Advances in the Research on Cold Resistance of Apple

doi:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2025-0139

Acta Horticulturae Sinica ›› 2025, Vol. 52 ›› Issue (8): 2021-2045.doi: 10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2025-0139

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Advances in the Research on Cold Resistance of Apple

XU Gongxun¹, YAN Shuai¹, HE Meiqi², MA Huaiyu², LÜ Deguo², QIN Sijun², CHENG Cungang¹, ZHAO Deying¹^,^*()

¹ Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Germplasm Resources Utilization， Ministry of Agriculture/Research Institute of Pomology，Chinese Academy of Agricultual Sciences，Xingcheng， Liaoning 125100， China
² Key Laboratory of Fruit Quality Development and Regulation of Liaoning Province， College of Horticulture，Shenyang Agricultural University， Shenyang， 110866， China

Received:2025-02-19 Revised:2025-05-20 Online:2025-08-19 Published:2025-08-19
Contact: ZHAO Deying

Abstract

Abstract:

In this paper，the research results of apple cold resistance in recent years were summarized，the effects of low temperature stress on the cold resistance of apple were reviewed，the identification methods of different cold resistance were compared，the main cold-resistant apple varieties and rootstocks both domestically and internationally were listed，and the physiological and molecular mechanisms of apple in response to low temperature stress were explored. Finally，the problems existing in the study of apple cold resistance and the main direction of future research were pointed out. To provide support for further analysis of the cold resistance mechanism of apples and the breeding of cold resistance cultivars.

Key words: apple, cold resistance, mechanism, advance

XU Gongxun, YAN Shuai, HE Meiqi, MA Huaiyu, LÜ Deguo, QIN Sijun, CHENG Cungang, ZHAO Deying. Advances in the Research on Cold Resistance of Apple[J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2025, 52(8): 2021-2045.

