2个熟期不同的华南李品种在热带北界线附近地区的开花结果行为

doi:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2023-0865

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

李属于温带果树，南亚热带秋冬季高温气候对其正常生长发育产生严重影响。为探讨李在热带气候北界线附近的适应性，以2个成熟期不同的华南李品种‘从早1号’（三月李类型，早熟）和‘云开1号’（三华李类型，中熟）为材料，对其在广东省信宜市境内的花芽分化、开花、坐果及果实发育等开花结果行为开展了研究。结果表明：2个品种春梢的花芽形态分化都始于正造果成熟时（分别为4月20日、6月10日），单个花芽形态分化期约60 d；除春梢外，夏梢和秋梢亦能在当年启动并完成花芽分化过程。‘从早1号’和‘云开1号’新梢分别于7月中旬、8月下旬首次出现开花，此后持续到次年1月下旬的正常花期，整个花期长达6个月左右；按开花季节可划分为夏花（7月）、秋花（8—10月）、冬花（11—12月）、早花（1月中旬）和主花期（1月下旬至花期结束）等5个时期，2个品种副花期（7月—次年1月中旬）的开花量分别占18.83%和19.36%；夏花和秋花多畸形，不能正常坐果或不能正常发育；冬花果分别在2月初、3月初成熟，果实虽较小较酸，但仍具市场价值；早花果品质明显改善，具有较高商品价值，冬花果和早花果产量约占总产的5% ~ 10%。2个华南李品种在热带气候北界线附近表现出了花芽分化速度快、9月底前抽生的各级梢能完成花芽分化、花期与成熟期交错、成熟果与不同发育阶段幼果同枝等现象，其对秋冬季高温气候所展现的适应能力，可为李的设施栽培技术和华南李品种演化研究提供启发。

关键词: 李, 热带, 适应性, 表观性状, 开花, 结果

Abstract:

Plum belongs to temperate fruit trees，and the high temperature climate in autumn and winter in southern subtropics has a serious impact on its normal growth and development. In order to explore the adaptability of plum near the northern boundary of tropical climate，two South China plum cultivars‘Congzao 1’（March plum type，early-maturing）and‘Yunkai 1’（Sanhua plum type，medium-maturing）with different maturity periods were used as materials to study their flowering and fruiting behaviours，such as bud differentiation，flowering，fruit set and fruit development in Xinyi City，Guangdong Province，China. The results showed that the morphological differentiation of flower buds commenced at the time when normal season fruits became ripe（20 April and 10 June，respectively）and lasted for about 60 d. In addition to spring shoots，summer shoots and autumn shoots can also initiate and complete the flower bud differentiation process in the current year. The earliest new shoots of‘Congzao 1’and‘Yunkai 1’first appeared to flower in mid-July and late August，respectively，and then continued to flower normally until late January of the following year，with the whole flowering period lasting about 6 months；they can be classified into five flowering periods，such as summer flowers（July）according to the flowering season，autumn flowers（August to October），winter flowers（November to December），early flowers（mid-January）and the main flowering period（late January to the end of the flowering period），the two cultivars of the secondary flowering period（July to mid-January）accounted for 18.83% and 19.36% of the amount of flowering，respectively；Summer and autumn flowers are mostly malformed and cannot set fruits normally or develop normally. The winter fruits matured in early February and early March，and although the fruits were smaller and more acidic，they still had market value. The quality of the early-flowering fruits improved significantly，and they had high commercial value，and the production of winter-flowering fruits and early-flowering fruits accounted for about 5% to 10% of the total production. Two South China plum cultivars near the northern boundary of the tropical climate showed a fast rate of bud differentiation，and the tops of the tips of the various levels that were produced by the end of September were able to complete bud differentiation，flowering and flowering. The adaptive ability of these two cultivars to the high temperature of autumn and winter may provide inspiration for the study of plum cultivation techniques and the evolution of South China plum cultivars.

Key words: Prunus salicina, tropical, adaptability, epigenetic, flowering, fruiting

钟乙中, 汪州, 谢静瑶, 王钲彭, 郝静静, 刘朝阳, 张伟, 吴竞, 钟紫琴, 陈程杰, 何业华. 2个熟期不同的华南李品种在热带北界线附近地区的开花结果行为[J]. 园艺学报, 2024, 51(9): 2105-2119.

ZHONG Yizhong, WANG Zhou, XIE Jingyao, WANG Zhengpeng, HAO Jingjing, LIU Chaoyang, ZHANG Wei, WU Jing, ZHONG Ziqin, CHEN Chengjie, HE Yehua. Flowering and Fruiting Behaviour of Two South China Plum Cultivars with Different Ripening Stages in an Area Near the Northern Boundary of the Tropics[J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2024, 51(9): 2105-2119.

