园艺学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (10): 2075-2098.doi: 10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2022-0711
收稿日期:
2022-07-08
修回日期:
2022-08-29
出版日期:
2022-10-25
发布日期:
2022-10-31
通讯作者:
方智远
E-mail:ylmcaas@163.com
基金资助:
Received:
2022-07-08
Revised:
2022-08-29
Online:
2022-10-25
Published:
2022-10-31
Contact:
FANG Zhiyuan
E-mail:ylmcaas@163.com
摘要:
60年来,中国甘蓝遗传育种取得了显著成绩:突破了杂种优势利用技术,先后建立了自交不亲和系和雄性不育系育种技术体系,引进和创新出一批优异的种质资源;选育出一批优异的甘蓝育种材料;培育出一批适应市场消费需求的甘蓝新品种;生物技术研究和应用取得了长足的进步。本文中总结了60年来取得的重要研究进展,并分析了目前甘蓝育种中存在的主要问题和未来的发展趋势。
中图分类号:
杨丽梅, 方智远. 中国甘蓝遗传育种研究60年[J]. 园艺学报, 2022, 49(10): 2075-2098.
YANG Limei, FANG Zhiyuan. Researches on Cabbage Genetics and Breeding in China for 60 Years[J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2022, 49(10): 2075-2098.
审定年份 Year of approvement | 审定品种数 Number of approved varieties | 一代杂种数 Number of hybrid | 常规品种数 Numberof routine varieties | 一代杂种比例/% Percentage of hybrid |
---|---|---|---|---|
1980—1990 | 52 | 36 | 16 | 69.2 |
1991—2001 | 51 | 49 | 2 | 96.1 |
总计Total | 103 | 85 | 18 | 82.5 |
表1 1980—2001年国家及各省审(认)定的甘蓝品种数量
Table 1 Varieties approvement of cabbage from 1980 to 2001
审定年份 Year of approvement | 审定品种数 Number of approved varieties | 一代杂种数 Number of hybrid | 常规品种数 Numberof routine varieties | 一代杂种比例/% Percentage of hybrid |
---|---|---|---|---|
1980—1990 | 52 | 36 | 16 | 69.2 |
1991—2001 | 51 | 49 | 2 | 96.1 |
总计Total | 103 | 85 | 18 | 82.5 |
雄性不育系 MS material | 年份及来源 Year and origin | 国内研究单位 Domestic research institute | 不育株率/% Ratio of sterile plant | 不育度/% Degree of Sterile | 生长,低温下叶色 Growth,leaf color | 开花结实 Flowering and seeding | 配合力 Combining ability |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
83121ms (隐性核不育Recessive genic male sterility) | 1983,'小平头''Xiaopingtou' | 中国农业科学院蔬菜花卉研究所 Institute of Vegetables and Flowers,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences | 50 | 100 | 正常,不黄化 Normal,non-yellowing | 正常 Normal | 正常 Normal |
CMSN78091 (黑芥胞质不育Nigra cytoplasmic male sterility) | 1980,荷兰Netherlands | 中国农业科学院蔬菜花卉研究所,江苏省农业科学院 Institute of Vegetables and Flowers,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences;Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences | 50 | 100 | 正常,不黄化 Normal,non-yellowing | 不正常,花半开放 Abnormal,half-open flower | 正常 Normal |
CMSR1 (萝卜胞质不育Radish cytoplasmic male sterility) | 1980,美国 United States | 中国农业科学院蔬菜花卉研究所,北京市农林科学院,江苏、上海农业科学院及西南大学等 Institute of Vegetables and Flowers,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences;Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences;Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences;Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences;Southwest University,etc | 100 | 100 | 弱,黄化 Weak,yellow | 不正常,蜜腺退化,种荚畸形 Abnormal,nectary degeneration, silique malformation | 不强 Weak |
CMSR2 (改良萝卜胞质不育Improved radish cytoplasmic sterility) | 1994,美国 United States | 中国农业科学院蔬菜花卉研究所,上海、陕西、天津农业科学院 Institute of Vegetables and Flowers,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences;Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences;Shaanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences;Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences | 100 | 100 | 较弱,不黄化 Slightly weaker,non-yellowing | 部分花朵及种荚不正常 Some flowers and siliques are abnormal | 不强 Weak |
CMSR3 (改良萝卜胞质不育Improved radish cytoplasmic sterility) | 1998,美国 United States | 中国农业科学院蔬菜花卉研究所,上海市农业科学院 Institute of Vegetables and Flowers,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences;Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences | 100 | 100 | 正常,不黄化 Normal,non-yellowing | 正常 Normal | 正常 Normal |
79-399-3M (显性核不育Dominant genic male sterility) | 1979, 79-399 | 中国农业科学院蔬菜花卉研究所 Institute of Vegetables and Flowers,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences | 100 | 100 | 正常,不黄化 Normal,non-yellowing | 正常 Normal | 正常 Normal |
表2 几种甘蓝雄性不育材料的来源及主要特点
Table 2 Origin and characters of cabbage male sterile(MS)materials
雄性不育系 MS material | 年份及来源 Year and origin | 国内研究单位 Domestic research institute | 不育株率/% Ratio of sterile plant | 不育度/% Degree of Sterile | 生长,低温下叶色 Growth,leaf color | 开花结实 Flowering and seeding | 配合力 Combining ability |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
