Physiological Changes Associated with Early Watercore in‘Orin’Apples

doi:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2023-0891

Acta Horticulturae Sinica ›› 2025, Vol. 52 ›› Issue (1): 171-184.doi: 10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2023-0891

• Cultivation·Physiology & Biochemistry • Previous Articles Next Articles

Physiological Changes Associated with Early Watercore in‘Orin’Apples

SHI Xingxiu¹^,², FENG Beibei¹, YAN Peng¹^,^**(), GENG Wenjuan²^,^**(), Jumazira Sharshanmukhan²

¹ Institute of Horticultural Crops，Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences，Urumqi 830091，China
² College of Horticulture，Xinjiang Agricultural University，Urumqi 830052，China

Received:2024-05-17 Revised:2024-10-04 Online:2025-01-25 Published:2025-01-19
Contact: YAN Peng, GENG Wenjuan

Abstract

Abstract:

To investigate changes in cell membrane integrity and the content and distribution of intracellular sugar fractions，reactive oxygen species metabolism and osmoregulatory substance content during the development of early watercore disease in‘Orin’apple fruits，and to analyse the changes in the expression of sorbitol transporter metabolism genes MdSDH and MdSOT. The results showed that the incidence of early watercore increased with fruit growth and higher ambient temperatures，and that early watercore may be associated with high temperatures. After the occurrence of watercore，the sorbitol content of vesicles，cytoplasm and intercellular space was higher than that of fructose and glucose；the permeability of vesicle membrane was significantly correlated with the sorbitol content of each organelle，the sorbitol content was always higher，the fructose content was decreased significantly；the permeability of vesicle membrane and cell membrane to different sugars was different；the content of superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide was significantly elevated compared with that of the watercore-free tissue（4.65% and 20.83% higher），the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as POD，SOD and CAT were significantly reduced，MDA content and relative conductivity were significantly increased，and the level of membrane peroxidation was serious，but the vacuole membrane and cell membrane still maintained a certain degree of permeability；the expression of MdSOT4 was significantly increased，and it was speculated that it might be an important regulator of sorbitol transport as well as metabolism in the tissue of the watercore. Early watercore symptoms can disappear with lower temperatures in October，further suggesting that high temperatures are associated with watery heart occurrence.

Key words: apple, watercore disease, membrane permeability, sorbitol, activated oxygen, gene expression

SHI Xingxiu, FENG Beibei, YAN Peng, GENG Wenjuan, Jumazira Sharshanmukhan. Physiological Changes Associated with Early Watercore in‘Orin’Apples[J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2025, 52(1): 171-184.

Figures/Tables 9

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基因名称 Gene name	正向引物（5′-3′） Forward primer	反向引物（5′-3′） Reverse primer
MdSDH1	TTGGAGGAAGGCGCGATG	CCTGCTCCCACGACCAAG
MdSDH2	ATCGGGCTGGTTTCCGTG	CGGGCCCGAGAGACTTTG
MdSDH3	CGGGCCCGAGAGACTTTG	AGCAATTGCCGCTTTGGTG
MdSDH4	CCCTGCGGATCTGTGCTT	GGCCCTGCTCCGATGATC
MdSDH5	TTGGAGGAAGGCGCGATG	CCTGCTCCCACGACCAAG
MdSDH6	TTAAAGAAGCCATGATCTCC	CCATTCCTACAAGGCAGAC
MdSOT1	GGCATCGGAGTCGGCTAC	AAGACGTGAGGAAGCCGC
MdSOT2	TCAAGGTCACGGACACGC	AGTTCTTCCGGCCATGGC
MdSOT3	ACCTTCCTCATGTGCGGC	AGACCTCGGCGCTGTAGA
MdSOT4	TCAAGGTCACGGACACGC	TTCTTCCTGCCATGGCGG
MdSOT5	TTGTCGTTGACGGGGCTC	GTCAGGCACAAAACGGCG
MdSOT6	ACCTTCCTCATGTGCGGC	AGACCTCGGCGCTGTAGA
Actin1	GGACAGCGAGGACATTCAGC	CTGACCCATTCCAACCATAACA

基因名称 Gene name	正向引物（5′-3′） Forward primer	反向引物（5′-3′） Reverse primer
MdSDH1	TTGGAGGAAGGCGCGATG	CCTGCTCCCACGACCAAG
MdSDH2	ATCGGGCTGGTTTCCGTG	CGGGCCCGAGAGACTTTG
MdSDH3	CGGGCCCGAGAGACTTTG	AGCAATTGCCGCTTTGGTG
MdSDH4	CCCTGCGGATCTGTGCTT	GGCCCTGCTCCGATGATC
MdSDH5	TTGGAGGAAGGCGCGATG	CCTGCTCCCACGACCAAG
MdSDH6	TTAAAGAAGCCATGATCTCC	CCATTCCTACAAGGCAGAC
MdSOT1	GGCATCGGAGTCGGCTAC	AAGACGTGAGGAAGCCGC
MdSOT2	TCAAGGTCACGGACACGC	AGTTCTTCCGGCCATGGC
MdSOT3	ACCTTCCTCATGTGCGGC	AGACCTCGGCGCTGTAGA
MdSOT4	TCAAGGTCACGGACACGC	TTCTTCCTGCCATGGCGG
MdSOT5	TTGTCGTTGACGGGGCTC	GTCAGGCACAAAACGGCG
MdSOT6	ACCTTCCTCATGTGCGGC	AGACCTCGGCGCTGTAGA
Actin1	GGACAGCGAGGACATTCAGC	CTGACCCATTCCAACCATAACA

