中国甘蓝遗传育种研究60年

doi:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2022-0711

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

60年来,中国甘蓝遗传育种取得了显著成绩:突破了杂种优势利用技术,先后建立了自交不亲和系和雄性不育系育种技术体系,引进和创新出一批优异的种质资源;选育出一批优异的甘蓝育种材料;培育出一批适应市场消费需求的甘蓝新品种;生物技术研究和应用取得了长足的进步。本文中总结了60年来取得的重要研究进展,并分析了目前甘蓝育种中存在的主要问题和未来的发展趋势。

关键词: 甘蓝, 遗传育种, 育种技术, 新品种, 研究进展

Abstract:

In the past 60 years,remarkable achievements have been made in cabbage genetics and breeding in China:Heterosis utilization technology has been broken through. Breeding technology systems of self-incompatible line and male sterile line have been established successively. A number of excellent germplasm resources have been introduced and innovated. A batch of new varieties adapted to market consumption demand were developed and applied in cabbage production. Great progress have been made in the research and application of biotechnology. This paper summarized the important research progress made in the past 60 years and analyzed the main problems in cabbage breeding and the development trend in the future.

Key words: cabbage, genetic breeding, breeding technology, new cultivar, research progress

中图分类号:

S635

杨丽梅, 方智远. 中国甘蓝遗传育种研究60年[J]. 园艺学报, 2022, 49(10): 2075-2098.

YANG Limei, FANG Zhiyuan. Researches on Cabbage Genetics and Breeding in China for 60 Years[J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2022, 49(10): 2075-2098.

图/表 4

参考文献 129

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审定年份 Year of approvement	审定品种数 Number of approved varieties	一代杂种数 Number of hybrid	常规品种数 Numberof routine varieties	一代杂种比例/% Percentage of hybrid
1980—1990	52	36	16	69.2
1991—2001	51	49	2	96.1
总计Total	103	85	18	82.5

审定年份 Year of approvement	审定品种数 Number of approved varieties	一代杂种数 Number of hybrid	常规品种数 Numberof routine varieties	一代杂种比例/% Percentage of hybrid
1980—1990	52	36	16	69.2
1991—2001	51	49	2	96.1
总计Total	103	85	18	82.5

雄性不育系 MS material	年份及来源 Year and origin	国内研究单位 Domestic research institute	不育株率/% Ratio of sterile plant	不育度/% Degree of Sterile	生长,低温下叶色 Growth,leaf color	开花结实 Flowering and seeding	配合力 Combining ability
83121ms （隐性核不育Recessive genic male sterility）	1983,'小平头''Xiaopingtou'	中国农业科学院蔬菜花卉研究所 Institute of Vegetables and Flowers,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences	50	100	正常,不黄化 Normal,non-yellowing	正常 Normal	正常 Normal
CMSN78091 （黑芥胞质不育Nigra cytoplasmic male sterility）	1980,荷兰Netherlands	中国农业科学院蔬菜花卉研究所,江苏省农业科学院 Institute of Vegetables and Flowers,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences;Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences	50	100	正常,不黄化 Normal,non-yellowing	不正常,花半开放 Abnormal,half-open flower	正常 Normal
CMSR1 （萝卜胞质不育Radish cytoplasmic male sterility）	1980,美国 United States	中国农业科学院蔬菜花卉研究所,北京市农林科学院,江苏、上海农业科学院及西南大学等 Institute of Vegetables and Flowers,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences;Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences;Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences;Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences;Southwest University,etc	100	100	弱,黄化 Weak,yellow	不正常,蜜腺退化,种荚畸形 Abnormal,nectary degeneration, silique malformation	不强 Weak
CMSR2 （改良萝卜胞质不育Improved radish cytoplasmic sterility）	1994,美国 United States	中国农业科学院蔬菜花卉研究所,上海、陕西、天津农业科学院 Institute of Vegetables and Flowers,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences;Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences;Shaanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences;Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences	100	100	较弱,不黄化 Slightly weaker,non-yellowing	部分花朵及种荚不正常 Some flowers and siliques are abnormal	不强 Weak
CMSR₃ （改良萝卜胞质不育Improved radish cytoplasmic sterility）	1998,美国 United States	中国农业科学院蔬菜花卉研究所,上海市农业科学院 Institute of Vegetables and Flowers,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences;Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences	100	100	正常,不黄化 Normal,non-yellowing	正常 Normal	正常 Normal
79-399-3M （显性核不育Dominant genic male sterility）	1979, 79-399	中国农业科学院蔬菜花卉研究所 Institute of Vegetables and Flowers,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences	100	100	正常,不黄化 Normal,non-yellowing	正常 Normal	正常 Normal

