中国辣椒育种60年回顾与展望

doi:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2022-0677

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

本文中介绍了中国辣椒育种60年的重要成就,包括种质资源的搜集、鉴定、评价、利用和创制,杂种优势利用、花药培养、分子育种、多抗性育种、穿梭育种等育种技术创新取得的重要贡献,20世纪80年代前的辣椒育种和1980年后辣椒育种国家科技攻关的情况。20世纪80年代以来中国辣椒育种在产业需求拉动下经过高产育种、生育期育种、抗病育种、耐贮藏运输育种、加工专用品种育种、高品质育种、机械化采收育种等几个阶段,经40多年的发展,已全面建立了现代化的辣椒商业育种体系,育种水平世界领先,具有自主知识产权国产品种的市场占有率95%以上。中国辣椒育种形成中国独特的行业特点,如门槛低、风险小、见效快、队伍大、品种多、成效好等,但也存在一些严重影响辣椒种业发展的问题,如辣椒品种同质化现象严重、辣椒种子经营企业难以做大、辣椒分子育种技术研究进展缓慢、温室长季节栽培品种、观赏辣椒品种明显落后发达国家导致种子主要依靠进口等。因此,中国辣椒育种未来发展方向是高品质育种、适合机械化生产品种的育种和具有药用和功能成分品种的育种、特色优异地方品种的开发及育种、繁种技术的创新。

关键词: 辣椒, 育种, 辣椒育种特点, 种业存在问题, 发展趋势

Abstract:

This paper introduces the important achievements of pepper breeding over the past 60 years in China. It includes the collection,identification,evaluation,utilization and exploration of germplasm resources. The paper also discusses the important advancement in breeding technologies which includes heterosis utilization,anther culture,marker-assisted selection（MAS）,multiple resistance breeding and shuttle breeding. In addition,the history of pepper breeding is reviewed,including the traditional breeding before 1980s and the modern breeding guided with National scientific and technological research after 1980s. Then,driven by the industrial demands,China's pepper breeding has been undergoing several major optimizations：increasing yield,adjusting growth period,enhancing disease resistance,breeding for easy storage and transportation,breeding processed-food-specific varieties,improving product quality,and breeding for mechanized harvesting. After more than four decades of development,a modern and world-leading commercial pepper breeding system has been completely established. Domestic varieties with independent intellectual property rights are taking over 95% of market share across the country. Meanwhile,there are several unique advantages of in China's pepper breeding industry,such as low barrier to entry,low risk,high efficiency,large team,rich varieties,and high effectiveness. However,there are also several problems that strongly restrict the development of the pepper seed industry in China,including homogenization of pepper varieties,difficulty in expanding pepper seed business enterprises and slow research progress of pepper molecular breeding technology. Long-season varieties cultivated in green house and ornamental pepper varieties are mainly imported because the pepper breeding in China is still lagging behind developed countries. Therefore,the future directions for pepper breeding in China will be improving product quality,producing varieties suitable for mechanized production,breeding varieties with medicinal or other functional ingredients,exploring and advertising local varieties with excellent properties,and innovating novel breeding technologies.

Key words: pepper, breeding, characteristics of pepper breeding, problems in seed industry, development trend

中图分类号:

S641.3

邹学校, 胡博文, 熊程, 戴雄泽, 刘峰, 欧立军, 杨博智, 刘周斌, 索欢, 徐昊, 朱凡, 远方. 中国辣椒育种60年回顾与展望[J]. 园艺学报, 2022, 49(10): 2099-2118.

ZOU Xuexiao, HU Bowen, XIONG Cheng, DAI Xiongze, LIU Feng, OU Lijun, YANG Bozhi, LIU Zhoubin, SUO Huan, XU Hao, ZHU Fan, and YUAN Fang. Review and Prospects of Pepper Breeding for the Past 60 Years in China[J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2022, 49(10): 2099-2118.