83121ms (隐性核不育Recessive genic male sterility) | 1983,'小平头''Xiaopingtou' | 中国农业科学院蔬菜花卉研究所 Institute of Vegetables and Flowers,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences | 50 | 100 | 正常,不黄化 Normal,non-yellowing | 正常 Normal | 正常 Normal |
CMSN78091 (黑芥胞质不育Nigra cytoplasmic male sterility) | 1980,荷兰Netherlands | 中国农业科学院蔬菜花卉研究所,江苏省农业科学院 Institute of Vegetables and Flowers,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences;Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences | 50 | 100 | 正常,不黄化 Normal,non-yellowing | 不正常,花半开放 Abnormal,half-open flower | 正常 Normal |
CMSR1 (萝卜胞质不育Radish cytoplasmic male sterility) | 1980,美国 United States | 中国农业科学院蔬菜花卉研究所,北京市农林科学院,江苏、上海农业科学院及西南大学等 Institute of Vegetables and Flowers,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences;Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences;Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences;Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences;Southwest University,etc | 100 | 100 | 弱,黄化 Weak,yellow | 不正常,蜜腺退化,种荚畸形 Abnormal,nectary degeneration, silique malformation | 不强 Weak |
CMSR2 (改良萝卜胞质不育Improved radish cytoplasmic sterility) | 1994,美国 United States | 中国农业科学院蔬菜花卉研究所,上海、陕西、天津农业科学院 Institute of Vegetables and Flowers,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences;Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences;Shaanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences;Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences | 100 | 100 | 较弱,不黄化 Slightly weaker,non-yellowing | 部分花朵及种荚不正常 Some flowers and siliques are abnormal | 不强 Weak |
CMSR3 (改良萝卜胞质不育Improved radish cytoplasmic sterility) | 1998,美国 United States | 中国农业科学院蔬菜花卉研究所,上海市农业科学院 Institute of Vegetables and Flowers,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences;Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences | 100 | 100 | 正常,不黄化 Normal,non-yellowing | 正常 Normal | 正常 Normal |
79-399-3M (显性核不育Dominant genic male sterility) | 1979, 79-399 | 中国农业科学院蔬菜花卉研究所 Institute of Vegetables and Flowers,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences | 100 | 100 | 正常,不黄化 Normal,non-yellowing | 正常 Normal | 正常 Normal |
不育系名称 Name | 熟性 Maturity | 球型 Head shape | 不育株率/% Ratio of sterile plant | 不育度/% Degree of sterile | 用途 Usage |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
01-216MS | 早熟 Early maturity | 圆球 Round head | 100 | 100 | 配早熟春甘蓝组合 Formulating early spring cabbage combinations |
01-425MS | 早熟 Early maturity | 圆球 Round head | 100 | 100 | 配早熟春甘蓝组合 Formulating early spring cabbage combinations |
79-156MS | 早熟 Early maturity | 圆球 Round head | 100 | 100 | 配早熟春、秋组合 Formulating early spring and autumn cabbage combinations |
23202MS | 中熟 Medium maturity | 扁圆 Flat round head | 100 | 99 | 配中熟秋甘蓝组合 Formulating mid-maturity autumn cabbage combinations |
02-12MS | 极早熟 Extreme early maturity | 牛心 Acuminate head | 100 | 99 | 配早熟春甘蓝组合 Formulating early spring cabbage combinations |
表3 几个甘蓝显性雄性不育系的主要性状表现
Table 3 Chief characters of cabbage dominant male sterile lines
不育系名称 Name | 熟性 Maturity | 球型 Head shape | 不育株率/% Ratio of sterile plant | 不育度/% Degree of sterile | 用途 Usage |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
01-216MS | 早熟 Early maturity | 圆球 Round head | 100 | 100 | 配早熟春甘蓝组合 Formulating early spring cabbage combinations |
01-425MS | 早熟 Early maturity | 圆球 Round head | 100 | 100 | 配早熟春甘蓝组合 Formulating early spring cabbage combinations |
79-156MS | 早熟 Early maturity | 圆球 Round head | 100 | 100 | 配早熟春、秋组合 Formulating early spring and autumn cabbage combinations |
23202MS | 中熟 Medium maturity | 扁圆 Flat round head | 100 | 99 | 配中熟秋甘蓝组合 Formulating mid-maturity autumn cabbage combinations |
02-12MS | 极早熟 Extreme early maturity | 牛心 Acuminate head | 100 | 99 | 配早熟春甘蓝组合 Formulating early spring cabbage combinations |
品种名称 Variety name | 育成单位 Breeding institute | 主要特性 Chief character | 每年种植面积/× 104 hm2 Planting area annually | 推广地区 Spread area |
---|---|---|---|---|
京丰一号 Jingfeng No.1 | 中国农业科学院蔬菜花卉研究所,北京市农林科学院 Institute of Vegetables and Flowers,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences;Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences | 适应性强,丰产 Strong adaptability,high yield | 15 | 全国各省(市、区) Provinces(cities,districts)across the country |