Figures/Tables 5

References 151

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	王冬梅, 伊凯, 刘志, 吕天星, 张景娥, 闫忠业. 2017. 中熟苹果新品种‘岳艳’的选育. 果树学报, 34 (4):515-518.
[110]	Wang Dongmei, Liu Zhi, Zhang Jing’e, Yi Kai, Yan Zhongye, Lü Tianxing. 2013. Breeding of a new mid-late maturing apple cultivar ‘Yueyanghong’. China Fruits,(3):1-3,85. (in Chinese)
	王冬梅, 刘志, 张景娥, 伊凯, 闫忠业, 吕天星. 2013. 苹果中晚熟新品种‘岳阳红’的选育. 中国果树,(3):1-3,85.
[111]	Wang Hongping, Dong Tie, Liu Xinglu, Yin Xiaoning, Sun Wentai, Niu Junqiang, Ma Ming. 2020. A study on the cold resistance and the semi-lethal temperatures for branches of five apple rootstock cultivars. Journal of Fruit Science, 37 (4):495-501. (in Chinese)
	王红平, 董铁, 刘兴禄, 尹晓宁, 孙文泰, 牛军强, 马明. 2020. 5个苹果砧木品种枝条的低温半致死温度及耐寒性评价. 果树学报, 37 (4):495-501.
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[113]	Wang P, Liu W C, Han C, Wang S, Bai M Y, Song C P. 2024. Reactive oxygen species:Multidimensional regulators of plant adaptation to abiotic stress and development. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology, 66 (3):330-367.
[114]	Wang Qiang, Cong Peihua. 2018. Breeding of a new mid-late maturing apple cultivar‘Huaqing’. China Fruits,(5):73-74. (in Chinese)
	王强, 丛佩华. 2018. 苹果中晚熟新品种‘华庆’的选育. 中国果树,(5):73-74.
[115]	Wang Rongying, Li Chunqiang, Wu Yan, Li Xin. 2012. Impact of climate changes on freezing injury to fruit trees and defensive measures. Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences, 40 (9):5310-5312,5316. (in Chinese)
	王荣英, 李春强, 吴雁, 李新. 2012. 气候变化对果树冻害的影响及其防御对策. 安徽农业科学, 40 (9):5310-5312,5316.
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	王延秀, 石晓昀, 程丽. 2018. 7个苹果矮化中间砧在甘肃中部灌区的越冬表现. 甘肃农业科技,(7):3-6.
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类型 Type	品种 Cultivar	亲本（父 × 母） Parent（male × female）	选育单位 Breeding organization	平均单果质量/g Average fruit weight	可溶性固形物/% Total soluble solid	总酸含量/% Total acid content	成熟期 Mature period	参考文献 Reference
苹果 Apple	寒富 Hanfu	富士 × 东光 Fuji × Dongguang	沈阳农业大学 Shenyang Agricultural University	250.00	15.20	0.34	9月下旬（辽宁沈阳）Late September（Shenyang，Liaoning）	李怀玉等,1995
	华红 Huahong	惠 × 金冠 Megumi × Golden Delicious	中国农业科学院果树研究所 Research Institute of Pomology，Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences	185.00	15.10	0.48	10月中上旬（辽宁兴城）Early and middle October（Xingcheng，Liaoning）	满书铎等,1999
	华庆 Huaqing	华富 × 金冠 Huafu × Golden Delicious		223.00	15.50	0.50	9月下旬（辽宁兴城）Late September（Xingcheng，Liaoning）	王强和丛佩华,2018
	华金 Huajin	好矮生 × 金矮生 Well spur × Gold spur		250.00	14.40	0.35	9月下旬（辽宁兴城）Late September（Xingcheng，Liaoning）	程存刚等,2004
	岳冠 Yueguan	岳帅 × 寒富 Yueshuai × Hanfu	辽宁省果树科学研究所 Liaoning Institute of Pomology	225.00	15.40	0.39	9月下旬（辽宁熊岳）Late September（Xiongyue，Liaoning）	吕天星等,2016
	岳艳 Yueyan	珊夏 × 寒富 Sansa × Hanfu		240.00	13.40	0.42	9月上旬（辽宁熊岳）Early September（Xiongyue，Liaoning）	王冬梅等,2017
	岳苹 Yueping	岳帅 × 寒富 Yueshuai × Hanfu		295.00	15.30	0.22	10月中旬（辽宁熊岳）Mid-October （Xiongyue，Liaoning）	刘志等,2010
	岳华 Yuehua	岳帅 × 寒富 Yueshuai × Hanfu		215.00	15.50	0.37	10月中旬（辽宁熊岳）Mid-October （Xiongyue，Liaoning）	王冬梅等,2015
	望香红 Wangxianghong	富士与红星混栽苹果园，亲本不详 Apple orchard with mixed cultivation of Fuji and Red Star cultivars，parental origin unspecified		240.00	14.10	0.32	10月中旬（辽宁瓦房店）Mid-October（Wafangdian，Liaoning）	闫忠业等,2014
	岳阳红 Yueyang hong	东光 × 富士 Dongguang × Fuji		205.00	15.22	0.49	9月下旬（辽宁营口）Late September（Yingkou，Liaoning）	王冬梅等,2013
	新帅 Xinshuai	新冬 × 金冠 Xindong × Golden Delicious	新疆生产建设兵团第七师农业科学研究所Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps 7th Division Institute of Agricultural Sciences	216.00	13.30	0.35	9月下旬至10月中旬（新疆奎屯） Late September to mid-October （Kuitun，Xinjiang）	廖庆安等,1995