图/表 3

参考文献 82

[1]	Chen Xiao-shi. 1984. Genetic expression of major traits in pollen strains of sweet pepper. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 11 (2):43-48,79. (in Chinese)
	陈肖师. 1984. 甜椒花粉株系主要性状的遗传表现. 园艺学报, 11 (2):43-48,79.
[2]	Chen Xiao-shi. 1988. Anthe culture of sweet pepper and breeding of'Saihua No. 1'. China Vegetables,(3):5-7. (in Chinese)
	陈肖师. 1988. 甜椒花药培养及'塞花一号'的育成. 中国蔬菜,(3):5-7.
[3]	Chen Yong-cheng, Zhao Yong-man. 2018. Key technologies and equipment for mechanized harvesting of peppers. Beijing: China Agricultural Science and Technology Press:166-201. (in Chinese)
	陈永成, 赵永满. 2018. 辣椒机械化收获关键技术与装备. 北京: 中国农业科学技术出版社:166-201.
[4]	Ding Li-ping, Wang Zhi-yuan. 1995. An overview of research progress in disease-resistant breeding of spicy(sweet)pepper//Li Shu-de. Progress of disease resistance breeding of major vegetables in China. Beijing: Science Press:495. (in Chinese)
	丁梨平, 王志源. 1995. 辣(甜)椒抗病育种研究进展概述//李树德. 中国主要蔬菜抗病育种进展. 北京: 科学出版社:495.
[5]	Du Yong-chen. 2011. Strengthen scientific and technological innovation in vegetable breeding and promote the sustainable development of the vegetable industry. Vegetables,(8):1-3. (in Chinese)
	杜永臣. 2011. 加强蔬菜育种科技创新,促进蔬菜产业持续发展. 蔬菜,(8):1-3.
[6]	Fan Yanqin, Liu Yun, Guo Jingyin. 1999. 'Jiyan No.4'-a sweet pepper F₁ hybrid produced by male sterility. China Vegetables,(3):26-27,31. (in Chinese)
	范妍芹, 刘云, 郭景印. 1999. 利用雄性不育系选育甜椒一代杂种冀研4号. 中国蔬菜,(3):26-27,31.
[7]	Fang Zhi-yuan. 1995. Breed and promote a generation of vegetable hybrids to promote the abundant and stable yield of vegetables//Liu Jiang. Chinese vegetable blue sub-project. Beijing: China Agriculture Press:260-269. (in Chinese)
	方智远. 1995. 选育和推广蔬菜一代杂种,促进蔬菜丰产稳产//刘江. 中国菜蓝子工程. 北京: 中国农业出版社:260-269.
[8]	Fang Zhi-yuan. 2018. Development progress and future perspectives of vegetable breeding sciences and technologies in China. Journal of Agriculture, 8 (1):12-18. (in Chinese)
	方智远. 2018. 中国蔬菜育种科学技术的发展与展望. 农学学报, 8 (1):12-18.
[9]	Fu Wen-ting, Wu Di, Wu Kang-yun, Zhan Yong-fa, He Jian-wen. 2019. Development and status quo of machine-picked pepper breeding. Agricultural Technical Services, 36 (10):98-99. (in Chinese)
	付文婷, 吴迪, 吴康云, 詹永发, 何建文. 2019. 机采辣椒育种的发展及现状. 农技服务, 36 (10):98-99.
[10]	Geng San-sheng, Chen Bin, Zhang Xiao-fen, Sun Jing-tao. 2011. Hot pepper breeding development and its varieties' distribution in China. Journal of China Capsicum,(3):1-9. (in Chinese)
	耿三省, 陈斌, 张晓芬, 孙京涛. 2011. 我国辣椒育种动态及市场品种分布概况. 辣椒杂志,(3):1-9.
[11]	He Zhong-hua, Sun Yang-bao, Zhang Yu-qing, He Jun-lin, Xu Guang. 1998. Handbook of excellent new varieties of vegetables. Beijing: China Agriculture Press:44-96. (in Chinese)
	何忠华, 孙杨保, 张玉清, 何军林, 徐光. 1998. 蔬菜优新品种手册. 北京: 中国农业出版社:44-96.
[12]	Institute of Horticulture,Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences. 1979. A preliminary study on the pepper germplasm resources of Hunan. Hunan Agricultural Science and Technology,(3):25-30. (in Chinese)
	湖南省农科院园艺所蔬菜研究室. 1979. 湖南辣椒品种资源的初步研究. 湖南农业科技,(3):25-30.
[13]	Jiang Zhong-ren, Li Chun-ling. 1984. The observation and experiment on the filial generation of the anther culture of sweet pepper and hot pepper. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 11 (3):191-194. (in Chinese)
	蒋钟仁, 李春玲. 1984. 对甜(辣)椒花培后代的观察与试验. 园艺学报, 11 (3):191-194.
[14]	Kim S, Park M, Yeom S I, Kim Y M, Lee J M, Lee H A, Seo E, Choi J, Cheong K, Kim K T, Jung K, Lee G W, Oh S K, Bae C, Kim S B, Lee H Y, Kim S Y, Kim M S, Kang B C, Jo Y D, Yang H B, Jeong H J, Kang W H, Kwon J K, Shin C, Lim J Y, Park J H, Huh J H, Kim J S, Kim B D, Cohen O, Paran I, Suh M C, Lee S B, Kim Y K, Shin Y, Noh S J, Park J, Seo Y S, Kwon S Y, Kim H A, Park J M, Kim H J, Choi S B, Bosland P W, Reeves G, Jo S H, Lee B W, Cho H T, Choi H S, Lee M S, Yu Y, Choi Y D, Park B S, Deynze A, Ashrafi H, Hill T, Kim W T, Pai H S, Ahn H K, Yeam I, Giovannoni J J, Rose J K, Sørensen I, Lee S J, Kim R W, Choi I Y, Choi B S, Lim J S, Lee Y H, Choi D. 2014. Genome sequence of the hot pepper provides insights into the evolution of pungency in Capsicum species. Nature Genetics, 46:270-278. doi: 10.1038/ng.2877 URL
[15]	Lei Jian-jun, Chen Guo-ju, Cao Bi-hao. 2009. Review of molecular breeding in hot pepper. Journal of China Capsicum,(2):1-7. (in Chinese)
	雷建军, 陈国菊, 曹必好. 2009. 辣椒分子育种研究进展. 辣椒杂志,(2):1-7.
[16]	Lei Jian-jun, Zhu Zhang-sheng, Sun Bin-mei, Chen Guo-ju, Chen Chang-ming, Cao Bi-hao. 2018. Progress in biosynthesis of capsaicinoids and its molecular mechanism. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 45 (9):1739-1749. (in Chinese)
