中国大白菜育种70年回顾与展望

doi:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2025-0048

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

系统总结和介绍了中国大白菜育种70 年取得的重要成就和研究进展，重点阐述了中国大白菜育种的4个主要历程、资源创新与利用、育种技术的创新与突破、新品种的创新与推广。同时，分析了育种和种业发展中存在的问题，如优异种质的挖掘利用及精准评价不够系统和深入、高效的生物育种技术尚未得到规模化应用、品种同质化严重、部分茬口类型品种对国外依存度较高、种企研发创新能力需进一步加强和提升、制种基地布局虽初步形成、生产种子质量稳步提升但种子加工和处理技术仍有待进一步提高等。最后，提出了未来大白菜种业在高效育种技术、育种目标以及种子生产与质量提升等方面的发展方向。

关键词: 大白菜, 育种, 成就, 存在问题, 发展趋势

Abstract:

This paper systematically summarizes and presents the significant achievements and research advancements in Chinese cabbage breeding over the past 70 years. It focuses on four major phases of Chinese cabbage breeding in China，the innovation and utilization of Chinese cabbage germplasm resources，innovations and breakthroughs in breeding technologies，and the innovation and promotion of Chinese cabbage varieties. Additionally，the paper analyzes several existing challenges in the development of Chinese cabbage breeding and the seed industry in China. These challenges include the lack of large-scale application of efficient biobreeding technologies，insufficient systematic and in-depth exploration and evaluation of superior germplasm resources，severe homogeneity of varieties，substantial gaps between certain cropping types and foreign varieties，the need for further enhancement of research and development capabilities in seed enterprises，the preliminary formation of vegetable seed production base layout，steady improvement in seed quality，and the necessity for further enhancements in seed processing and treatment technologies. The paper proposes future directions for the Chinese cabbage seed industry，focusing on efficient breeding technologies，breeding objectives，seed production，and the improvement of seed quality.

Key words: Chinese cabbage, breeding, achievement, problem, development trend

张凤兰, 苏同兵, 张斌, 于拴仓, 余阳俊, 张德双, 赵岫云, 汪维红, 李佩荣, 辛晓云. 中国大白菜育种70年回顾与展望[J]. 园艺学报, 2025, 52(5): 1111-1135.

ZHANG Fenglan, SU Tongbing, ZHANG Bin, YU Shuancang, YU Yangjun, ZHANG Deshuang, ZHAO Xiuyun, WANG Weihong, LI Peirong, XIN Xiaoyun. Review and Prospects of Chinese Cabbage Breeding for the Past 70 Years in China[J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2025, 52(5): 1111-1135.

图/表 7

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年代 Age	发展阶段 Development stage	代表性工作和成果 Representative work and results
20世纪50年代中期至70年代Mid-50s to 70s of the 20th century	地方品种的搜集整理和提纯复壮阶段 Collection，sorting and purification and rejuvenation of landraces	搜集、保存、选优复壮了一大批优良的地方品种，如‘福山包头’‘城阳青’等并生产应用 A large number of excellent local varieties have been collected，preserved，and rejuvenated，such as‘Fushan Baotou’‘Chengyangqing’and others for production and application
70年代末到80年代中期 Late 70s to mid-80s	杂种优势利用的兴起阶段 The rise of heterosis utilization	1971年育成第一个大白菜杂交品种‘青杂早丰’，自交不亲和系和雄性不育系成功应用于大白菜杂交种的选育和种子生产 In 1971，the first Chinese cabbage hybrid variety‘Qingza Zaofeng’was bred，and the inbred incompatibility line and male sterile line were successfully applied to the breeding and seed production of Chinese cabbage hybrids
80年代中期至90年代末 Mid-80s to late 90s	突出抗病性的杂交品种选育阶段 The breeding stage of hybrid cultivars with outstanding disease resistance	1983年组织成立了全国“白菜抗病新品种选育协作攻关组”，育种目标从选育单抗品种到双抗、多抗品种 In 1983，the national“Cooperative Research Group for the Breeding of New Varieties of Chinese Cabbage Disease Resistance”was established，and the breeding goals ranged from the selection of single-resistant to double resistant and to multi-resistant cultivars to different diseases
21世纪以来 Since the 21 century	突出常规育种技术与生物技术育种相结合的发展阶段 Highlight the development stage of combining conventional breeding technology and biotechnology breeding	DH育种技术和分子标记辅助育种技术逐步在育种中得到利用 DH breeding technology and molecular marker-assisted breeding technology have been gradually utilized in breeding