	新冠 Xinguan	新冬 × 金冠 Xindong × Golden Delicious		143.00	14.70		9月中旬（新疆奎屯） Mid-September （Kuitun，Xinjiang）	廖庆安等,1992
	新苹4号 Xinping 4	新光 × 金冠 Xinguang × Golden Delicious		210.00	14.70	0.36	9月上中旬（新疆奎屯） Early and middle September （Kuitun，Xinjiang）	李国萍等,2001
	玛平1号 Maping 1	不详 Parental origin unspecified	新疆林科院园林绿化研究所Research Institute of Landscaping，Xinjiang Academy of Forestry Sciences	200.00	14.50		9月下旬（新疆北疆地区） Late September（Northern Xinjiang）	韩政伟等,2023
类型 Type	品种 Cultivar	亲本（父 × 母） Parent（male × female）	选育单位 Breeding organization	平均单果质量/g Average fruit weight	可溶性固形物/% Total soluble solid	总酸含量/% Total acid content	成熟期 Mature period	参考文献 Reference
小苹果 Crab apple	沈红 Shenhong	富士 × 金红 Fuji × Jinhong	沈阳农业大学 Shenyang Agricultural University	155.00	16.80		9月上旬（辽宁沈阳） Early September（Shenyang，Liaoning）	李怀玉等,2011
	中苹贝艳 Zongping beiyan	金冠 × 龙丰 Golden Delicious × Longfeng	中国农业科学院果树研究所 Research Institute of Pomology，Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences	68.00	18.00	0.27	10月上旬（辽宁兴城） Early October（Xingcheng，Liaoning）	刘肖烽等,2023
	七月鲜 Qiyuexian	铃铛 × 佚名大苹果 Lingdang × Anonymous apple	辽宁省果树科学研究所Liaoning Institute of Pomology	50.70	13.94	1.22	7月下旬至8月中旬（辽宁熊岳） Late July to mid-August （Xiongyue，Liaoning）	张景娥等,2007
	金红 Jinhong	红太平 × 金冠 Hongtaiping × Golden Delicious	吉林省农业科学院果树研究所 Pomology Research Institute，Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences	70.00	12.00	0.70	9月上中旬（吉林公主岭） Early to mid-September （Gongzhuling，Jilin）	施献举,1988
	象牙黄 Xiangya- huang	蛟河1号 × 金红 Jiaohe No.1 × Jinhong		120.00	13.00	0.94	7月下旬至8月上旬（吉林公主岭） From late July to early August （Gongzhuling，Jilin）	孙凤兰等,1998
	冰红 Binghong	金冠 × 红海棠 Golden Delicious × Red crabapple		64.00	12.40	0.49	9月上中旬（吉林公主岭） Early to mid-September （Gongzhuling，Jilin）	邵静等,2024
	塞外红 Saiwai- hong	不详 Parental origin unspecified	通辽市林业和草原研究所Tongliao Forestry and Grass land Science Research Institute	58.30	17.31	0.87	9月中下旬（内蒙古通辽） Mid-late September（Tongliao，Inner Mongolia）	王宝侠等,2014
	金萍 Jinping	宁酥 × 金红 Ningsu × Jinhong	辽宁农业职业技术学院 Liaoning Agricultural Vocational and Technical College	110.00	18.25	0.28	9月中旬（辽宁铁岭） Mid-September（Tieling，Liaoning）	高丹,2013
	紫香 Zixiang	赤阳 × 红海棠 Chiyang × Red crabapple	黑龙江省农业科学院浆果研究所 Berry Research Institute，Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences	45.00	12.70	0.46	8月下旬（黑龙江宝清） Late August（Baoqing，Heilongjiang）	吴立仁等,2013
	龙丰 Longfeng	大秋 × 金红 Daqiu × Jinhong	黑龙江省农业科学院牡丹江分院 Mudanjiang Branch，Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences	55.10	14.70	3.88	9月中旬（黑龙江牡丹江）Mid-September（Mudanjiang，Heilongjiang）	吴昆,1992
	龙红 Longhong	富士 × 铃铛 Fuji × Lingdang		75.00	16.10	0.37	8月下旬（黑龙江牡丹江） Late August （Mudanjiang，Heilongjiang）	刘延杰等,2002
	龙帅 Longshuai	金红 × 寒富 Jinhong × Hanfu		119.00	13.90	0.56	9月中旬（黑龙江牡丹江）Mid-September（Mudanjiang，Heilongjiang）	于文全等,2017
	龙冠 Longguan	七月鲜 × 金冠 Qiyuexian × Golden Delicious		94.50	13.00	0.17	9月上旬（黑龙江牡丹江） Early September（Mudanjiang，Heilongjiang）	李淑贤等,1987
	龙硕 Longshuo	龙丰自然芽变 Longfeng natural bud mutation		110.60	14.00	1.20	9月中下旬（黑龙江牡丹江）Mid-late September（Mudanjiang，Heilongjiang）	卜海东等,2023a
	龙艳 Longyan	金红自然芽变 Jinhong natural bud mutation		91.00	15.10	0.81	9月上中旬（黑龙江牡丹江）Early and middle September（Mudanjiang，Heilongjiang）	卜海东等,2023b
类型 Type	品种 Cultivar	亲本（父 × 母） Parent（male × female）	选育单位 Breeding organization	平均单果质量/g Average fruit weight	可溶性固形物/% Total soluble solid	总酸含量/% Total acid content	成熟期 Mature period	参考文献 Reference
小苹果 Crab apple	振兴1号 Zhenxing 1	龙冠 × 冻果 Longguan × Dongguo	黑龙江省农业科学院乡村振兴科技研究所 Institute of Rural Revitalization Technology，Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences	43.00	16.50	0.48	9月下旬（黑龙江哈尔滨）Late September（Harbin，Heilongjiang）	焦奎宝等,2024