	雷建军, 朱张生, 孙彬妹, 陈国菊, 陈长明, 曹必好. 2018. 辣椒素类物质生物合成及其分子生物学机理研究进展. 园艺学报, 45 (9):1739-1749.
[17]	Li Chun-ling, Jiang Zhong-ren. 1983. Some influencing factors in anther culture of Capsicum frutescens L. China Vegetables,(12):35-37. (in Chinese)
	李春玲, 蒋钟仁. 1983. 对甜椒花药培养中一些影响因素的研究. 中国蔬菜,(12):35-37.
[18]	Li Chun-ling, Jiang Zhong-ren. 1990. The breed successful of'Hai-Hua No. 3'sweet pepper new variety by anther culture. Acta Horticulture Sinica, 17 (1):39-44. (in Chinese)
	李春玲, 蒋钟仁. 1990. 甜椒花培新品种'海花三号'的育成. 园艺学报, 17 (1):39-44.
[19]	Li Juan-juan, Zou Xue-xiao, Zheng Jing-yuan, Zhang Zhu-qing. 2012. Advances in storage quality of pepper fruit. Hunan Agricultural Sciences, 17:88-91. (in Chinese)
	李娟娟, 邹学校, 郑井元, 张竹青. 2012. 辣椒耐贮性研究进展. 湖南农业科学,(17):88-91.
[20]	Li Juan-juan, Zhang Zhu-qing, Chen Wen-chao. 2013. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 34 (18):322-326. (in Chinese)
	李娟娟, 张竹青, 陈文超. 2013. 不同果型和果肉厚度辣椒耐贮运性研究. 食品工业科技, 34 (18):322-326.
[21]	Li Pei-hua, Yao Yong-hui, Liu Hong. 1989. Introduction of foreign cultivar material of annual pepper cultivars. China vegetables,(1):27-30. (in Chinese)
	李佩华, 姚永慧, 刘红. 1989. 国外一年生辣椒栽培种品种材料的引种. 中国蔬菜,(1):27-30.
[22]	Li Shu-de. 1995. Make full use of the disease resistance of vegetable varieties and continuously improve the yield and quality of vegetables//Liu Jiang:Chinese vegetable blue sub-project. Beijing: China Agriculture Press:246-259. (in Chinese)
	李树德. 1995. 充分利用蔬菜品种抗病性,不断提高蔬菜产量和品质//刘江. 中国菜蓝子工程. 北京: 中国农业出版社:246-259.
[23]	Li Yi-fei, Zhang Shi-cai, Jiang Xiao-ying. 2019. Creation of new germplasm with Phytophthora blight resistance for processing type pepper by anther culture. Molecular Plant Breeding, 17 (12):4030-4035. (in Chinese)
	李怡斐, 张世才, 蒋晓英. 2019. 利用花药培养技术创制加工型辣椒抗疫病新种质. 分子植物育种, 17 (12):4030-4035.
[24]	Li Yi-fei, Zhang Shi-cai, Jiang Xiao-ying, Huang Ren-zhong, Lei Kai-zhong, Huang Qi-zhong, Lin Qing. 2017. The creation of processing type pepper cytoplasmic male sterility restoring line by anther culture. Molecular Plant Breeding, 15 (6):2317-2321. (in Chinese)
	李怡斐, 张世才, 蒋晓英, 黄任中, 雷开荣, 黄启中, 林清, 2017. 利用花药培养技术创制加工型辣椒细胞质雄性不育恢复系. 分子植物育种, 15 (6):2317-2321.
[25]	Li Ying, Wang Heng-ming, Xu Xiao-wan. 2020. Breeding of pepper cultivars in South China and research progress in pepper breeding technology. Guangdong Agricultural Sciences, 47 (11):60-69. (in Chinese)
	李颖, 王恒明, 徐小万. 2020. 华南地区辣椒品种选育及育种技术研究进展. 广东农业科学, 47 (11):60-69.
[26]	Liu F, Yu H Y, Deng Y T, Zheng J Y, Liu M L, Ou L J, Yang B, Dai X Z, Ma Y Q, Feng S Y, He S, Li X F, Zhang Z Q, Chen W C, Zhou S D, Chen R, Liu M M, Yang S, Wei R M, Li H D, Li F, Ouyang B, Zou X X. 2017. Pepper hub,an informatics hub for the chili pepper research community. Molecular Plant, 10 (8):1129-1132. doi: S1674-2052(17)30076-X pmid: 28343897
[27]	Liu Xing-hua, Cao Chun-xing, Wang Dong-sheng, Yan Ji-qiong, Zhang Wei-chun. 2021. Research progress on hypoglycemic mechanism of pepper. Journal of China Pepper,(4):1-4. (in Chinese)
	刘新华, 曹春信, 王东飞, 鄢继琼, 张伟春. 2021. 辣椒降糖机制研究进展. 辣椒杂志,(4):1-4.
[28]	Liu Hong, Li Pei-hua, Zhou Li-duan. 1985. The bitter eggplant of new variety in Solanum and the variety of Shuanla and Dashula. Acta Horticulture Sinica, 12 (4):255-259. (in Chinese)
	刘红, 李佩华, 周立端. 1985. 茄属新种苦茄,辣椒新变种涮辣和变型大树辣. 园艺学报, 12 (4):255-259.
[29]	Liu Jian-hua, Yang Yu-zhen, Zou Xue-xiao, Lu Jian-zhi, Yuan Cai-yao, Pu Ye-min, Gong Zhen-hui, Zhou Xin-min, Wang Ming. 1991. Identification of resistance to pepper anthracnose among hot and sweet pepper germplasm resources at seedling stage. Shaanxi Journal of Agricultural Sciences,(4):11-12. (in Chinese)
	刘建华, 杨玉珍, 邹学校, 卢鉴植, 袁彩尧, 濮冶民, 巩振辉, 周新民, 王鸣. 1991. 辣(甜)椒种质资源苗期对炭疽病的抗性鉴定. 陕西农业科学,(4):11-12.
[30]	Liu Jian-hua, Zhang Ji-ren, Yuan Cai-yao, Ding Li-ping, Zhou Xin-min, Wang Ming. 1992. Resistance to babacco mosaic and cucumber mosaic viruses in Capsicum annuum. Journal of Hunan Agricultural College, 18 (supplement):191-195. (in Chinese)
	刘建华, 张继仁, 袁彩尧, 丁犁平, 周新民, 王鸣. 1992. 辣椒种质资源对烟草花叶病毒和黄瓜花叶病毒的抗病性. 湖南农学院学报, 18(增刊):191-195.
[31]	Ma De-hua. 2014. Current states and development suggestion of vegetable seed enterprises. China Vegetables,(2):1-4. (in Chinese)
	马德华. 2014. 蔬菜种子企业现状及发展建议. 中国蔬菜,( 2):1-4.
[32]	Ma Yan-yan, Lu Xiao-xiang. 2010. Reviews on screening for α-glucosidase inhibitors of natural products. Cereals & Oils,(6):7-10. (in Chinese)
	马燕燕, 鲁晓翔. 2010. 天然产物α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂筛选研究进展. 粮食与油脂,(6):7-10.
