中国苹果研究与产业：现状、问题及发展趋势

doi:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2026-0325

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

苹果是中国重要的温带落叶果树，产业规模稳居全球首位。我国已成为全球苹果研究核心力量。本文中系统梳理我国在苹果种质资源、品种选育、苗木繁育、生长发育与品质形成、抗逆性、病虫害防控、采后保鲜与加工、栽培技术及果园效益等领域的研究进展及在生产规模、区域布局、栽培制度、提质增效、机械化轻简化、品牌流通、病虫害防控、采后加工及防灾减灾等方面的产业发展现状，剖析当前研究及产业存在的主要问题，并结合产业发展需求与技术革新趋势，对今后我国苹果研究的发展方向和产业的发展趋势进行综述和展望，为我国苹果研究创新发展与产业高质量可持续发展提供理论和技术参考。

关键词: 苹果, 研究进展, 产业现状, 问题剖析, 发展趋势, 提质增效

Abstract:

Being a kind of important cash crop，apple industry in China has stably grown as the biggest country in the world，while China also has become a state-art country in apple research worldwide. On basis of stating on both research progresses of germplasm resources，cultivar breeding，seedling nursery，tree growth and fruit quality development，stress resistances，diseases and pests control，post-harvest storage and processing，orchard management，industry beneficiary，and industry status of production scale，industry regionalization，farming system，quality improvement，mechanization and simplified management，brand and circulation，diseases and pests control，post-harvest storage and processing，and disaster prevention and mitigation，the major problems are focused presently in research and industry. Leading by both the industry development needs and technical innovation，this article try to review development direction of apple future research and also the industry development trends with future prospects，for possible reference of apple innovation research and sustainably high quality industry development.

Key words: apple, research progress?, industry status, problem analysis, development trends, improving quality and efficiency

中图分类号:

S 661.1

王忆, 吴婷, 李威, 冯轶, 邱昌朋, 孙广宇, 王晓宇, 翟龙妹, 韩振海. 中国苹果研究与产业：现状、问题及发展趋势[J]. 园艺学报, 2026, 53(10): 2833-2862.

WANG Yi, WU Ting, LI Wei, FENG Yi, QIU Changpeng, SUN Guangyu, WANG Xiaoyu, ZHAI Longmei, HAN Zhenhai. Apple Research and Industry in China：Current Status，Problems and Perspectives[J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2026, 53(10): 2833-2862.

图/表 8

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单位 Institution	研究内容 Researchcontent	参考文献 Reference
中国农业大学 China Agricultural University	构建苹果分子鉴定体系及种质资源离体保存库，确定核心种质群，并建立了数据库信息管理系统Established a molecular identification system and an in vitro conservation bank for apple germplasm resources，identified the core collection，and developed a database information management system	韩振海,2012
西北农林科技大学 Northwest A&F University	揭示苹果种质资源在物候期、果实品质、功能成分及腐烂病抗性等方面特征，发掘了一批具有优异花期、特色果色、优良品质、高功能成分和强抗病性的优异种质资源 Elucidated the characteristics of apple germplasm resources in terms of phenology，fruit quality，functional components，and canker resistance，and identified a batch of elite germplasm resources featuring excellent flowering periods，distinctive fruit colors，superior quality，high functional content，and strong disease resistance	张楠等,2019 苏新建等,2025
山东农业大学 Shandong Agricultural University	整合农艺性状与分子标记数据，构建了新疆野苹果核心种质群，样本数量显著减少但仍保留了原始群体90%以上的遗传变异Integrated agronomic traits and molecular marker data to construct a core collection of Malus sieversii，significantly reducing the sample size while retaining over 90% of the genetic variation of the original population	Zhang et al.,2009
中国农业科学院果树研究所 Research Institute of Pomology of CAAS	解析苹果种质资源的遗传结构、表型变异及品质性状特征，揭示了丰富的遗传多样性，为苹果种质资源保护、精准评价和品质育种提供基础 Analyzed the genetic structure，phenotypic variation，and quality trait characteristics of apple germplasm resources，revealing rich genetic diversity and providing a crucial foundation for apple germplasm conservation，precise evaluation，and quality-oriented breeding	Gao et al.,2015 Li et al.,2024
北京农学院 Beijing University of Agriculture	综合应用表型分析、代谢组学与分子标记技术，构建了观赏苹果高抗核心种质库和骨干亲本库Comprehensively applied phenotypic analysis，metabolomics，and molecular marker technologies to construct a highly resistant core germplasm collection and an elite founder parent repository for ornamental apples	姚允聪等,2020
伊利诺伊大学 University of Illinois	构建含164份苹果的核心种质群，具有较高的等位基因多样性和清晰的遗传结构，可划分为4个主要遗传类群，体现了其对原始种质遗传变异的良好代表性 Constructed a core collection of 164 apple accessions characterized by high allelic diversity and a well-defined population structure divided into four major genetic groups，effectively capturing the genetic variation of the initial germplasm collection	Potts et al.,2012
圣地亚哥德孔波斯特拉大学 Universidad de Santiago de Compostela	利用SSR标记，系统解析覆盖伊比利亚半岛西部及加纳利群岛的634份苹果的遗传多样性和群体结构，明确区分了地方品种与商业品种两大类群，构建了核心种质群 Utilized SSR markers to systematically analyze the genetic diversity and population structure of 634 apple accessions covering the western Iberian Peninsula and the Canary Islands，clearly distinguishing between landraces and commercial cultivars to construct a core collection	Pereira-Lorenzo et al.,2018