夏光 Xiaguang | 上海市农业科学院 Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences | 抗病耐热 Resistant to disease and heat | 3 | 长江中下游 Middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River |
中甘11 Zhonggan 11 | 中国农业科学院蔬菜花卉研究所 Institute of Vegetables and Flowers,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences | 早熟,优质 Early maturity,excellent quality | 8 | 华北、东北、西北及西南、华南地区 North China,Northeast China,Northwest China,Southwest China,and South China |
8398 | 中国农业科学院蔬菜花卉研究所 Institute of Vegetables and Flowers,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences | 早熟,优质 Early maturity,excellent quality | 8 | 同'中甘11' Same as Zhonggan 11 |
晚丰 Wanfeng | 中国农业科学院蔬菜花卉研究所 Institute of Vegetables and Flowers,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences | 抗病,丰产 Resistant to disease,high yield | 4 | 全国各省(市、区) Provinces(cities,districts)across the country |
庆丰 Qingfeng | 中国农业科学院蔬菜花卉研究所 Institute of Vegetables and Flowers,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences | 优质,丰产 Excellent quality,high yield | 2 | 全国各省(市、区) Provinces(cities,districts)across the country |
中甘8号 Zhonggan 8 | 中国农业科学院蔬菜花卉研究所 Institute of Vegetables and Flowers,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences | 抗病,耐热 Resistant to disease and heat | 1 | 全国各省(市、区) Provinces cities,districts)across the country |
春丰 Chunfeng | 江苏省农业科学院 Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences | 耐未熟抽薹,耐寒 Tolerant to bolting and cold | 2 | 长江中下游地区 Middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River |
西园4号 Xiyuan 4 | 西南大学 Southwest University | 抗寒,耐热 Resistant to cold and heat | 0.5 | 西南各省(市、区) Southwest provinces (cities,districts) |
秦甘70 Qingan 70 | 陕西省农业科学院 Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences | 抗病,丰产 Resistant to disease,high yield | 0.5 | 西北各省(市、区) Northwest provinces (cities,districts) |
表4 2001年生产上种植的主要甘蓝品种
Table 4 Chief cabbage varieties used in the production currently
品种名称 Variety name | 育成单位 Breeding institute | 主要特性 Chief character | 每年种植面积/× 104 hm2 Planting area annually | 推广地区 Spread area |
---|---|---|---|---|
京丰一号 Jingfeng No.1 | 中国农业科学院蔬菜花卉研究所,北京市农林科学院 Institute of Vegetables and Flowers,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences;Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences | 适应性强,丰产 Strong adaptability,high yield | 15 | 全国各省(市、区) Provinces(cities,districts)across the country |
夏光 Xiaguang | 上海市农业科学院 Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences | 抗病耐热 Resistant to disease and heat | 3 | 长江中下游 Middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River |
中甘11 Zhonggan 11 | 中国农业科学院蔬菜花卉研究所 Institute of Vegetables and Flowers,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences | 早熟,优质 Early maturity,excellent quality | 8 | 华北、东北、西北及西南、华南地区 North China,Northeast China,Northwest China,Southwest China,and South China |
8398 | 中国农业科学院蔬菜花卉研究所 Institute of Vegetables and Flowers,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences | 早熟,优质 Early maturity,excellent quality | 8 | 同'中甘11' Same as Zhonggan 11 |
晚丰 Wanfeng | 中国农业科学院蔬菜花卉研究所 Institute of Vegetables and Flowers,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences | 抗病,丰产 Resistant to disease,high yield | 4 | 全国各省(市、区) Provinces(cities,districts)across the country |
庆丰 Qingfeng | 中国农业科学院蔬菜花卉研究所 Institute of Vegetables and Flowers,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences | 优质,丰产 Excellent quality,high yield | 2 | 全国各省(市、区) Provinces(cities,districts)across the country |
中甘8号 Zhonggan 8 | 中国农业科学院蔬菜花卉研究所 Institute of Vegetables and Flowers,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences | 抗病,耐热 Resistant to disease and heat | 1 | 全国各省(市、区) Provinces cities,districts)across the country |
春丰 Chunfeng | 江苏省农业科学院 Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences | 耐未熟抽薹,耐寒 Tolerant to bolting and cold | 2 | 长江中下游地区 Middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River |
西园4号 Xiyuan 4 | 西南大学 Southwest University | 抗寒,耐热 Resistant to cold and heat | 0.5 | 西南各省(市、区) Southwest provinces (cities,districts) |
秦甘70 Qingan 70 | 陕西省农业科学院 Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences | 抗病,丰产 Resistant to disease,high yield | 0.5 | 西北各省(市、区) Northwest provinces (cities,districts) |
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