富营养强风味轻简化宜机化苹果育种研究进展

doi:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2025-0042

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

概述中国苹果20世纪80年代品种结构以引进品种为主的过去，解读了以优质晚熟耐贮红富士苹果芽变品种为主（70%）的现在及其7个成因；针对目前单一和同质化苹果品种结构和生产成本升高等影响农民持续增收的问题，面对优质苹果周年供应和营养健康及规模化现代栽培模式发展的需求，提出未来中国苹果品种结构调整方向，培育具有多样化、差异化、个性化特征的富营养、强风味、轻简化、宜机化苹果新品种。在简要介绍有性杂交育种、嫁接杂交育种和芽变选种及其性状遗传变异和形成机理的基础上，重点阐述了富营养、强风味、轻简化、宜机化苹果相关性状的形成与调控机理，介绍了相关育种技术创新及新品种培育研究进展，为苹果产品营养化和产业轻简化，助力健康中国和乡村振兴提供了品种支撑。

关键词: 苹果, 品种结构, 富营养, 强风味, 轻简化, 宜机化, 育种

Abstract:

This review provides an overview of the past，when China’s apple variety structure in the 1980s was primarily dominated by introduced varieties，and analyzes the present，where high-quality，late-maturing，and storage-resistant bud sport varieties of‘Red Fuji’apples account for 70%，along with seven contributing factors. To address the challenges posed by a homogeneous apple variety structure and rising production costs，which impact farmers’ sustainable income growth，and to meet the demand for a year-round supply of high-quality apples，improved nutritional value，and the development of modern large-scale cultivation models，this study proposes future directions for adjusting China’s apple variety structure. It emphasizes the cultivation of new apple varieties with diverse，distinctive，and personalized characteristics，featuring enhanced nutrition，rich flavor，simplified management，and suitability for mechanizedproduction. Building on a brief introduction to sexual hybrid breeding，graft hybrid breeding，and bud mutation selection，as well as the genetic variation and formation mechanisms of their traits，this review focuses on elucidating the formation and regulatory mechanisms of key apple traits，including enhanced nutrition，rich flavor，simplified management，and suitability for mechanized production. It also highlights innovations in breeding technologies and advancements in new variety development，providing varietal support for enhancing the nutritional value of apple products and streamlining the industry，thereby contributing to the healthy china initiative and rural revitalization.

Key words: apple, variety structure, nutrient-rich, strong-flavor, simplified management, mechanization-adapted, breeding

陈学森, 王楠, 张宗营, 张淑辉, 刘文军, 邹琦, 于蕾, 张静, 姜远茂, 胡大刚, 李媛媛, 毛志泉. 富营养强风味轻简化宜机化苹果育种研究进展[J]. 园艺学报, 2025, 52(6): 1661-1676.

CHEN Xuesen, WANG Nan, ZHANG Zongying, ZHANG Shuhui, LIU Wenjun, ZOU Qi, YU Lei, ZHANG Jing, JIANG Yuanmao, HU Dagang, LI Yuanyuan, and MAO Zhiquan. Research Progress on Breeding Nutrient-Rich，Strong Flavored，Simplified Management，and Mechanization-adapted Apple Varieties[J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2025, 52(6): 1661-1676.

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育种方向 Breeding direction	消费者与栽培者的需求 The needs of consumers and cultivators	育种目标 Breeding objectives
富营养 Nutrient-rich	“吃营养、吃健康”已成为人们共识 Eating nutritious and healthy food has become a consensus among people	果肉花青苷和Vc含量高 High content of anthocyanins and Vc in fruit pulp
强风味 Strong flavor	重点加强香味，适当增加酸味 Emphasis should be placed on enhancing the aroma and appropriately increasing the acidity	香味浓郁、酸甜适口 Rich aroma，sweet and sour taste
轻简化 Simplified	亟需降低套袋和解袋等生产成本 Urgent need to reduce production costs such as bagging and unpacking	易着色免套袋、抗病耐贮 Easy to color without bag，resistant to disease and storage
宜机化 Suitable for echanization	一家一户向规模化现代栽培模式转型 Transforming from a single household to a large-scale modern cultivation model	易成花、早果丰产宜机好管 Easy to bloom，early fruiting，high yield，suitable for machinery and good management