类型 Type	品种 Cultivar	亲本（父 × 母） Parent（male × female）	选育单位 Breeding organization	平均单果质量/g Average fruit weight	可溶性固形物/% Total soluble solid	总酸含量/% Total acid content	成熟期 Mature period	参考文献 Reference
苹果 Apple	寒富 Hanfu	富士 × 东光 Fuji × Dongguang	沈阳农业大学 Shenyang Agricultural University	250.00	15.20	0.34	9月下旬（辽宁沈阳）Late September（Shenyang，Liaoning）	李怀玉等,1995
	华红 Huahong	惠 × 金冠 Megumi × Golden Delicious	中国农业科学院果树研究所 Research Institute of Pomology，Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences	185.00	15.10	0.48	10月中上旬（辽宁兴城）Early and middle October（Xingcheng，Liaoning）	满书铎等,1999
	华庆 Huaqing	华富 × 金冠 Huafu × Golden Delicious		223.00	15.50	0.50	9月下旬（辽宁兴城）Late September（Xingcheng，Liaoning）	王强和丛佩华,2018
	华金 Huajin	好矮生 × 金矮生 Well spur × Gold spur		250.00	14.40	0.35	9月下旬（辽宁兴城）Late September（Xingcheng，Liaoning）	程存刚等,2004
	岳冠 Yueguan	岳帅 × 寒富 Yueshuai × Hanfu	辽宁省果树科学研究所 Liaoning Institute of Pomology	225.00	15.40	0.39	9月下旬（辽宁熊岳）Late September（Xiongyue，Liaoning）	吕天星等,2016
	岳艳 Yueyan	珊夏 × 寒富 Sansa × Hanfu		240.00	13.40	0.42	9月上旬（辽宁熊岳）Early September（Xiongyue，Liaoning）	王冬梅等,2017
	岳苹 Yueping	岳帅 × 寒富 Yueshuai × Hanfu		295.00	15.30	0.22	10月中旬（辽宁熊岳）Mid-October （Xiongyue，Liaoning）	刘志等,2010
	岳华 Yuehua	岳帅 × 寒富 Yueshuai × Hanfu		215.00	15.50	0.37	10月中旬（辽宁熊岳）Mid-October （Xiongyue，Liaoning）	王冬梅等,2015
	望香红 Wangxianghong	富士与红星混栽苹果园，亲本不详 Apple orchard with mixed cultivation of Fuji and Red Star cultivars，parental origin unspecified		240.00	14.10	0.32	10月中旬（辽宁瓦房店）Mid-October（Wafangdian，Liaoning）	闫忠业等,2014
	岳阳红 Yueyang hong	东光 × 富士 Dongguang × Fuji		205.00	15.22	0.49	9月下旬（辽宁营口）Late September（Yingkou，Liaoning）	王冬梅等,2013
	新帅 Xinshuai	新冬 × 金冠 Xindong × Golden Delicious	新疆生产建设兵团第七师农业科学研究所Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps 7th Division Institute of Agricultural Sciences	216.00	13.30	0.35	9月下旬至10月中旬（新疆奎屯） Late September to mid-October （Kuitun，Xinjiang）	廖庆安等,1995
	新冠 Xinguan	新冬 × 金冠 Xindong × Golden Delicious		143.00	14.70		9月中旬（新疆奎屯） Mid-September （Kuitun，Xinjiang）	廖庆安等,1992
	新苹4号 Xinping 4	新光 × 金冠 Xinguang × Golden Delicious		210.00	14.70	0.36	9月上中旬（新疆奎屯） Early and middle September （Kuitun，Xinjiang）	李国萍等,2001
	玛平1号 Maping 1	不详 Parental origin unspecified	新疆林科院园林绿化研究所Research Institute of Landscaping，Xinjiang Academy of Forestry Sciences	200.00	14.50		9月下旬（新疆北疆地区） Late September（Northern Xinjiang）	韩政伟等,2023
类型 Type	品种 Cultivar	亲本（父 × 母） Parent（male × female）	选育单位 Breeding organization	平均单果质量/g Average fruit weight	可溶性固形物/% Total soluble solid	总酸含量/% Total acid content	成熟期 Mature period	参考文献 Reference
小苹果 Crab apple	沈红 Shenhong	富士 × 金红 Fuji × Jinhong	沈阳农业大学 Shenyang Agricultural University	155.00	16.80		9月上旬（辽宁沈阳） Early September（Shenyang，Liaoning）	李怀玉等,2011