年代 Age	发展阶段 Development stage	代表性工作和成果 Representative work and results
20世纪50年代中期至70年代Mid-50s to 70s of the 20th century	地方品种的搜集整理和提纯复壮阶段 Collection，sorting and purification and rejuvenation of landraces	搜集、保存、选优复壮了一大批优良的地方品种，如‘福山包头’‘城阳青’等并生产应用 A large number of excellent local varieties have been collected，preserved，and rejuvenated，such as‘Fushan Baotou’‘Chengyangqing’and others for production and application
70年代末到80年代中期 Late 70s to mid-80s	杂种优势利用的兴起阶段 The rise of heterosis utilization	1971年育成第一个大白菜杂交品种‘青杂早丰’，自交不亲和系和雄性不育系成功应用于大白菜杂交种的选育和种子生产 In 1971，the first Chinese cabbage hybrid variety‘Qingza Zaofeng’was bred，and the inbred incompatibility line and male sterile line were successfully applied to the breeding and seed production of Chinese cabbage hybrids
80年代中期至90年代末 Mid-80s to late 90s	突出抗病性的杂交品种选育阶段 The breeding stage of hybrid cultivars with outstanding disease resistance	1983年组织成立了全国“白菜抗病新品种选育协作攻关组”，育种目标从选育单抗品种到双抗、多抗品种 In 1983，the national“Cooperative Research Group for the Breeding of New Varieties of Chinese Cabbage Disease Resistance”was established，and the breeding goals ranged from the selection of single-resistant to double resistant and to multi-resistant cultivars to different diseases
21世纪以来 Since the 21 century	突出常规育种技术与生物技术育种相结合的发展阶段 Highlight the development stage of combining conventional breeding technology and biotechnology breeding	DH育种技术和分子标记辅助育种技术逐步在育种中得到利用 DH breeding technology and molecular marker-assisted breeding technology have been gradually utilized in breeding

性状类型 Trait type	性状 Trait	基因/QTL名称 Gene/QTL	染色体或连锁群位置 Chromosome or linkage group location	参考文献 Reference
抗病性 Disease resistance	病毒病Viral diseases	retr02	A04	Qian et al.,2013
		eIF(iso)4E.c	A04	Liu et al.,2024
		TuRBCS01	A04	Li et al.,2015
		TuMV	A07、A08	李国亮等,2019
	霜霉病Downy mildew	BrRLP48	A04	Zhang et al.,2018a
	霜霉病Downy mildew	BrWAK1	A08	Zhang et al.,2023
	根肿病Clubroot disease	Rcr1	A03	Yu et al.,2016a
		CRa	A03	孙朝辉等,2016
		CRb	A03	Zhang et al.,2014
		CRd	A03	Pang et al.,2018
		Crr5	A08	Yang et al.,2024
	软腐病Soft rot	QE2	LG2	徐莹莹等,2010
	干烧心Tipburn	BrCRT2	A06	Su et al.,2019
	黄萎病Verticillium wilt	BrMYB108	A05	Su et al.,2023
抗逆性 Stress resistance	耐抽薹Premature bolting	BrFLC1	A10	Yuan et al.,2009
		BrFLC2	A02	Wu et al.,2012
		BrFLC5	A03	Xi et al.,2018
		BrVIN3.1	A02	Su et al.,2018b
		BrSDG8	A07	Fu et al.,2020
		BrJMJ18	A09	Xin et al.,2024
	耐热Heat tolerance	BrHSF16	A03	Zhang et al.,2021
	耐旱Drought tolerance	BpNFYA5	A08	黄人卉等,2012
	耐旱Drought tolerance	BrHIS4.A04	A04	Xin et al.,2021
品质 Quality	橘红心Orange inner leaf	Br-or	A09	Zhang et al.,2014
	橘红心Orange inner leaf	BrCRTISO	A09	Su et al.,2015
	紫色Purple leaf	BrMYB2	A07	He et al.,2020
		BrPur	A03	Wang et al.,2014
		Note	A02	Zhang et al.,2016
球型 Head shape	结球Leafy head formation	BraA07g042410.3C	A07	Gao et al.,2020
球型 Head shape	结球Leafy head formation	BrOPS	A03	Zhang et al.,2022
其他 Others	雄性不育Male sterility	BrRfp1	A09	Zhang et al.,2017
		ftms	A05	Tan et al.,2019
		BrSKS13	A03	Ji et al.,2019
	自交不亲和Self-incompatibility	SRK	A09	Zhang et al.,2021

