蜜、甜、新鲜 Floral，rose，honey，sweet，fresh	张红磊,2011；张玲,2019；孙苗,2021
乙酸苯乙酯 Acetic acid, 2-phenylethyl ester	‘一品红’‘冠群芳’‘墨楼争辉’‘花二乔’P. suffruticosa‘Yipinhong’，P. suffruticosa ‘Guanqunfang’，P. suffruticosa‘Molou Zhenghui’，P. suffruticosa‘Huaerqiao’	甜、蜂蜜、花香、玫瑰 Sweet，honey，floral，rose	李莹莹等,2015
甲基丁香酚Methyleugenol	‘粉面桃腮’‘春雪’‘赛雪塔’‘雪莲’P. suffruticosa ‘Fenmian Taosai’，P. suffruticosa‘Chunxue’， P. suffruticosa‘Saixueta’，P. suffruticosa‘Xuelian’	辛辣、肉桂、丁香、霉味、蔬菜、蜡质、胡椒Spicy，cinnamon，clove，musty，vegetable，waxy，peppery	孙强,2012；张玲,2019
脂肪酸衍生物Fatty acid derivatives
己酸乙酯Acetic acid, hexyl ester	‘京飞红’‘醉桃’‘雪海冰心’‘首案红’ P. suffruticosa‘Jingfeihong’，P. suffruticosa‘Zuitao’，P. suffruticosa‘Xuehai Bingxin’，P. suffruticosa‘Shouanhong’	苹果、香蕉、草、香草、梨 Apple，banana，grass，herb，pear	张静等,2013；张玲,2019
乙酸香茅酯Citronellyl acetate	‘香玉’‘粉面桃腮’‘白鹤展翅’‘雪海冰心’P. suffruticosa‘Xiangyu’，P. suffruticosa‘Fenmian Taosai’，P. suffruticosa‘Baihe Zhanchi’， P. suffruticosa‘Xuehai Bingxin’	花香、芳香、玫瑰 Floral，fragant，rose	张玲,2019
乙酸香叶酯Geranyl acetate	‘春雪’‘丛中笑’‘宏图’‘红霞争辉’ P. suffruticosa‘Chunxue’，P. suffruticosa ‘Congzhongxiao’，P. suffruticosa‘Hongtu’， P. suffruticosa‘Hongxia Zhenghui’	花香、玫瑰、薰衣草、绿色、蜡质 Floral，rose，lavender，green，waxy	孙强,2012
壬醛Nonanal	‘海黄’‘天香’‘春雪’‘凤丹白’ P. suffruticosa‘Highnoon’，P. suffruticosa‘Tianxiang’，P. suffruticosa‘Chunxue’，P. ostii‘Fengdanbai’	柑橘味，蜡质，清新的绿色的柠檬皮，黄瓜的油脂味 Citrus，waxy，fresh slightly green lemon peel like nuance，cucumber fattiness	孙强,2012；张玲,2019；Li et al.,2022
十五烷Pentadecane	‘凤丹’‘洛阳红’‘赵粉’‘海黄’ P. ostii‘Fengdan’，P. suffruticosa‘Luoyanghong’，P. suffruticosa‘Zhaofen’，P. suffruticosa‘Highnoon’	气味极其微弱或近乎无味 Weak or odorless	周海梅等,2008；张静等,2013；郭耀东等,2019；孙苗,2021；Li et al.,2022

化合物 Compounds	牡丹产品 Tree peony product	功效 Efficacy	参考文献 Reference
芳樟醇 Linalool	鲜花精油、干花精油、干花芳香水 Fresh flower essential oil，dried flower essential oil，dried flower hydrosol	花香气味，具有镇静、抗菌、抗炎、抗肿瘤等作用 It is characterized by a floral aroma as well as sedative，antibacterial，anti-inflammatory，and anti-tumor properties	郑红富等,2019
氧化芳樟醇（呋喃型）Linalool oxide （furanoid）	干花精油、干花芳香水Dried flower essential oil，dried flower hydrosol	具有强烈的木香、花香和甜香的气息，是一种多香韵的香料，是目前食物、日化香精香料的主要来源 It possesses intense woody，floral，and sweet nuances，serving as a versatile fragrance material and a primary source for flavor and fragrance compounds in both food and personal care products	谷运璀等,2013；Lei et al.,2016
松油醇 Terpineol	鲜花精油 Fresh flower essential oil	具有多种抑菌活性，也是重要的香料成分，广泛用于日化和食用香精It demonstrates various antimicrobial activities and is also valued as an important fragrance ingredient，widely used in both flavoring and fragrance formulations	欧阳秋丽等,2014
橙花醇 Nerol	鲜花精油 Fresh flower essential oil	具有玫瑰和橙花香气，是一种能抑制微生物的香料成分，可用于消毒剂和护肤品 With rose and orange blossom notes，this ingredient serves as a fragrance with microbial growth-inhibiting properties，making it suitable for use in disinfectants and skincare products	谢宇婷等,2020
1,3,5-三甲氧基苯 1,3,5-Trimethoxybenzene	鲜花精油、干花精油、干花芳香水 Fresh flower essential oil，dried flower essential oil，dried flower hydrosol	是现代茶香月季的主要成分，也是合成药物、香料和其他化学品的前体，具有药用价值 It is the definitive component that imparts the characteristic tea scent to modern roses and also serves as a key precursor in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals，fragrances，and other fine chemicals，with additional medicinal value	李莹莹， 2013；晏慧君等,2017

Advances in Floral Aroma Biosynthesis and Regulation in Tree Peony

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