	中苹贝艳 Zongping beiyan	金冠 × 龙丰 Golden Delicious × Longfeng	中国农业科学院果树研究所 Research Institute of Pomology，Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences	68.00	18.00	0.27	10月上旬（辽宁兴城） Early October（Xingcheng，Liaoning）	刘肖烽等,2023
	七月鲜 Qiyuexian	铃铛 × 佚名大苹果 Lingdang × Anonymous apple	辽宁省果树科学研究所Liaoning Institute of Pomology	50.70	13.94	1.22	7月下旬至8月中旬（辽宁熊岳） Late July to mid-August （Xiongyue，Liaoning）	张景娥等,2007
	金红 Jinhong	红太平 × 金冠 Hongtaiping × Golden Delicious	吉林省农业科学院果树研究所 Pomology Research Institute，Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences	70.00	12.00	0.70	9月上中旬（吉林公主岭） Early to mid-September （Gongzhuling，Jilin）	施献举,1988
	象牙黄 Xiangya- huang	蛟河1号 × 金红 Jiaohe No.1 × Jinhong		120.00	13.00	0.94	7月下旬至8月上旬（吉林公主岭） From late July to early August （Gongzhuling，Jilin）	孙凤兰等,1998
	冰红 Binghong	金冠 × 红海棠 Golden Delicious × Red crabapple		64.00	12.40	0.49	9月上中旬（吉林公主岭） Early to mid-September （Gongzhuling，Jilin）	邵静等,2024
	塞外红 Saiwai- hong	不详 Parental origin unspecified	通辽市林业和草原研究所Tongliao Forestry and Grass land Science Research Institute	58.30	17.31	0.87	9月中下旬（内蒙古通辽） Mid-late September（Tongliao，Inner Mongolia）	王宝侠等,2014
	金萍 Jinping	宁酥 × 金红 Ningsu × Jinhong	辽宁农业职业技术学院 Liaoning Agricultural Vocational and Technical College	110.00	18.25	0.28	9月中旬（辽宁铁岭） Mid-September（Tieling，Liaoning）	高丹,2013
	紫香 Zixiang	赤阳 × 红海棠 Chiyang × Red crabapple	黑龙江省农业科学院浆果研究所 Berry Research Institute，Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences	45.00	12.70	0.46	8月下旬（黑龙江宝清） Late August（Baoqing，Heilongjiang）	吴立仁等,2013
	龙丰 Longfeng	大秋 × 金红 Daqiu × Jinhong	黑龙江省农业科学院牡丹江分院 Mudanjiang Branch，Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences	55.10	14.70	3.88	9月中旬（黑龙江牡丹江）Mid-September（Mudanjiang，Heilongjiang）	吴昆,1992
	龙红 Longhong	富士 × 铃铛 Fuji × Lingdang		75.00	16.10	0.37	8月下旬（黑龙江牡丹江） Late August （Mudanjiang，Heilongjiang）	刘延杰等,2002
	龙帅 Longshuai	金红 × 寒富 Jinhong × Hanfu		119.00	13.90	0.56	9月中旬（黑龙江牡丹江）Mid-September（Mudanjiang，Heilongjiang）	于文全等,2017
	龙冠 Longguan	七月鲜 × 金冠 Qiyuexian × Golden Delicious		94.50	13.00	0.17	9月上旬（黑龙江牡丹江） Early September（Mudanjiang，Heilongjiang）	李淑贤等,1987
	龙硕 Longshuo	龙丰自然芽变 Longfeng natural bud mutation		110.60	14.00	1.20	9月中下旬（黑龙江牡丹江）Mid-late September（Mudanjiang，Heilongjiang）	卜海东等,2023a
	龙艳 Longyan	金红自然芽变 Jinhong natural bud mutation		91.00	15.10	0.81	9月上中旬（黑龙江牡丹江）Early and middle September（Mudanjiang，Heilongjiang）	卜海东等,2023b
类型 Type	品种 Cultivar	亲本（父 × 母） Parent（male × female）	选育单位 Breeding organization	平均单果质量/g Average fruit weight	可溶性固形物/% Total soluble solid	总酸含量/% Total acid content	成熟期 Mature period	参考文献 Reference
小苹果 Crab apple	振兴1号 Zhenxing 1	龙冠 × 冻果 Longguan × Dongguo	黑龙江省农业科学院乡村振兴科技研究所 Institute of Rural Revitalization Technology，Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences	43.00	16.50	0.48	9月下旬（黑龙江哈尔滨）Late September（Harbin，Heilongjiang）	焦奎宝等,2024