[33]	Mao Ai-jun, Geng San-sheng, Hu Qia. 2001. Inoculation appraisal for single-and multiresistance to TMV,CMV,phytophthora capsici and anthrax in Capsicum annuum L. Zhongguo Lajiao,(2):14-17. (in Chinese)
	毛爱军, 耿三省, 胡洽. 2001. 甜(辣)椒病毒病、疫病和炭疽病的单抗、多抗性接种鉴定技术. 中国辣椒,(2):14-17.
[34]	Miao Run-lian, Que Qing, Liang Yan-ping. 2020. Analysis of the technological innovation trend of international pepper breeding from the perspective of patents. China Vegetables,(10):9-12. (in Chinese)
	苗润莲, 岳青, 梁燕平. 2020. 专利视角下国际辣椒育种技术创新态势分析. 中国蔬菜,( 10):9-12.
[35]	Moscone E A, Baranyi M, Ebert I, Greilhuber J, Ehrendorfer F, Hunziker A T. 2003. Analysis of nuclear DNA content in capsicum(Solanaceae)by flow cytometry and feulgen densitometry. Annals of Botany, 92 (1):21-29. doi: 10.1093/aob/mcg105 URL
[36]	National Development and Reform Commission, Agriculture Ministry of People's Republic of China. 2012. National vegetable industry development plan(2011— 2020). China Vegetables,(5):1-12. (in Chinese)
	国家发展改革委员会, 农业部. 2012. 全国蔬菜产业发展规划(2011—2020年). 中国蔬菜,(5):1-12.
[37]	National Crop Variety Approval Committee. 1992. Excellent varieties of chinese vegetables(1980—1990). Beijing: Agricultural Press:306-357. (in Chinese)
	全国农作物品种审定委员会. 1992. 中国蔬菜优良品种(1980—1990年). 北京: 农业出版社:306-357.
[38]	Ou L J, Li D, Lv J H, Chen W C, Zhang Z Q, Li X F, Yang B Z, Zhou S D, Yang S, Li W G, Gao H Z, Zeng Q, Yu H Y, Ouyang B, Li F, Liu F, Zheng J Y, Liu Y H, Wang J, Wang B B, Dai X Z, Ma Y Q, Zou X X. 2018. Pan-genome of cultivated pepper(Capsicum)and its use in gene presence-absence variation analyses. New Phytologist, 220 (2):360-363. doi: 10.1111/nph.15413 URL
[39]	Qin C, Yu C S, Shen Y O, Fang X D, Chen L, Min J M, Cheng J W, Zhao S C, Xu M, Luo Y, Yang Y L, Wu Z M, Mao L K, Wu H Y, Ling-Hu C Y, Zhou H K, Lin H J, González-Morales S, Trejo-Saavedra D L, Tian H, Tang X, Zhao M J, Huang Z Y, Zhou A W, Yao X M, Cui J J, Li W Q, Chen Z, Feng Y Q, Niu Y C, Bi S M, Yang X W, Li W P, Cai H M, Luo X R, Montes-Hernández S, Leyva-González M A, Xiong Z Q, He X J, Bai L J, Tan S, Tang X Q, Liu D, Liu J W, Zhang S X, Chen M S, Zhang L, Zhang L, Zhang Y C, Liao W Q, Zhang Y, Wang M, Lv X D, Wen B, Liu H J, Luan H M, Zhang Y G, Yang S, Wang X D, Xu J H, Li X Q, Li S C, Wang J Y, Palloix A, Bosland P W, Li Y R, Krogh A, Rivera-Bustamante R F, Herrera-Estrella L, Yin Y, Yu J P, Hu K L, Zhang Z M. 2014. Whole-genome sequencing of cultivated and wild peppers provides insights into Capsicum domestication and specialization. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 111 (14):5135-5140.
[40]	Shen Huo-lin, Jiang Jian-zhen, Wang Zhi-yuan, Geng San-sheng. 1994. Studies on the breeding and inheritance of male sterility lines of pepper(Capsicum annuum L.). Journal of Beijing Agricultural University,(20):25-30. (in Chinese)
	沈火林, 蒋健箴, 王志源, 耿三省. 1994. 辣椒雄性不育系选育及遗传研究. 北京农业大学学报,(20):25-30.
[41]	Sui Yi-hu, Chen Jing-feng. 2009. Progress of interspecific distant hybrid breeding in the genus Capsicum. Journal of Tropical Crops, 30 (4):557-563. (in Chinese)
	隋益虎, 陈劲枫. 2009. 辣椒属种间远缘杂交育种研究进展. 热带作物学报, 30 (4):557-563.
[42]	Wang Li-hao, Che Jin-ying, Mao Sheng-li, Zhang Zheng-hai, Zhang Bao-xi. 2012a. Review of molecular breeding research in hot pepper. Journal of China Capsicum,(4):1-5. (in Chinese)
	王立浩, 车晋英, 毛胜利, 张正海, 张宝玺. 2012a. 辣椒分子育种研究新进展. 辣椒杂志,(4):1-5.
[43]	Wang Li-hao, Ma Yan-qing, Zhang Bao-xi. 2019. Market demand and breeding trend of pepper varieties in China. China Vegetables,(8):1-4. (in Chinese)
	王立浩, 马艳青, 张宝玺. 2019. 我国辣椒品种市场需求与育种趋势. 中国蔬菜,(8):1-4.
[44]	Wang Li-hao, Mao Sheng-li, Zhang Zheng-hai, Zhang Bao-xi. 2012b. Review of molecular genetics and breeding in hot pepper. Journal of China Capsicum,(1):1-9. (in Chinese)
	王立浩, 毛胜利, 张正海, 张宝玺. 2012b. 辣椒分子遗传育种研究进展. 辣椒杂志,(1):1-9.
[45]	Wang Li-hao, Zhang Bao-xi. 2001. Research progress on the cultivation of cayenne pepper anthers. China Vegetables,(3):52-53. (in Chinese)
	王立浩, 张宝玺. 2001. 辣椒花药培养研究进展. 中国蔬菜,(3):52-53.
[46]	Wang Lihao, Zhang Baoxi, Zhang Zhenghai, Cao Yacong, Yu Hailong, Feng Xigang. 2020. Research progress in genetics and breeding of Capsicum. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 47 (9):1727-1740. (in Chinese)
	王立浩, 张宝玺, 张正海, 曹亚从, 于海龙, 冯锡刚. 2020. 辣椒遗传育种研究进展. 园艺学报, 47 (9):1727-1740.
[47]	Wang Li-hao, Zhang Bao-xi, Zhang Zheng-hai, Cao Ya-cong, Yu Hai-long, Feng Xi-gang. 2021. Status in breeding and production of Capsicum spp. in China during'The Thirteenth Five-year Plan'period and future prospect. China Vegetables,(2):21-29. (in Chinese)
	王立浩, 张宝玺, 张正海, 曹亚从, 于海龙, 冯锡刚. 2021. “十三五”我国辣椒育种研究进展、产业现状及展望. 中国蔬菜,(2):21-29.