样品 Sample	液泡膜 Tonoplast （mg · g^-1 · min^-1）
样品 Sample	果糖 Fructose	葡萄糖 Glucose	山梨醇 Sorbitol
水心前 Before watercore	-0.0188 ± 0.014 a	-0.01627 ± 0.012 a	6.3 × 10^-5± 5.77 × 10^-5 b
水心 Watercore	0.0054 ± 0.009 a	0.00180 ± 0.0037 a	0.01386 ± 0.0026 a
样品 Sample	细胞膜 Plasma membrane （mg · g^-1 · min^-1）
样品 Sample	果糖 Fructose	葡萄糖 Glucose	山梨醇 Sorbitol
水心前 Before watercore	0.0082 ± 0.0064 a	0.0267 ± 0.01137 a	-7.33 × 10^-5± 3.06 × 10^-5 b
水心 Watercore	-0.0013 ± 0.0237 a	0.01113 ± 0.0097 a	0.0032 ± 0.0008 a

样品 Sample	液泡膜 Tonoplast （mg · g^-1 · min^-1）
样品 Sample	果糖 Fructose	葡萄糖 Glucose	山梨醇 Sorbitol
水心前 Before watercore	-0.0188 ± 0.014 a	-0.01627 ± 0.012 a	6.3 × 10^-5± 5.77 × 10^-5 b
水心 Watercore	0.0054 ± 0.009 a	0.00180 ± 0.0037 a	0.01386 ± 0.0026 a
样品 Sample	细胞膜 Plasma membrane （mg · g^-1 · min^-1）
样品 Sample	果糖 Fructose	葡萄糖 Glucose	山梨醇 Sorbitol
水心前 Before watercore	0.0082 ± 0.0064 a	0.0267 ± 0.01137 a	-7.33 × 10^-5± 3.06 × 10^-5 b
水心 Watercore	-0.0013 ± 0.0237 a	0.01113 ± 0.0097 a	0.0032 ± 0.0008 a

样品Sample	组织 Tissue	液泡 Vacuole	细胞质Cytoplasm	细胞间隙 Free space	整个组织 Whole tissue	液泡膜Tonoplast
水心前 Before watercore	细胞质Cytoplasm	1.000^**
	细胞间隙Free space	0.999^*	0.999^*
	整个组织Whole tissue	1.000^**	1.000^**	1.000^*
	液泡膜Tonoplast	1.000^**	1.000^**	1.000^*	1.000**
	细胞膜Plasma membrane	-0.198	-0.198	-0.163	-0.188	-0.189
水心 Watercore	细胞质Cytoplasm	-0.276
	细胞间隙Free space	-0.833	-0.302
	整个组织Whole tissue	-0.870	0.714	0.452
	液泡膜Tonoplast	-0.853	-0.267	0.999^*	0.484
	细胞膜Plasma membrane	-0.926	0.619	0.562	0.992	0.592

Physiological Changes Associated with Early Watercore in‘Orin’Apples

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果实 Fruit	月份/组织 Month/tissue	丙二醛含量/ （nmol · g^-1） MDA content	相对电导率/ Relative electrical conductivity	超氧阴离子含量/ （μmol · g^-1） Superoxide anion content	H₂O₂含量/ （μmol · g^-1）
正常Normal	7	23.21 ± 0.49 a	43.91 ± 0.45 b	5.57 ± 1.09 a	8.97 ± 0.76 a
	8	14.95 ± 0.27 b	88.15 ± 1.36 a	3.92 ± 0.66 b	1.87 ± 0.29 c
	10	6.07 ± 0.71 c	37.54 ± 0.75 c	2.35 ± 0.34 c	7.53 ± 0.51 b
水心Watercore	水心Watercore	53.52 ± 5.15 a	91.80 ± 0.96 a	4.05 ± 0.07 a	2.61 ± 0.08 a
	正常Normal	14.47 ± 0.85 b	77.17 ± 1.64 b	3.87 ± 0.16 b	2.16 ± 0.16 b

果实 Fruit	月份/组织 Month/tissue	SOD/（U · h^-1· g^-1FW）	POD/（U · g^-1）	CAT/（U · g^-1）	APX/（U · g^-1）
正常Normal	7	24.36 ± 1.61 b	301.61 ± 46.56 c	548.51 ± 10.09 a	0.87 ± 0.09 b
	8	31.92 ± 8.13 a	1 288.42 ± 233.29 a	237.37 ± 11.59 b	1.09 ± 0.13 a
	10	27.66 ± 7.61 a	779.52 ± 42.33 b	235.42 ± 26.58 b	0.68 ± 0.19 c
水心Watercore	水心Watercore	26.21 ± 1.67 b	355.31 ± 28.91 b	157.95 ± 6.57 b	2.48 ± 0.08 a
	正常Normal	39.71 ± 6.61 a	1 371.89 ± 303.47 a	238.68 ± 12.45 a	0.54 ± 0.03 b

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