雄性不育系 MS material	年份及来源 Year and origin	国内研究单位 Domestic research institute	不育株率/% Ratio of sterile plant	不育度/% Degree of Sterile	生长,低温下叶色 Growth,leaf color	开花结实 Flowering and seeding	配合力 Combining ability
83121ms （隐性核不育Recessive genic male sterility）	1983,'小平头''Xiaopingtou'	中国农业科学院蔬菜花卉研究所 Institute of Vegetables and Flowers,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences	50	100	正常,不黄化 Normal,non-yellowing	正常 Normal	正常 Normal
CMSN78091 （黑芥胞质不育Nigra cytoplasmic male sterility）	1980,荷兰Netherlands	中国农业科学院蔬菜花卉研究所,江苏省农业科学院 Institute of Vegetables and Flowers,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences;Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences	50	100	正常,不黄化 Normal,non-yellowing	不正常,花半开放 Abnormal,half-open flower	正常 Normal
CMSR1 （萝卜胞质不育Radish cytoplasmic male sterility）	1980,美国 United States	中国农业科学院蔬菜花卉研究所,北京市农林科学院,江苏、上海农业科学院及西南大学等 Institute of Vegetables and Flowers,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences;Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences;Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences;Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences;Southwest University,etc	100	100	弱,黄化 Weak,yellow	不正常,蜜腺退化,种荚畸形 Abnormal,nectary degeneration, silique malformation	不强 Weak
CMSR2 （改良萝卜胞质不育Improved radish cytoplasmic sterility）	1994,美国 United States	中国农业科学院蔬菜花卉研究所,上海、陕西、天津农业科学院 Institute of Vegetables and Flowers,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences;Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences;Shaanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences;Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences	100	100	较弱,不黄化 Slightly weaker,non-yellowing	部分花朵及种荚不正常 Some flowers and siliques are abnormal	不强 Weak
CMSR₃ （改良萝卜胞质不育Improved radish cytoplasmic sterility）	1998,美国 United States	中国农业科学院蔬菜花卉研究所,上海市农业科学院 Institute of Vegetables and Flowers,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences;Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences	100	100	正常,不黄化 Normal,non-yellowing	正常 Normal	正常 Normal
79-399-3M （显性核不育Dominant genic male sterility）	1979, 79-399	中国农业科学院蔬菜花卉研究所 Institute of Vegetables and Flowers,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences	100	100	正常,不黄化 Normal,non-yellowing	正常 Normal	正常 Normal

不育系名称 Name	熟性 Maturity	球型 Head shape	不育株率/% Ratio of sterile plant	不育度/% Degree of sterile	用途 Usage
01-216MS	早熟 Early maturity	圆球 Round head	100	100	配早熟春甘蓝组合 Formulating early spring cabbage combinations
01-425MS	早熟 Early maturity	圆球 Round head	100	100	配早熟春甘蓝组合 Formulating early spring cabbage combinations
79-156MS	早熟 Early maturity	圆球 Round head	100	100	配早熟春、秋组合 Formulating early spring and autumn cabbage combinations
23202MS	中熟 Medium maturity	扁圆 Flat round head	100	99	配中熟秋甘蓝组合 Formulating mid-maturity autumn cabbage combinations
02-12MS	极早熟 Extreme early maturity	牛心 Acuminate head	100	99	配早熟春甘蓝组合 Formulating early spring cabbage combinations