[48]	Wang Li-hao, Zhang Zheng-hai, Cao Ya-cong, Zhang Bao-xi. 2016. Research progress and prospect of pepper genetics and breeding in China during the Twelfth five-year Plan. China Vegetables,(1):1-7. (in Chinese)
	王立浩, 张正海, 曹亚从, 张宝玺. 2016. “十二五”我国辣椒遗传育种研究进展及其展望. 中国蔬菜,(1):1-7.
[49]	Wang Shu-bin, Yuan Xi-han, Zou Xue-xiao, Ma Yan-qing, Li Hai-tao, Yin Dong-sheng. 2001. Evaluation of chinese excellent pepper germplasms. Jiangsu Agricultural Science, 17 (4):244-247. (in Chinese)
	王述彬, 袁希汉, 邹学校, 马艳青, 李海涛, 印东生. 2001. 中国辣椒优异种质资源评价. 江苏农业科学, 17 (4):244-247.
[50]	Wang Su, Wang De-bin, Hu Shi-lin. 1993. A collection of common vegetable varieties. Beijing: Beijing Press:326-356. (in Chinese)
	王素, 王德槟, 胡是麟. 1993. 常用蔬菜品种大全. 北京: 北京出版社:326-356.
[51]	WangYu-ying,Guo Jing-san,Wang Jing-ju,Qian Nan-feng. 1973. Induction of pollen plants of small rye(Triticale) and Capsicum annuum. Scientia Sinica,(1):104-105. (in Chinese)
	王玉英, 郭敬三, 王敬驹, 钱南芬. 1973. 小黑麦(Triticale)和辣椒(Capsicum annuum)花粉植株的诱导. 中国科学,(1):104-105.
[52]	Wang Yu-ying, Guo Zhong-chen, Li Chun-ling, Jiang Zhong-ren. 1980. Preliminary study on anther culture of sweet pepper. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 7 (1):34-38. (in Chinese)
	王玉英, 郭仲琛, 李春玲, 蒋钟仁. 1980. 甜椒花药培养的初步研究. 园艺学报, 7 (1):34-38.
[53]	Wang Zhi-yuan, Ding Li-ping, Guo Jia-zhen. 1995. Introduction of excellent varieties and generation hybrids(lines)//Li Shu-de. Progress of breeding for disease resistance in major vegetables in China. Beijing:Science Press:574-577. (in Chinese)
	王志源, 丁犁平, 郭家珍. 1995. 优良品种及一代杂种(系)简介//李树德. 中国主要蔬菜抗病育种进度. 北京: 科学出版社:574-577.
[54]	Wang Zuo-yi, Yang Feng-mei, Wang Zhi-qiang, Xue Qing-hua. 1998. Selection and transfer of male sterile dual-use lines for pepper and their utilization. Northern Horticulture,(1):10-11. (in Chinese)
	王作义, 杨凤梅, 王志强, 薛庆华. 1998. 辣椒雄性不育两用系选育转育及利用. 北方园艺,(1):10-11.
[55]	Xu Xiao-wan, Luo Shao-bo, Li Ying, Wang Heng-ming, Tian Yong-hong. 2009. Genetic breeding strategy for physiological resistance to high temperature and humidity in pepper. Journal of China Capsicum,(3):1-3,7. (in Chinese)
	徐小万, 罗少波, 李颖, 王恒明, 田永红. 2009. 辣椒抗高温多湿生理遗传育种策略. 辣椒杂志,(3):1-3,7.
[56]	Yang Bo-zhi, Zhou Shu-dong, Ou Li-jun, Lli Feng, Zheng Jing-yuan, Ma Yan-qing. 2019. A simplified protocol for pepper anther culture under open conditions. Journal of China Capsicum,(1):20-21. (in Chinese)
	杨博智, 周书栋, 欧立军, 刘峰, 郑井元, 马艳青. 2019. 辣椒花药开放式培养技术规范. 辣椒杂志,(1):20-21.
[57]	Yang Shi-zhou. 1981. Selection and breeding of male sterile dual purpose lines for pepper. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 8 (3):49-53. (in Chinese)
	杨世周. 1981. 辣椒雄性不育两用系的选育. 园艺学报, 8 (3):49-53.
[58]	Yang Shi-zhou, Zhao Xue-yun. 1984. Selection of male sterile line 8021A and utilization in three-lines breeding of pepper. China Vegetables,(3):9-13. (in Chinese)
	杨世周, 赵雪云. 1984. 辣椒 8021A 雄性不育系的选育及三系配套. 中国蔬菜,(3):9-13.
[59]	Yang Shi-zhou, Zhao Xue-yun. 1985. Technology for mating a generation of hybrids with the male sterile dual-use line AB 832 in pepper. China Vegetables,(4):26-27,40. (in Chinese)
	杨世周, 赵雪云. 1985. 辣椒雄性不育两用系AB832配制一代杂种技术. 中国蔬菜,(4):26-27,40.
[60]	Yang Shi-zhou, Yang Feng-mei, Jiang En-guo, Wang Zuo-yi, Li Ji. 1995. New progress in the selection and application of male sterile dual-use lines in pepper. Chinese Vegetables,(1):19-20. (in Chinese)
	杨世周, 杨凤梅, 姜恩国, 王作义, 李季. 1995. 辣椒雄性不育两用系选育和应用新进展. 中国蔬菜,(1):19-20.
[61]	Yao Ming-hua, Yin Yan-xun, Wang Fei, Li Ning, Jiao Chun-hai, Zhao Jia-yu. 2015. Current situation and countermeasures of breeding for processing pepper in China. Hubei Agricultural Science, 54 (11):2569-2573. (in Chinese)
	姚明华, 尹延旭, 王飞, 李宁, 焦春海, 赵家昱. 2015. 中国加工辣椒育种现状与发展对策. 湖北农业科学, 54 (11):2569-2573.
[62]	Yao Qiu-ju, Chang Xiao-ke, Cheng Zhi-fang, Han Ya-nan, Zhang Yu-le, Wang Bin, Liu Wei. 2021. Advances of the haploid induction technology in pepper. Chinese Melon, 34 (7):1-6. (in Chinese)
	姚秋菊, 常晓轲, 程志芳, 韩娅楠, 张玉乐, 王彬, 刘卫. 2021. 辣椒单倍体育种技术研究进展. 中国瓜菜, 34 (7):1-6.
[63]	Zhang Bao-xi. 2003. The main objectives of pepper breeding in China during the“Tenth Five-Year Plan”period. Journal of China Capsicum,(1):14. (in Chinese)
	张宝玺. 2003. 我国“十五”期间辣椒育种的主要目标. 中国辣椒,(1):14.
[64]	Zhang Bao-xi, Wang Li-hao, Mao Sheng-li, Zhang Zheng-hai. 2010. Research progress on pepper genetic breeding during China's'Eleventh Five-Year Plan'. China Vegetables,(24):1-9. (in Chinese)
	张宝玺, 王立浩, 毛胜利, 张正海. 2010. “十一五”我国辣椒遗传育种研究进展. 中国蔬菜,(24):1-9.