性状类型 Trait type	性状 Trait	基因/QTL名称 Gene/QTL	染色体或连锁群位置 Chromosome or linkage group location	参考文献 Reference
抗病性 Disease resistance	病毒病Viral diseases	retr02	A04	Qian et al.,2013
		eIF(iso)4E.c	A04	Liu et al.,2024
		TuRBCS01	A04	Li et al.,2015
		TuMV	A07、A08	李国亮等,2019
	霜霉病Downy mildew	BrRLP48	A04	Zhang et al.,2018a
	霜霉病Downy mildew	BrWAK1	A08	Zhang et al.,2023
	根肿病Clubroot disease	Rcr1	A03	Yu et al.,2016a
		CRa	A03	孙朝辉等,2016
		CRb	A03	Zhang et al.,2014
		CRd	A03	Pang et al.,2018
		Crr5	A08	Yang et al.,2024
	软腐病Soft rot	QE2	LG2	徐莹莹等,2010
	干烧心Tipburn	BrCRT2	A06	Su et al.,2019
	黄萎病Verticillium wilt	BrMYB108	A05	Su et al.,2023
抗逆性 Stress resistance	耐抽薹Premature bolting	BrFLC1	A10	Yuan et al.,2009
		BrFLC2	A02	Wu et al.,2012
		BrFLC5	A03	Xi et al.,2018
		BrVIN3.1	A02	Su et al.,2018b
		BrSDG8	A07	Fu et al.,2020
		BrJMJ18	A09	Xin et al.,2024
	耐热Heat tolerance	BrHSF16	A03	Zhang et al.,2021
	耐旱Drought tolerance	BpNFYA5	A08	黄人卉等,2012
	耐旱Drought tolerance	BrHIS4.A04	A04	Xin et al.,2021
品质 Quality	橘红心Orange inner leaf	Br-or	A09	Zhang et al.,2014
	橘红心Orange inner leaf	BrCRTISO	A09	Su et al.,2015
	紫色Purple leaf	BrMYB2	A07	He et al.,2020
		BrPur	A03	Wang et al.,2014
		Note	A02	Zhang et al.,2016
球型 Head shape	结球Leafy head formation	BraA07g042410.3C	A07	Gao et al.,2020
球型 Head shape	结球Leafy head formation	BrOPS	A03	Zhang et al.,2022
其他 Others	雄性不育Male sterility	BrRfp1	A09	Zhang et al.,2017
		ftms	A05	Tan et al.,2019
		BrSKS13	A03	Ji et al.,2019
	自交不亲和Self-incompatibility	SRK	A09	Zhang et al.,2021

性状类型 Trait type	性状 Character	标记名称 Marker name	标记类型 Marker type	染色体或连锁群位置 Chromosome or linkage group location	参考文献 Reference
抗病性 Disease resistance	病毒病 Viral diseases	BrID10694	Indel	A04	Qian et al.,2013
		BrID101309	Indel	A04	Qian et al.,2013
		KASP_retr02	KASP	A04	Li et al.,2016
		BrID10723	Indel	A04	李巧云等,2017
	霜霉病 Downy mildew	K14-1030	RAPD	A8	李慧等,2011
		bru1209	SSR
		Brh019-SNP137	SNP
		Brb062-Indel230	Indel
		A08-709	SNP	A08	Yu et al.,2016b
		A08-028
		A08-018
	根肿病 Clubroot	TCR79	Indel	A03	Zhang et al.,2014
		TCR108	Indel	A03	Zhang et al.,2014
		yau376	SSR	A03	Pang et al.,2018
		yau389	SSR	A03	Pang et al.,2018
		SC2930	SCAR	A03	孙朝辉等,2016
		SNP_A03	SNP	A03	Yu et al.,2016a
		Crr5-funK3	KASP	A08	Yang et al.,2024
	软腐病 Soft rot	M02E1407	SRAP	LG2	徐莹莹等,2010
	软腐病 Soft rot	M02E1409	SRAP	LG2	徐莹莹等,2010
	干烧心 Tipburn	D51	Indel	A06	Su et al.,2019
	干烧心 Tipburn	BrIDCRT07	Indel	A07	张红等,2021
	黄萎病 Verticillium wilt	SNP827	SNP	A05	Su et al.,2023
	黄萎病 Verticillium wilt	SNP157	SNP	A05	Su et al.,2023
抗逆性 Stress resistance	耐抽薹 Premature bolting	FLC1-MvaI	CAPS	A10	Yuan et al.,2009
		BrFLC2Indel	Indel	A02	Wu et al.,2012
		FLC5KASP	KASP	A03	Xi et al.,2018
		A02-5，792，926	SNP	A02	Su et al.,2018b
		InDel45	Indel	A07	Fu et al.,2020
	耐热性 Heat tolerance	ME13EM2	SRAP	/	李停停,2011
品质 Quality	叶色Leaf color	Bra031539-h2	Indel	A09	Su et al.,2015
		SSR14-36	SSR	A07	He et al.,2020
		BVRCPI613	Indel	A03	Wang et al.,2014
		BrID101125	Indel	A02	Zhang et al.,2016
其他 Others	包球 Leafy head formation	SNP28395204	SNP	A07	Gao et al.,2020
	雄性不育 Male Sterility 自交不亲和 Self-incompatibility	InDel20	Indel	A05	Tan et al.,2019
		InDel14	Indel	A05	Tan et al.,2019
		BrA1-2	SSR	A1	贾永鹏等,2016
		BrA1-3
		BrA1-14