国家 Country	品种 Cultivar		亲本 Parent		选育单位 Breeding organization		特性 Characteristic	参考文献 Reference
英国 United kingdom	M26		M16 × M9		英国东茂林试验站 East Malling Research		半矮化，抗花叶病毒，抗寒Semi-dwarf，anti-mosaic virus，cold resistance	赵德英,2024a
英国 United kingdom	MM106		君袖 × M1 Junxiu × M1		英国约翰英尼斯园艺研究所和东茂林试验站John Innes Institute of Horticulture and East Malling Research		半矮化，抗苹果绵蚜，抗寒Semi-dwarf，resistant to apple aphid，cold resistance	赵德英,2024a
加拿大 Canada	SJM 44		Nertchinsk × M9		加拿大农业与农业食品园艺研究和发展中心 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada，Atlantic Food and Horticulture Research Center		矮化，抗苹果绵蚜，抗寒 Dwarfing，resistance to apple aphid，cold resistance	赵德英,2024b
加拿大 Canada	SJP 84-5162		Robusta 5 × M27				矮化，抗白粉病、苹果绵蚜，抗寒Dwarfing，resistance to powdery mildew，apple aphid，cold resistance	赵德英,2024b
德国 Germany	Pillnitzer Supporter 4	M4 × M9		德国德累斯顿-皮尔尼茨植物遗传和作物研究 Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research，Dresden-Pieschen		半矮化、抗苹果绵蚜，较抗寒 Semi-dwarf，resistant to apple aphid，more resistant to cold		赵德英,2024c
俄罗斯 Russia	B9	M8 × Red Flag		俄罗斯米丘林斯克国立农业大学 Michurinsk State Agrarian University		矮化，抗颈腐病，抗寒Dwarfing，resistance to neck rot，cold resistance		赵德英,2024d
	71-3-150	58-257 × B9				半矮化，抗颈腐病，抗寒Semi-dwarf，neck rot resistance，cold resistance
	B118	Moscow Pear和M8与M9的混合花粉杂交Hybridization of Moscow Pear and M8 with mixed pollen of M9				半矮化，抗颈腐病和黑星病，极抗寒Semi-dwarf，resistant to neck rot and scab，extremely cold-resistant
	B10（62-396）	13-14 × B9				半矮化，抗火疫病，抗寒 Semi-dwarf，fire-resistant，cold-resistant
波兰 Poland	P22	M9 × Common Antonovka		波兰斯基尔涅维采果树研究所 Research Institute of Pomology and Floriculture，Skierniewice		极矮化，抗冠腐病和白粉病，极抗寒Extremely dwarf，resistant to crown rot and powdery mildew，and extremely cold-resistant.		赵德英,2024e
美国 USA	G935	Ottawa 3 × Robusta 5		美国康奈尔大学和Geneva试验站 Cornell University and Geneva Experiment Station		半矮化，高抗火疫病，抗寒Semi-dwarf，high fire resistance，cold resistance		赵德英,2024f
美国 USA	G814	Ottawa 3 × Robusta 5				半矮化，抗冠腐病，抗寒Semi-dwarf，crown rot resistance，cold resistance		赵德英,2024f
中国 China	CX4	M9 × 金红 M9 × Jinhong		中国农业科学院果树研究所Research Institute of Pomology，Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences		矮化，早果，抗寒 Dwarfing，early fruit，cold resistance		周家旭等,2024
	CX5	193 × M9				矮化，早果，抗寒 Dwarfing，early fruit，cold resistance		周家旭等,2024
	GM256	红海棠 × M9 Red crabapple × M9		吉林省农业科学院果树研究所 Pomology Research Institute，Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences		半矮化，早果，抗寒 Semi-dwarf，early fruit，cold resistance		张新宇等,1998
	GM310	红太平 × M9 Hongtaiping × M9				矮化，抗腐烂病，抗寒 Dwarfing，rot resistance，cold resistance		张冰冰等,2011
	ZM-2000	GM256自然实生 GM256 natural seeding				矮化，抗腐烂病，抗寒 Dwarfing，rot resistance，cold resistance		李粤渤等,2016
	辽砧2号 Liaozhen No.2	助列涅特 × M9 Zhulieniete × M9		辽宁省果树科学研究所 Liaoning Institute of Pomology		矮化，早果，易生根，抗寒Dwarfing，early fruit，easy to root，cold resistance		刘志等,2004
	77-34	小黄海棠 × M9 Small Yellow crabapple × M9		辽宁省果树科学研究所 Liaoning Institute of Pomology		半矮化，早果，抗寒 Semi-dwarf，early fruit，cold resistance		李恩生等,1990
	扎矮山荆子 Zhaai Malus baccata	山荆子自然实生 Natural seedling of Malus baccata		内蒙古自治区呼伦贝尔盟农业科学研究所Hulunbuir Agricultural Science Research Institute，Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region		矮化，抗腐烂病，抗寒 Dwarfing，rot resistance，cold resistance		孟庆炎等,1997
	SC6	SH5 × 黄海棠 SH5 × Yellow crabapple		山西农业大学园艺学院 College of Horticulture，Shanxi Agricultural University		矮化，早果，抗寒 Dwarfing，early fruit，cold resistance		蔚露等, 2024
	Y-1	晋西北野生山荆子实生选育 Seedling breeding of wild Malus baccata in northwest Shanxi		山西农业大学果树研究所 Pomology Institute，Shanxi Agricultural University		矮化，早果，抗旱，抗寒 Dwarfing，early fruit，drought resistance，cold resistance		周家旭等,2024
	Y-2					极矮化，早果，抗旱，抗寒 Extremely dwarf，early fruit，drought resistance，cold resistance
	MD001	山荆子 × M8 Malus baccata × M8		黑龙江省农业科学院 Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences		半矮化，早果，抗寒 Semi-dwarf，early fruit，cold resistance
中国 China	KM矮化砧	花红 × M9 Huahong × M9		新疆生产建设兵团第七师农业科学研究所 Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps 7th Division Institute of Agricultural Sciences		矮化，早果，抗寒 Dwarfing，early fruit，cold resistance		李国萍等,2004
	SX126	M26 × 富平楸子 M26 × Fupingqiuzi		西北农林科技大学园艺学院 College of Horticulture，Northwest A & F University		矮化，抗旱，抗偏斜，抗寒 Dwarfing，drought resistance，deflection resistance，cold resistance		樊秀芳等,2005
	中砧1号 Zhongzhen 1	小金海棠自然实生 Small golden crabapple natural seedling		中国农业大学园艺学院 College of Horticulture，China Agricultural University		半矮化，抗落叶病，抗寒 Semi-dwarf，anti-defoliation，cold resistance		韩振海等,2013

