减施化肥配施有机肥对马铃薯产量及养分利用的影响

doi:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2023-1022

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

于2020和2021年，以早熟马铃薯‘早大白’为材料，采用随机区组试验设计，设置不施肥对照（CK）、高量化肥（T1）、与高量化肥总养分一致的中量化肥 + 有机肥（T2）、中等化肥（当地农户常规施肥，T3）、与中量化肥总养分一致的低量化肥 + 有机肥（T4）、低化肥（T5）和与低量化肥总养分一致的单施有机肥（T6）共7个处理，对产量、品质以及氮磷钾素利用效率等进行研究。结果表明，减施化肥配施有机肥处理能显著提高马铃薯块茎的氮磷钾养分利用效率、土壤有机质含量以及肥料的产量贡献率，其中T2处理表现最佳。化肥用量递减会降低商品薯率与单株结薯数，影响马铃薯产量，而有机肥替代配施中量化肥能够减缓化肥递减对产量造成的负面影响，提高商品薯率和单株结薯数，并提高块茎产量，T2产量最高，为18 810.35 kg · hm^-2。总体上化肥递减干物质、淀粉、维生素C和可溶性蛋白含量也会递减，而有机肥的替代配施能改善品质下降，化肥配施有机肥的处理相比单施化肥处理更能增加块茎的干物质、淀粉、维生素C和可溶性蛋白含量，T2的品质最优。综上，施用有机肥促进了养分利用从而提高马铃薯产量和品质，同等生态条件下，每公顷施用750 kg复合肥配施3 375 kg商品有机肥是更有助于实现高产量、高品质、高肥料利用率的施肥方式。

关键词: 马铃薯, 化肥施用量, 有机肥替代, 产量, 品质, 养分利用

Abstract:

In 2020 and 2021，a randomized block trial design was adopted，in which no fertilization control（CK），high-volume chemical fertilizer（T1），medium-volume chemical fertilizer + organic fertilizer（T2），medium-volume chemical fertilizer（conventional fertilization by local farmers，T3），low-volume chemical fertilizer + organic fertilizer（T4），low-volume chemical fertilizer（T5）and low-volume chemical fertilizer（T5）were adopted. Studied the changes and differences in potato yield，quality and nitrogen，phosphorus and potassium utilization efficiency. The results showed that the treatment of reducing chemical fertilizer combined with organic fertilizer could significantly improved the utilization efficiency of nitrogen，phosphorus and potassium nutrients in potato tubers，and significantly improved the soil organic matter content and the yield contribution rate of fertilizers，among which T2 treatment was the best. Declining chemical fertilizer will reduce the rate of commercial potato and the number of tubers per plant，which will affect the potato yield. However，organic fertilizer instead of moderate chemical fertilizer can alleviate the negative impact of declining chemical fertilizer on the yield，increase the rate of commercial potato and the number of tubers per plant，and increase the tuber yield. The highest yield of T2 was 18 810.35 kg · hm^-2. At the same time，the content of dry matter，starch，vitamin C and starch will also decrease with the decrease of chemical fertilizer，and the replacement of organic fertilizer can improve the quality decline. The treatment of chemical fertilizer combined with organic fertilizer can increase the content of dry matter，starch，vitamin C and soluble proteins of tuber more than that of single chemical fertilizer treatment，and the quality of T2 was the best. To sum up，the application of organic fertilizer can promote the utilization of nutrients，improve the yield and quality of potatoes.To sum up，the application of organic fertilizer promotes the utilization of nutrients，thus improving the yield and quality of potatoes. Under the same ecological conditions，the application of 750 kg compound fertilizer combined with 3 375 kg commercial organic fertilizer per hectare is more conducive to achieving high yield，high quality and high fertilizer utilization rate.

Key words: potato, fertilizer application rate, organic fertilizer substitution, yield, quality, nutrient utilization

林茜, 邓振鹏, 阳新月, 周克友, 易小平, 王季春. 减施化肥配施有机肥对马铃薯产量及养分利用的影响[J]. 园艺学报, 2025, 52(4): 1007-1019.

LIN Xi, DENG Zhenpeng, YANG Xinyue, ZHOU Keyou, YI Xiaoping, WANG Jichun. Effects of Reducing Chemical Fertilizer Combined with Organic Fertilizer on Potato Yield and Nutrient Utilization[J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2025, 52(4): 1007-1019.