育种方向 Breeding direction	消费者与栽培者的需求 The needs of consumers and cultivators	育种目标 Breeding objectives
富营养 Nutrient-rich	“吃营养、吃健康”已成为人们共识 Eating nutritious and healthy food has become a consensus among people	果肉花青苷和Vc含量高 High content of anthocyanins and Vc in fruit pulp
强风味 Strong flavor	重点加强香味，适当增加酸味 Emphasis should be placed on enhancing the aroma and appropriately increasing the acidity	香味浓郁、酸甜适口 Rich aroma，sweet and sour taste
轻简化 Simplified	亟需降低套袋和解袋等生产成本 Urgent need to reduce production costs such as bagging and unpacking	易着色免套袋、抗病耐贮 Easy to color without bag，resistant to disease and storage
宜机化 Suitable for echanization	一家一户向规模化现代栽培模式转型 Transforming from a single household to a large-scale modern cultivation model	易成花、早果丰产宜机好管 Easy to bloom，early fruiting，high yield，suitable for machinery and good management

杂交世代数 Hybrid algebra	杂交组合 Cross combination	目标性状 Target character	育种成果 Breeding result
1	新疆红肉苹果 × 红富士 Xinjiang red-fleshed apples × Fuji	富营养，酸味，香味，脆肉，耐贮，易着色，易成花 Rich in nutrients，sour taste，fragrant，crispy meat，resistant to storage，easy to color，easy to bloom	创制出苹果优异新种质CSR6R6 Created excellent new germplasm CSR6R6 for apples
2	CSR6R6 × 嘎啦 CSR6R6 × Gala	香味，易成花 Fragrance，easy to bloom	‘幸红’‘福红’‘美红’‘满红’4个红肉苹果新品种 Four red - fleshed apple varieties，Xinghong，fuhong，meihong，and manhong，were bred
3	美红 × 鲁丽 MeiHong × LuLi	早熟，抗病 Early maturity，disease resistance	早熟抗病红肉苹果新品系2个 Two new early - maturing，disease - resistant red - fleshed apple lines were bred
4	红肉新品系 ×‘龙富’等主栽和主推品种 New red-fleshed apple lines × LongFu and other main planting and main pushing varieties	多性状集成与平衡 Multi trait integration and balance	富营养、强风味、轻简化、宜机化红肉苹果新品种（系）7个 Seven new red - fleshed apple varieties （lines) featuring rich nutrition，strong flavor，easy cultivation and machine - friendliness have been bred

杂交世代数 Hybrid algebra	杂交组合 Cross combination	目标性状 Target character	育种成果 Breeding result
1	新疆红肉苹果 × 红富士 Xinjiang red-fleshed apples × Fuji	富营养，酸味，香味，脆肉，耐贮，易着色，易成花 Rich in nutrients，sour taste，fragrant，crispy meat，resistant to storage，easy to color，easy to bloom	创制出苹果优异新种质CSR6R6 Created excellent new germplasm CSR6R6 for apples
2	CSR6R6 × 嘎啦 CSR6R6 × Gala	香味，易成花 Fragrance，easy to bloom	‘幸红’‘福红’‘美红’‘满红’4个红肉苹果新品种 Four red - fleshed apple varieties，Xinghong，fuhong，meihong，and manhong，were bred
3	美红 × 鲁丽 MeiHong × LuLi	早熟，抗病 Early maturity，disease resistance	早熟抗病红肉苹果新品系2个 Two new early - maturing，disease - resistant red - fleshed apple lines were bred
4	红肉新品系 ×‘龙富’等主栽和主推品种 New red-fleshed apple lines × LongFu and other main planting and main pushing varieties	多性状集成与平衡 Multi trait integration and balance	富营养、强风味、轻简化、宜机化红肉苹果新品种（系）7个 Seven new red - fleshed apple varieties （lines) featuring rich nutrition，strong flavor，easy cultivation and machine - friendliness have been bred