国家 Country	品种 Cultivar		亲本 Parent		选育单位 Breeding organization		特性 Characteristic	参考文献 Reference
英国 United kingdom	M26		M16 × M9		英国东茂林试验站 East Malling Research		半矮化，抗花叶病毒，抗寒Semi-dwarf，anti-mosaic virus，cold resistance	赵德英,2024a
英国 United kingdom	MM106		君袖 × M1 Junxiu × M1		英国约翰英尼斯园艺研究所和东茂林试验站John Innes Institute of Horticulture and East Malling Research		半矮化，抗苹果绵蚜，抗寒Semi-dwarf，resistant to apple aphid，cold resistance	赵德英,2024a
加拿大 Canada	SJM 44		Nertchinsk × M9		加拿大农业与农业食品园艺研究和发展中心 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada，Atlantic Food and Horticulture Research Center		矮化，抗苹果绵蚜，抗寒 Dwarfing，resistance to apple aphid，cold resistance	赵德英,2024b
加拿大 Canada	SJP 84-5162		Robusta 5 × M27				矮化，抗白粉病、苹果绵蚜，抗寒Dwarfing，resistance to powdery mildew，apple aphid，cold resistance	赵德英,2024b
德国 Germany	Pillnitzer Supporter 4	M4 × M9		德国德累斯顿-皮尔尼茨植物遗传和作物研究 Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research，Dresden-Pieschen		半矮化、抗苹果绵蚜，较抗寒 Semi-dwarf，resistant to apple aphid，more resistant to cold		赵德英,2024c
俄罗斯 Russia	B9	M8 × Red Flag		俄罗斯米丘林斯克国立农业大学 Michurinsk State Agrarian University		矮化，抗颈腐病，抗寒Dwarfing，resistance to neck rot，cold resistance		赵德英,2024d
	71-3-150	58-257 × B9				半矮化，抗颈腐病，抗寒Semi-dwarf，neck rot resistance，cold resistance
	B118	Moscow Pear和M8与M9的混合花粉杂交Hybridization of Moscow Pear and M8 with mixed pollen of M9				半矮化，抗颈腐病和黑星病，极抗寒Semi-dwarf，resistant to neck rot and scab，extremely cold-resistant
	B10（62-396）	13-14 × B9				半矮化，抗火疫病，抗寒 Semi-dwarf，fire-resistant，cold-resistant
波兰 Poland	P22	M9 × Common Antonovka		波兰斯基尔涅维采果树研究所 Research Institute of Pomology and Floriculture，Skierniewice		极矮化，抗冠腐病和白粉病，极抗寒Extremely dwarf，resistant to crown rot and powdery mildew，and extremely cold-resistant.		赵德英,2024e
美国 USA	G935	Ottawa 3 × Robusta 5		美国康奈尔大学和Geneva试验站 Cornell University and Geneva Experiment Station		半矮化，高抗火疫病，抗寒Semi-dwarf，high fire resistance，cold resistance		赵德英,2024f
美国 USA	G814	Ottawa 3 × Robusta 5				半矮化，抗冠腐病，抗寒Semi-dwarf，crown rot resistance，cold resistance		赵德英,2024f
中国 China	CX4	M9 × 金红 M9 × Jinhong		中国农业科学院果树研究所Research Institute of Pomology，Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences		矮化，早果，抗寒 Dwarfing，early fruit，cold resistance		周家旭等,2024
	CX5	193 × M9				矮化，早果，抗寒 Dwarfing，early fruit，cold resistance		周家旭等,2024
	GM256	红海棠 × M9 Red crabapple × M9		吉林省农业科学院果树研究所 Pomology Research Institute，Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences		半矮化，早果，抗寒 Semi-dwarf，early fruit，cold resistance		张新宇等,1998
	GM310	红太平 × M9 Hongtaiping × M9				矮化，抗腐烂病，抗寒 Dwarfing，rot resistance，cold resistance		张冰冰等,2011
	ZM-2000	GM256自然实生 GM256 natural seeding				矮化，抗腐烂病，抗寒 Dwarfing，rot resistance，cold resistance		李粤渤等,2016
	辽砧2号 Liaozhen No.2	助列涅特 × M9 Zhulieniete × M9		辽宁省果树科学研究所 Liaoning Institute of Pomology		矮化，早果，易生根，抗寒Dwarfing，early fruit，easy to root，cold resistance		刘志等,2004
	77-34	小黄海棠 × M9 Small Yellow crabapple × M9		辽宁省果树科学研究所 Liaoning Institute of Pomology		半矮化，早果，抗寒 Semi-dwarf，early fruit，cold resistance		李恩生等,1990
	扎矮山荆子 Zhaai Malus baccata	山荆子自然实生 Natural seedling of Malus baccata		内蒙古自治区呼伦贝尔盟农业科学研究所Hulunbuir Agricultural Science Research Institute，Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region		矮化，抗腐烂病，抗寒 Dwarfing，rot resistance，cold resistance		孟庆炎等,1997
	SC6	SH5 × 黄海棠 SH5 × Yellow crabapple		山西农业大学园艺学院 College of Horticulture，Shanxi Agricultural University		矮化，早果，抗寒 Dwarfing，early fruit，cold resistance		蔚露等, 2024
	Y-1	晋西北野生山荆子实生选育 Seedling breeding of wild Malus baccata in northwest Shanxi		山西农业大学果树研究所 Pomology Institute，Shanxi Agricultural University		矮化，早果，抗旱，抗寒 Dwarfing，early fruit，drought resistance，cold resistance		周家旭等,2024
	Y-2					极矮化，早果，抗旱，抗寒 Extremely dwarf，early fruit，drought resistance，cold resistance
	MD001	山荆子 × M8 Malus baccata × M8		黑龙江省农业科学院 Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences		半矮化，早果，抗寒 Semi-dwarf，early fruit，cold resistance
中国 China	KM矮化砧	花红 × M9 Huahong × M9		新疆生产建设兵团第七师农业科学研究所 Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps 7th Division Institute of Agricultural Sciences		矮化，早果，抗寒 Dwarfing，early fruit，cold resistance		李国萍等,2004
	SX126	M26 × 富平楸子 M26 × Fupingqiuzi		西北农林科技大学园艺学院 College of Horticulture，Northwest A & F University		矮化，抗旱，抗偏斜，抗寒 Dwarfing，drought resistance，deflection resistance，cold resistance		樊秀芳等,2005
	中砧1号 Zhongzhen 1	小金海棠自然实生 Small golden crabapple natural seedling		中国农业大学园艺学院 College of Horticulture，China Agricultural University		半矮化，抗落叶病，抗寒 Semi-dwarf，anti-defoliation，cold resistance		韩振海等,2013