图/表 10

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年份 Year	mg · kg^-1			g · kg^-1				pH
年份 Year	碱解氮Alkaline nitrogen	速效钾Available Potassium	速效磷Available phosphorus	有机质Organic matter	全氮Total nitrogen	全磷Total phosphorus	全钾Total potassium	pH
2020	64.79	40.25	32.88	12.18	0.33	0.50	12.37	7.20
2021	60.20	44.04	30.01	12.02	0.41	0.36	11.00	6.99

年份 Year	mg · kg^-1			g · kg^-1				pH
年份 Year	碱解氮Alkaline nitrogen	速效钾Available Potassium	速效磷Available phosphorus	有机质Organic matter	全氮Total nitrogen	全磷Total phosphorus	全钾Total potassium	pH
2020	64.79	40.25	32.88	12.18	0.33	0.50	12.37	7.20
2021	60.20	44.04	30.01	12.02	0.41	0.36	11.00	6.99

处理 Treatment	复合化肥 Compound fertilizer	有机肥 Organic fertilizer	有效氮磷钾总养分 Available nitrogen，phosphorus and potassium nutrients
不施肥对照No fertilization control（CK）	0	0	0
高量化肥High chemical fertilizer（T1）	1 125	0	506.25
中量化肥 + 有机肥Medium chemical + organic fertilizer（T2）	750	3 375	506.25
中量化肥Medium chemical fertilizer（T3）	750	0	337.50
低量化肥 + 有机肥Low chemical + organic fertilizer（T4）	375	3 375	337.50
低量化肥Low chemical fertilizer（T5）	375	0	168.75
单施有机肥Organic fertilizer（T6）	0	3 375	168.75

处理 Treatment	复合化肥 Compound fertilizer	有机肥 Organic fertilizer	有效氮磷钾总养分 Available nitrogen，phosphorus and potassium nutrients
不施肥对照No fertilization control（CK）	0	0	0
高量化肥High chemical fertilizer（T1）	1 125	0	506.25
中量化肥 + 有机肥Medium chemical + organic fertilizer（T2）	750	3 375	506.25
中量化肥Medium chemical fertilizer（T3）	750	0	337.50
低量化肥 + 有机肥Low chemical + organic fertilizer（T4）	375	3 375	337.50
低量化肥Low chemical fertilizer（T5）	375	0	168.75
单施有机肥Organic fertilizer（T6）	0	3 375	168.75

处理 Treatment		年份 Year	产量/（kg ^. hm^-2） Total yield	商品薯率/% Commodity rate	单株结薯数 Tuber number per plant	单薯质量/g Single potato weight
不施肥对照 No fertilization control（CK）		2020	12 814.29 ± 642.86 e	67.58 ± 1.31 c	4.01 ± 0.03 d	53.19 ± 2.29 e
不施肥对照 No fertilization control（CK）		2021	6 370.00 ± 517.95 d	59.00 ± 2.73 e	3.40 ± 0.15 e	31.34 ± 3.93 e
高量化肥 High chemical fertilizer（T1）		2020	20 528.57 ± 42.86 bc	76.58 ± 0.38 b	5.14 ± 0.04 a	66.53 ± 0.69 d
高量化肥 High chemical fertilizer（T1）		2021	11 235.00 ± 301.12 b	78.86 ± 2.68 c	4.52 ± 0.08 b	41.47 ± 1.67 c
中量化肥 + 有机肥 Medium chemical + organic fertilizer（T2）		2020	23 485.71 ± 214.29 a	81.23 ± 0.77 a	5.19 ± 0.07 a	75.49 ± 0.35 b
中量化肥 + 有机肥 Medium chemical + organic fertilizer（T2）		2021	16 135.00 ± 1 199.47a	89.75 ± 3.77 a	5.30 ± 0.09 a	50.71 ± 2.92 a
中量化肥 Medium chemical fertilizer（T3）		2020	21 642.86 ± 385.71 b	69.62 ± 0.70 c	4.49 ± 0.09 b	80.42 ± 0.10 a
中量化肥 Medium chemical fertilizer（T3）		2021	11 575.00 ± 338.19 b	64.73 ± 3.52 d	4.30 ± 0.10 c	44.87 ± 1.25 bc
低量化肥 + 有机肥 Low chemical + organic fertilizer（T4）		2020	21 685.71 ± 257.14 b	79.78 ± 1.60 a	5.11 ± 0.03 a	70.67 ± 0.44 c
低量化肥 + 有机肥 Low chemical + organic fertilizer（T4）		2021	12 100.00 ± 153.95 b	84.54 ± 1.16 b	4.33 ± 0.10 c	46.56 ± 1.65 ab
低量化肥 Low chemical fertilizer（T5）		2020	19 414.29 ± 557.14 d	70.10 ± 0.15 c	4.44 ± 0.07 b	72.82 ± 0.92 bc
低量化肥 Low chemical fertilizer（T5）		2021	8 390.00 ± 279.15 c	66.48 ± 0.32 d	3.88 ± 0.03 d	36.02 ± 1.45 d
单施有机肥 Organic fertilizer（T6）		2020	18 685.71 ± 1200.00d	76.30 ± 3.35 b	4.30 ± 0.09 c	72.38 ± 3.21 c
单施有机肥 Organic fertilizer（T6）		2021	7 635.00 ± 286.18 c	66.37 ± 2.00 d	3.80 ± 0.09 d	33.50 ± 1.40 de
方差分析 ANOVA	年度Year（Y）		2 787.28^**	6.21^*	319.30^**	2 458.88^**
	处理Treat（T）		197.59^**	91.06^**	246.66^**	81.26^**
	Y × T		14.44^**	16.06^**	21.38^**	20.59^**