单位 Institution	研究内容 Researchcontent	参考文献 Reference
中国农业大学 China Agricultural University	构建苹果分子鉴定体系及种质资源离体保存库，确定核心种质群，并建立了数据库信息管理系统Established a molecular identification system and an in vitro conservation bank for apple germplasm resources，identified the core collection，and developed a database information management system	韩振海,2012
西北农林科技大学 Northwest A&F University	揭示苹果种质资源在物候期、果实品质、功能成分及腐烂病抗性等方面特征，发掘了一批具有优异花期、特色果色、优良品质、高功能成分和强抗病性的优异种质资源 Elucidated the characteristics of apple germplasm resources in terms of phenology，fruit quality，functional components，and canker resistance，and identified a batch of elite germplasm resources featuring excellent flowering periods，distinctive fruit colors，superior quality，high functional content，and strong disease resistance	张楠等,2019 苏新建等,2025
山东农业大学 Shandong Agricultural University	整合农艺性状与分子标记数据，构建了新疆野苹果核心种质群，样本数量显著减少但仍保留了原始群体90%以上的遗传变异Integrated agronomic traits and molecular marker data to construct a core collection of Malus sieversii，significantly reducing the sample size while retaining over 90% of the genetic variation of the original population	Zhang et al.,2009
中国农业科学院果树研究所 Research Institute of Pomology of CAAS	解析苹果种质资源的遗传结构、表型变异及品质性状特征，揭示了丰富的遗传多样性，为苹果种质资源保护、精准评价和品质育种提供基础 Analyzed the genetic structure，phenotypic variation，and quality trait characteristics of apple germplasm resources，revealing rich genetic diversity and providing a crucial foundation for apple germplasm conservation，precise evaluation，and quality-oriented breeding	Gao et al.,2015 Li et al.,2024
北京农学院 Beijing University of Agriculture	综合应用表型分析、代谢组学与分子标记技术，构建了观赏苹果高抗核心种质库和骨干亲本库Comprehensively applied phenotypic analysis，metabolomics，and molecular marker technologies to construct a highly resistant core germplasm collection and an elite founder parent repository for ornamental apples	姚允聪等,2020
伊利诺伊大学 University of Illinois	构建含164份苹果的核心种质群，具有较高的等位基因多样性和清晰的遗传结构，可划分为4个主要遗传类群，体现了其对原始种质遗传变异的良好代表性 Constructed a core collection of 164 apple accessions characterized by high allelic diversity and a well-defined population structure divided into four major genetic groups，effectively capturing the genetic variation of the initial germplasm collection	Potts et al.,2012
圣地亚哥德孔波斯特拉大学 Universidad de Santiago de Compostela	利用SSR标记，系统解析覆盖伊比利亚半岛西部及加纳利群岛的634份苹果的遗传多样性和群体结构，明确区分了地方品种与商业品种两大类群，构建了核心种质群 Utilized SSR markers to systematically analyze the genetic diversity and population structure of 634 apple accessions covering the western Iberian Peninsula and the Canary Islands，clearly distinguishing between landraces and commercial cultivars to construct a core collection	Pereira-Lorenzo et al.,2018