[65]	Zhang Shu-gen, Shen Huo-lin, Jiang Zhong-ren, Li Chun-ling, Xing Yong-ping. 2006. Advance in anther culture and haploid breeding in Capsicum. Journal of China Capsicum,(3):1-8. (in Chinese)
	张树根, 沈火林, 蒋钟仁, 李春玲, 邢永萍. 2006. 辣椒花药培养单倍体育种技术研究进展. 辣椒杂志,(3):1-8.
[66]	Zhang Xiao-fen, Geng San-sheng, Chen Bin, Mao Ai-jun. 2005. The research progress of haploid production of Capsicum Auumn L. Biotechnology Bulletin,(4):12-17. (in Chinese)
	张晓芬, 耿三省, 陈斌, 毛爱军. 2005. 甜(辣)椒单倍体培养研究进展. 生物技术通报,(4):12-17.
[67]	Zhang Yang-yong, Fang Zhi-yuan, Liu Ze-zhou, Yu Hai-long. 2013. Varieties overview of Chinese vegetables. China Vegetables,(23):1-4. (in Chinese)
	张扬勇, 方智远, 刘泽洲, 于海龙. 2013. 中国蔬菜育成品种概况. 中国蔬菜,(23):1-4.
[68]	Zhang Zheng-hai, Mao Sheng-li, Wang Li-hao, Zhang Bao-xi. 2012. In vitro haploid production and application to pepper breeding. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 39 (9):1715-1726. (in Chinese)
	张正海, 毛胜利, 王立浩, 张宝玺. 2012. 辣椒单倍体离体诱导及育种应用. 园艺学报, 39 (9):1715-1726.
[69]	Zhao Hua-lun, Ding Li-ping, Sun Jie-bo, Wang Shu-bin, Qian Zhi-long, Liu Jin-bing, Yuan Cai-yao. 1995. Breeding and identification of male sterile lines 21A,8A and 17A of hot(sweet)pepper. Jiangsu Agricultural Science,(1):49-50. (in Chinese)
	赵华仑, 丁犁平, 孙洁波, 王述彬, 钱芝龙, 刘金兵, 袁彩尧. 1995. 辣(甜)椒雄性不育系21A、8A、17A的选育及鉴定. 江苏农业科学,(1):49-50.
[70]	Zhao Hua-lun, Liu Jin-bing, Sun Jie-bo, Ding Li-ping, Qian Zhi-long, Wang Shu-bin, Pan Bao-gui. 1998. Biyu—a sweet-hot pepper F₁ hybrid produced by male sterility. China Vegetables,(4):25-26. (in Chinese)
	赵华仑, 刘金兵, 孙洁波, 丁犁平, 钱芝龙, 王述彬, 潘宝贵. 1998. 甜椒雄性不育系一代杂种碧玉椒的选育. 中国蔬菜,(4):25-26.
[71]	Zhou Mian. 2022. How to ensure that the“vegetable basket”contains a large number of vegetables,a full range of varieties,good flavor and low prices? Interview with Zou Xue-xiao academician of Chinese academy of engineering. Outlook Weekly,(13).
	周勉. 2022. 如何保障“菜篮子”里的蔬菜数量多、品种全、风味佳、价格低?——中国工程院院士邹学校权威访谈. 瞭望,(13).
[72]	Zhu De-Wei, Zhang Song-ling. 1995. Making full use of domestic and foreign vegetable germplasm resources to enrich Chinese vegetable varieties and meet the needs of urban and rural residents//Liu Jiang. China's vegetable blue project. Beijing: China Agricultural Press:241-245. (in Chinese)
	朱德蔚, 张松林. 1995. 充分利用国内外蔬菜种质资源,丰富中国蔬菜品种,满足城乡居民需要//刘江. 中国菜蓝子工程. 北京: 中国农业出版社:241-245.
[73]	Zou Xue-xiao, Zhou Qun-chu, Dai Xiong-ze, Li Xue-feng, Ma Yan-qing, Zhang Zhu-qing, Liu Rong-yun, Chen Wen-chao. 2000. Breeding of pepper male Sterile line 9704A. Hunan Agricultural Sciences,(5):39-40. (in Chinese)
	邹学校, 周群初, 戴雄泽, 李雪峰, 马艳青, 张竹青, 刘荣云, 陈文超. 2000. 辣椒雄性不育系9704A的选育. 湖南农业科学,(5):39-40.
[74]	Zou Xue-xiao, Ma Yan-qing, Zhou Qun-chu, Dai Xiong-ze, Li Xue-feng. 2001a. Punctual breeding of Xiangyan hot pepper seeds. Journal of Hunan Agricultural University(Natural Sciences), 27 (3):193-196. (in Chinese)
	邹学校, 马艳青, 周群初, 戴雄泽, 李雪峰. 2001a. 湘研辣椒种子的准时生产制. 湖南农业大学学报(自然科学版), 27 (3):193-196.
[75]	Zou Xue-xiao, Zhou Qun-chu, Dai Xiong-ze, Li Xue-feng, Ma Yang-qing. 2001b. Innovation in the industrialization technology of Xiangyan pepper varieties. Journal of Changjiang Vegetables,(5):38-40. (in Chinese)
	邹学校, 周群初, 戴雄泽, 李雪峰, 马艳青. 2001b. 湘研辣椒品种产业化技术的创新. 长江蔬菜,(5):38-40.
[76]	Zou Xue-xiao. 2002. Chinese pepper. Beijing: China Agriculture Press. (in Chinese)
	邹学校. 2002. 中国辣椒. 北京: 中国农业出版社.
[77]	Zou Xue-xiao. 2007. Evolution and development trend of vegetable varieties in China. Journal of Changjiang Vegetables,(2):61-63. (in Chinese)
	邹学校. 2007. 我国蔬菜品种的演变及发展趋势. 长江蔬菜,(2):61-63.
[78]	Zou Xue-xiao. 2009. Pepper genetics and breeding. Beijing: Science Press:1-32. (in Chinese)
	邹学校. 2009. 辣椒遗传育种学. 北京: 科学出版社:1-32.
[79]	Zou Xue-xiao. 2017. Pepper breeding//Fang Zhi-yuan. Vegetable breeding in China. Beijing: China Agriculture Press:1113-1157. (in Chinese)
	邹学校. 2017. 辣椒育种//方智远. 中国蔬菜育种学. 北京: 中国农业出版社:1113-1157.
[80]	Zou Xuexiao, Ma Yanqing, Dai Xiongze, Li Xuefeng, Yang Sha. 2020. Spread and industry development of pepper in China. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 47 (9):1715-1726. (in Chinese)
	邹学校, 马艳青, 戴雄泽, 李雪峰, 杨莎. 2020. 辣椒在中国的传播与产业发展. 园艺学报, 47 (9):1715-1726.
[81]	Zou Xue-xiao, Zhu Fan. 2020. The path of pepper introduction into China and its spreading route in China. Journal of Hunan Agricultural University (Natural Sciences), 46 (6):629-640. (in Chinese)
	邹学校, 朱凡. 2020. 辣椒传入中国的途径与传播路径. 湖南农业大学学报(自然科学版), 46 (6):629-640.
[82]	Zou Xuexiao, Zhou Fan. 2022. Origin,evolution and cultivation history of the pepper. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 49 (6):1371-1381. (in Chinese)
	邹学校, 朱凡. 2022. 辣椒的起源、进化与栽培历史. 园艺学报, 49 (6):1371-1381.

