164个桃品种倒春寒后花芽冻害调查与分析

doi:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2025-0653

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

调查了河北省秦皇岛市两个试验点2025年倒春寒发生后164个桃品种及438株‘东合1号’×‘21世纪’桃杂交群体单株的花芽受冻率。结果表明，164个桃品种的花芽受冻率符合数量性状的分布特点，整体呈偏正态分布，品种的坐果数量与花芽受冻率具有显著的负相关；树体上部的花芽受冻率显著低于树体下部，且两者显著正相关。杂交群体花芽受冻率整体偏高，绝大多数单株的花芽不耐0 ℃以下低温，与亲本相比出现了性状衰退。除了品种特性，株行距宽、水分适量、树龄较大、南向阳面背风植株花芽的受冻率较低。此外，还筛选出了11个抗倒春寒的桃品种，可用于抗倒春寒育种及引种。

关键词: 桃, 倒春寒, 花芽, 抗寒性

Abstract:

The freezing injury rates of flower buds in 164 peach cultivars and 438 hybrids of the ‘Donghe 1’×‘21st Century’were investigated after the late spring coldness in 2025 at two experimental fields in Qinhuangdao，Hebei Province. The results showed that the flower bud freezing injury rates of the 164 peach cultivars conformed to the distribution characteristics of quantitative traits，presenting a skewed normal distribution. There was a significant negative correlation between the fruit setting number and the flower bud freezing injury rates. The flower bud freezing injury rates of the upper tree was significantly lower than that of the lower tree，and the two are significantly correlated. The overall flower bud freezing injury rate of the hybrid population was relatively high. The vast majority of individual plants showed poor resistance of flower buds to low temperatures below 0 ℃，exhibiting trait decline compared with their parents. In addition to cultivars characteristic，wide spacing，appropriate water，mature age，and the planting point locating in the south，facing the sun and sheltered from the wind had lower flower bud freezing injury rates. Moreover，11 cultivars with high resistance to late spring coldness were Identified，which can be used for breeding and introduction of peach cultivars resistant to late spring coldness.

Key words: peach, late spring coldness, flower bud, cold resistance

田振东, 田启航, 李杰, 刘国俭, 王雨, 王召元, 常瑞丰, 李永红. 164个桃品种倒春寒后花芽冻害调查与分析[J]. 园艺学报, 2026, 53(6): 1613-1622.

TIAN Zhendong, TIAN Qihang, LI Jie, LIU Guojian, WANG Yu, WANG Zhaoyuan, CHANG Ruifeng, LI Yonghong. Investigation and Analysis of the Flower Bud Freezing Injury in 164 Peach Cultivars After Late Spring Coldness[J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2026, 53(6): 1613-1622.

图/表 13

表1 所有试验点对应的品种数及栽培管理方式

Table 1 The number of cultivars and cultural methods of all the experimental fields

试验点 Experimental field	面积/m² Area			灌溉方式 Irrigation method
孔庄2区Kongzhuang Experimental field 2	8 000	25	2.5 × 4.5	滴灌Trickle irrigation
孔庄3区Kongzhuang Experimental field 3	4 300	39	1.5 × 4.5	喷灌Spray irrigation
孔庄4区Kongzhuang Experimental field 4	5 700	82	2.5 × 4.5	微喷Micro-sprinkler irrigation
施各庄1区Shigezhuang Experimental field 1	6 600	12	2.5 × 4.5	滴灌Trickle irrigation
施各庄5区Shigezhuang Experimental field 5	2 300	6	2.0 × 4.5	滴灌Trickle irrigation
总计Total		164

图1 倒春寒发生后花芽及幼果冻害症状 A：受冻花芽及未受冻花芽纵切对比（上：受冻花芽；下：未受冻花芽）；B：倒春寒发生后的一年生枝条；C、D：冻害后发育不良的幼果

Fig. 1 The frost damage of flower buds and young fruits after late spring coldness A：The comparison of longitudinal section of frozen flower buds and unfrozen flower buds（top：frozen flower buds；bottom：unfrozen flower buds）；B：The annual branches after late spring coldness；C and D：The stunted young fruits after frost damage

图2 164个桃品种树体上部及树体下部花芽受冻率分布

Fig. 2 The distribution of the flower bud freezing injury rates in upper and lower trees of 164 peach cultivars

表2 164个桃品种树体上部及下部花芽受冻率正态性检验及差异分析和品种内的相关性

Table 2 Normality test and significant difference analysis of the flower bud freezing injury rates in upper and lower trees of 164 peach cultivars and the correlation within cultivars

树体位置 The position of tree		平均受冻率/% Average of flower bud freezing injury rate	偏度 Skewness	峰度 Kurtosis	相关系数 Correlation coefficient
树体位置 The position of tree	上部 Upper	平均受冻率/% Average of flower bud freezing injury rate	偏度 Skewness	峰度 Kurtosis	相关系数 Correlation coefficient		50	0.01	-1.10	0.60
下部 Lower		57^***	-0.29	-0.95						0.60

图3 2025年3月29和30日倒春寒发生的2 d孔庄及施各庄基地气温变化情况

Fig. 3 Temperature changes at Kongzhuang and Shigezhuang experimental fields during the two-day late spring coldness period on March 29 and 30，2025

表3 倒春寒发生的2 d内孔庄及施各庄基地气温及花芽受冻情况

Table 3 The temperature and flower bud freezing injury rates at Kongzhuang and Shigezhuang experimental fields within the two days when the late spring coldness occurred