响应低温胁迫的类型 Types of response to low temperature stress	基因名称 Gene name	抗寒机制 Mechanism of cold resistance	参考文献 Reference
低温信号的感知与传导Low temperature signal perception and transduction	MdCPK1a	清除 ROS Scavenging of ROS	Dong et al.,2020
	MdbHLH4	促进MdCAX3L-2的表达，抑制低温诱导的Ca²⁺信号传导 Improve the expression of MdCAX3L-2 and inhibits Ca²⁺ signal transduction induced by low temperature	Yang et al.,2023
转录调控途径 Transcriptional regulatory pathway	MdMYB73	MdCBF2/3/4/5的表达水平增加，可溶性糖含量增加The expression level of MdCBF2/3/4/5 increased，and the soluble sugar content increased	Zhang et al.,2017
	MdbHLH33	正向调控MdCBF2表达，MdCOR15A-1和MdCOR15A-2的表达水平增加 Positive regulation of MdCBF2 expression increased the expression levels of MdCOR15A-1 and MdCOR15A-2	Xu et al.,2018
	MdCBF1/2	正向调控MdTST1/2表达，增加葡萄糖、果糖和蔗糖的含量 Positive regulation of MdTST1/2 expression enhances the accumulation of glucose，fructose，and sucrose	Li et al.,2024
	MdMYB88/124	正向调控MdCCA1激活MdCBF3的表达，促进花青素积累 Positive regulation of MdCCA1 activates MdCBF3 expression，thereby promoting anthocyanin accumulation	Xie et al.,2018
	MdNAC104	正向调控MdCBF1/3的表达 Positive regulation of MdCBF1/3 expression	Mei et al.,2023
	MdCBF3	正向调控MdGAD1表达，增加GABA合成 Positive regulation of MdGAD1 expression increased GABA synthesis	Liu et al.,2024a
	MdMYB23	正向调控MdANR，促进原花青素积累和ROS清除 Positive regulation of MdANR promotes proanthocyanidin accumulation and ROS scavenging	An et al.,2018
	MdBBX37	MdBBX37-MdICE1 协同激活MdCBF1表达 MdBBX37-MdICE1 synergistically activated MdCBF1 expression	An et al.,2021
	MdABI4	MdABI4与MdICE1相互作用，增强对MdCBF1的转录 MdABI4 interacts with MdICE1 to enhance the transcription of MdCBF1	An et al.,2022
转录调控途径 Transcriptional regulatory pathway	MdBIM1	正向调控MdCBF1表达，提高苹果抗寒性 Positive regulation of MdCBF1 expression promotes apple cold resistance	An et al.,2023
	MdCIbHLH1	MdCIbHLH1与MdERF1B相互作用，增强对MdCBF1的转录 MdCIbHLH1 interacts with MdERF1B to enhance the transcription of MdCBF1	Wang et al.,2021
	MdNAC104	促进MdCHS-b、MdCHI-a、MdF3Ha和MdANS-b表达，促进花青素积累 Promote the expression of MdCHS-b，MdCHI-a，MdF3H-a and MdANS-b，and promote anthocyanin accumulation	Mei et al.,2023
	MdWRKY40is	正向调控MdDFR，促进花青素积累 Positive regulation of MdDFR promotes anthocyanin accumulation	Xu et al.,2023d
	MdMRLK2	正向调控MdMYBPA1，促进MdANS和MdUFGT表达，诱导更多的花青素合成Positive regulation of MdMYBPA1 promotes the expression of MdANS and MdUFGT，thereby inducing enhanced anthocyanin biosynthesis	Jing et al.,2023a
	MdHY5	正向调控MdCBF1表达，提高苹果抗寒性；MdHY5与MdGH3-2/12和MdNCED2结合，降低苹果IAA/ABA Positive regulation of MdCBF1 expression promotes apple cold resistance；MdHY5 binds to MdGH3-2/12 and MdNCED2，and reduces the ratio of IAA/ABA in apple	An et al.,2017；Liu et al.,2024b
	MdARF17	POD和CAT活性升高 Increase POD and CAT activities	Shen et al.,2023a
	MdHYL1	正向调控MdMYB88/124表达，介导ROS清除、花青素和苯丙氨酸含量积累 Positive regulation of MdMYB88/124 expression mediates ROS scavenging，anthocyanin and phenylalanine accumulation	Shen et al.,2023b
	MdGolS5	增加肌醇半乳糖苷和棉子糖的含量，提高渗透水平 Increase the content of galactinol and raffinose，improve the penetration level	Xu et al.,2025
翻译后修饰调控途径 Post-translational modification regulation pathway	MdSIZ1	MdSIZ1对MdMYB1蛋白进行SUMO化修饰，提高MdMYB1蛋白的稳定性，促进花青苷的积累 MdSIZ1 SUMOylated MdMYB1 protein to improve the stability of MdMYB1 protein and promote the accumulation of anthocyanin	Zhou et al.,2017
	MdSIZ1	MdMYB2与MdSIZ1结合，促进对MdMYB1蛋白SUMO化修饰，促进花青苷的积累 MdMYB2 binds to MdSIZ1 to promote the SUMOylation of MdMYB1 protein and promote the accumulation of anthocyanins	Jiang et al.,2022
	MdPUB23	MdPUB23与MdICE1相互作用，促进MdICE1蛋白稳定性负调控冷应激反应 MdPUB23 interacts with MdICE1 to promote the stability of MdICE1 protein and negatively regulates cold stress response	Wang et al.,2022
	MdHDA6	MdHDA6对MdTCP15进行组蛋白去乙酰化并抑制其表达，提高苹果的抗寒性 MdHDA6 deacetylates histones of MdTCP15 and inhibits its expression to improve the cold resistance of apples	Guo et al.,2023

Advances in the Research on Cold Resistance of Apple

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