种类 Species	品种数 Variety number	种类 Species	品种数 Variety nmber	种类 Species	品种数 Variety nmber
西瓜Watermelon	785	菜豆Common bean	100	冬瓜Wax gourd	29
辣椒Pepper	707	苦瓜Balsam pear	92	洋葱Onion	23
大白菜Chinese cabbage	538	南瓜Pumpkin	84	蚕豆Broad bean	22
番茄Tomato	451	西葫芦Squash	82	节瓜Chieh qua	19
黄瓜Cucumber	299	白菜Pakchoi	68	胡萝卜Carrot	18
甘蓝Cabbage	201	花椰菜Cauliflower	59	大葱Chinese spring	18
茄子Eggplant	199	丝瓜Luffa	51	onion
甜瓜Maskmelon	169	豌豆Peas	45	茭白Water bamboo	17
食用菌Edible fungi	123	籽用南瓜Seed squash	44	莲藕Lotus root	17
萝卜Radish	107	有壳葫芦 Seed squash	43	其他Others	287
豇豆Asparagus bean	101	芹菜Celery	36	合计Total	4 834

种类 Species	品种数 Variety number	种类 Species	品种数 Variety nmber	种类 Species	品种数 Variety nmber
西瓜Watermelon	785	菜豆Common bean	100	冬瓜Wax gourd	29
辣椒Pepper	707	苦瓜Balsam pear	92	洋葱Onion	23
大白菜Chinese cabbage	538	南瓜Pumpkin	84	蚕豆Broad bean	22
番茄Tomato	451	西葫芦Squash	82	节瓜Chieh qua	19
黄瓜Cucumber	299	白菜Pakchoi	68	胡萝卜Carrot	18
甘蓝Cabbage	201	花椰菜Cauliflower	59	大葱Chinese spring	18
茄子Eggplant	199	丝瓜Luffa	51	onion
甜瓜Maskmelon	169	豌豆Peas	45	茭白Water bamboo	17
食用菌Edible fungi	123	籽用南瓜Seed squash	44	莲藕Lotus root	17
萝卜Radish	107	有壳葫芦 Seed squash	43	其他Others	287
豇豆Asparagus bean	101	芹菜Celery	36	合计Total	4 834