试验点 Experimental field	夜间平均气温/℃ The average nighttime temperature		夜间最低温度/℃ The nocturnal minimum temperature		夜间气温<-5 ℃持续时长/h The hours of temperature remained below-5 ℃		花芽受冻率/% The flower bud freezing injury rate
试验点 Experimental field	03-29	03-30	03-29	03-30	03-29	03-30	树体上部Upper	树体下部Lower
孔庄Kongzhuang	-4.9	-6.2	-7.9	-7.9	4.50	5.00	51	58
施各庄Shigezhuang	-5.2	-0.3	-7.2	-4.7	3.75	0	40	56

图4 花芽受冻率在不同试验点间比较分析孔2、孔3、孔4：孔庄2区、3区、4区试验点；施1、施5：施各庄1区、5区试验点。差异显著性分析方法为单因素方差分析，不同小写字母表示差异显著（P < 0.05）。下同

Fig. 4 Comparative analysis of the flower bud freezing injury rates among different experimental fields Kong 2，Kong 3，Kong 4：The three experimental fields in Kongzhuang 2/3/4；Shi 1，Shi 5：The two experimental fields in Shigezhuang 1/5. The difference significance was analyzed using One-way ANOVA，different lowercase letters indicate significant differences（P < 0.05）. The same below

图5 花芽受冻率在不同树龄间的比较分析

Fig. 5 Comparative analysis of the flower bud freezing injury rates among different tree ages

表4 相同品种不同树龄的花芽受冻率比较分析

Table 4 Comparative analysis of the flower bud freezing injury rates in the same cultivars with different tree ages

品种名 Cultivar name	树体下部花芽受冻率/% The flower bud freezing injury rates in upper trees		树体上部花芽受冻率/% The flower bud freezing injury rates in lower trees
品种名 Cultivar name	3年 3 years	8年 8 years	3年 3 years	8年 8 years
寒公主 Hangongzhu	60	80	65	40
金霞早油蟠 Jinxiazao Youpan	100	10	15	20
中桃金阳 Zhongtao Jinyang	85	35	80	50
瑞蟠25 Ruipan 25	70	40	85	30
中桃绯玉 Zhongtao Feiyu	80	55	80	45
中油15 Zhongyoutao 15	30	10	40	40
中油20 Zhongyoutao 20	25	23	35	5
紫金红3 Zijinhong 3	65	40	70	50
中油蟠7 Zhongyoupan 7	70	40	70	45

图6 桃‘东合1号’×‘21世纪’杂交群体花芽受冻率整体分布分析

Fig. 6 Analysis of the distribution of the flower bud freezing injury rates in‘Donghe 1’×‘21st Century’peach hybrids

图7 桃‘东合1号’×‘21世纪’杂交群体花芽受冻率与种植点方位相关性分析 A：由北到南到的种植点编号（1 ~ 150）与花芽受冻率的线性回归分析；B：东、中、西3行杂交群体每行的花芽受冻率平均值

Fig. 7 Correlation analysis of the flower bud freezing injury rates and the orientation of planting points of‘Donghe 1’×‘21st Century’peach hybrids A：Linear regression analysis of the planting site numbers（1-150）from north to south and the flower bud freezing injury rates；B：The flower bud freezing injury rates of the eastern，central and western hybrid row

表5 桃164个品种坐果等级与花芽受冻率综合分析

Table 5 The comprehensive analysis of the fruit setting grades and flower bud freezing injury rates in 164 peach cultivars

坐果等级 Fruit setting grade	品种数 Cultivar number	平均花芽受冻率/% The average flower bud freezing injury rates
0	10	21.4 ± 12.4 c
1	35	48.9 ± 16.6 b
2	77	49.9 ± 18.1 b
3	38	71.0 ± 19.9 a
4	4	81.2 ± 22.8 a
总计Total	164

表6 桃抗倒春寒与不抗倒春寒品种

Table 6 The peach cultivars resistant to late spring coldness and not resistant to late spring coldness

库圃编号 The cultivar number	抗倒春寒品种 The cultivars resistant to late spring coldness	花芽受冻率/% Flower bud freezing injury rates	库圃编号 The cultivar number	不抗倒春寒品种 The cultivars not resistant to late spring coldness	花芽受冻率/% Flower bud freezing injury rates
T0111	沪油018 Huyou 018	0	T0246	中油金桂 Zhongyou Jingui	100
无None	秋悦 Qiuyue	0	T0255	中蟠102 Zhongpan 102	100
T0135	瑞光美玉 Ruiguang Meiyu	0	T0268	锦冠 Jinguan	100
T0109	中农金辉 Zhongnong Jinhui	0	T0242	瑞蟠32 Ruipan 32	100
T0160	秋燕 Qiuyan	5	T0253	中蟠21 Zhongpan 21	100
T0115	霞晖6号 Xiahui 6	5	T0254	中蟠101 Zhongpan 101	100
无None	03-16-006	5	T0224	瑞蟠20 Ruipan 20	95
无None	秋诺 Qiunuo	10	T0260	郑11-36 Zheng 11-36	95
T0116	霞晖8号 Xiahui 8	10	无None	奶油蟠桃 Naiyou Pantao	95
无None	京清17号 Jingqing 17	10	无None	040206	95
无None	03-32-067	10	T0240	瑞蟠101 Ruipan 101	95

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