年份 Year	辣椒 Pepper	大白菜 Chinese cabbage	结球甘蓝 Cabbage	番茄 Tomato	黄瓜 Cucumber	茎瘤芥 Stem tumor mustard	西瓜 Watermelon	甜瓜 Maskmelon
2017	110	106	33	94	33	0	176	74
2018	1 630	1 035	335	946	719	9	1 256	858
2019	894	645	241	557	401	17	697	448
2020	1 163	496	259	517	276	8	573	408
2021	589	275	77	223	113	3	173	147
总和Total	4 386	2 557	945	2 337	1 542	37	2 875	1 935

年份 Year	辣椒 Pepper	大白菜 Chinese cabbage	结球甘蓝 Cabbage	番茄 Tomato	黄瓜 Cucumber	茎瘤芥 Stem tumor mustard	西瓜 Watermelon	甜瓜 Maskmelon
2017	110	106	33	94	33	0	176	74
2018	1 630	1 035	335	946	719	9	1 256	858
2019	894	645	241	557	401	17	697	448
2020	1 163	496	259	517	276	8	573	408
2021	589	275	77	223	113	3	173	147
总和Total	4 386	2 557	945	2 337	1 542	37	2 875	1 935

种类 Species	基因组 Genome size	种类 Species	基因组 Genome size	种类 Species	基因组 Genome size	种类 Species	基因组 Genome size
黄瓜Cucumber	330	辣椒（一年生辣椒）Pepper（Capsium annuum）	3 480	叶用莴苣Lettuce	2 500	丝瓜Loofah	736
甘蓝Cabbage	630	萝卜Radish	529	菠菜Spinach	1 010	芹菜Celery	3 180
大白菜 Chinese cabbage	485	二倍体马铃薯 Diploid potato	844	六倍体红薯 Hexaploid sweetpotato	2 200	利马豆Lima bean	622
鸽豌豆 Pigeon peas	833	辣椒（下垂辣椒） Pepper（C. annuum）	3 900	印度南瓜 Cucurbita maxima	380	洋葱Onion	16 000
木薯Cassava	760	豇豆Cowpea	538	茄子Eggplant	1 130	生姜Ginger	1 590
醋栗番茄Solanum pimpinellifolium	739	茭白Water Bamboo	590	芦笋Asparagus	1 300	大蒜,芥末Garlic,Mustard	1 070
番茄Tomato	900	胡萝卜Carrot	473	西葫芦Squash	283	花椒Zanthoxylum	4 400
甜瓜Muskmelon	450	黑芥Brassica nigra	591	花生Peanut	2 700	花椰菜Cauliflower	450
鹰嘴豆Chickpea	738	芥菜Brassica juncea	922	豌豆Peas	4 430	青花菜Broccoli	630
甜菜Beet	731	苦瓜Bitter gourd	340	芫荽Coriander	2 130