图/表 7

图1 广东信宜月平均最高气温和最低气温（1981—2010年）

Fig. 1 Average monthly maximum and minimum temperatures in Xinyi，Guangdong（1981-2010）

图2 华南李腋芽发育及花芽分化过程的组织形态观察 A ~ E：‘从早1号’春梢展叶后60 d（4月10日）、70 d（4月20日）、85 d（5月5日）、100 d（5月20日）和130 d（6月20日）腋芽外部形态。A：“V”形区内为露出的叶芽先端；B：箭头所指为总芽鳞；C：腋芽分离为3个芽；D：花芽逐渐圆润饱满；E：花芽鳞片掉落，雌雄器官分化完毕。A1：未分化状态；B1：花芽分化始期；C1：小花分化期；D1：小花花器官原基分化期；E1：花芽中已经完成分化的2个小花原基。F ~ J：分别为‘云开1号’10月中旬的花束状枝、短枝春梢、长枝春梢、夏梢和秋梢上花芽分化的情况。

Fig. 2 Histomorphological observation of axillary bud development and the process of flower bud differentiation of south China plum A-E：External morphology of axillary buds of‘Congzao 1’at 60 d（10 April），70 d（20 April），85 d（5 May），100 d（20 May）and 130 d（20 June）after spring leaf expansion. A：Exposed leaf bud apex in the“V”shaped area；B：Total bud scale indicated by arrow；C：Axillary buds separate into three buds；D：Flower buds become gradually rounded and full；E：Flower bud scales fall off and differentiation of male and famle organs is complete；A1：Undifferentiated state；B1：Beginning of floral bud differentiation；C1：Floret differentiation；D1：Floret floral organ primordia differentiation；E1：Two floret primordia in the floral bud that have already completed differentiation. F-J：Flower bud differentiation on bouquet-like branches，short-branch spring tips，long-branch spring tips，summer tips and autumn tips of‘Yunkai 1’in mid-October，respectively.

图3 华南李‘从早1号’开花及果实发育动态与特征 A：7月15日部分花束状枝上叶片开始黄化脱落（白色箭头所指），花芽萌发产生的2朵夏花，基部有2 ~ 3枚苞叶（红色箭头所指）；B：8月20日春梢上的早秋花；C：9月20日春梢1个花芽产生的2朵秋花；D：10月10日中枝春梢上2个花芽各自产生了3朵秋花（蕾）；E：11月10日中枝春梢上不同时期的冬花蕾；F：12月15日春梢上的正常芽、花蕾和盛开的冬花，基部已无小苞叶；G：1月15日正在开放的早花；H：1月15日正造花的花蕾。A1：春梢上10月下旬的晚秋花坐果（11月10日）；B1：春梢上的晚秋花果（11月20日）；C1：春、夏梢上的晚秋花果和冬花果（12月15日）；D1：1月15日春梢上的冬花果（果龄约70 d）；E1：2月5日成熟的冬花果（果龄约90 d的红熟果、果龄约80 d的黄熟果）和正常开放的花；F1：3月10日长果枝成熟的早花果（黄红色）和正造果（绿色）；G1：4月25日红熟的正造果。

Fig. 3 Dynamics and characteristics of flowering and fruit development in‘Congzao 1’plum A：Two summer flowers produced by sprouting flower buds with 2-3 bracts at the base of the flower（indicated by red arrows）on some bouquet-like branches（indicated by white arrows） starting to yellow and fall off on 15 July；B：Early autumn flowers on spring tips on 20 August；C：Two autumn flowers produced by 1 flower bud on a spring tips on 20 September；D：Two flower buds on spring tips of the mid-branch on 10 October each produced three autumn flowers（buds）；E：Winter flower buds at various times on mid-branch spring tips on 10 November；F：Normal buds，buds，and blooming winter flowers on spring tips on 15 December，no longer with small bracts of leaves at the base；G：Early flowers that were opening on 15 January；H：Buds that were making flowers on 15 January. A1：Late autumn flowers on spring tips that were sitting in late October（10 November）；B1：Late autumn flowers and fruits on spring tips（20 November）；C1：Late autumn and winter flowering fruits on spring and summer tips（15 December）；D1：Winter flowering fruits on spring tips on 15 January（about 70 d of fruit age）；E1：Winter flowering fruits（red ripe fruits about 90 d of fruit age，yellow ripe fruits about 80 d of fruit age）and normal open flowers ripening on 5 February；F1：Early flowering fruits（yellowish-red）and normal season fruits（green）ripening on long fruiting shoots on 10 March；G1：Red ripe normal season fruits ripening on 25 April.

图4 华南李‘云开1号’不同时期的开花结果状态 A：10月15日春梢上的秋花和正常芽；B：11月15日春梢上的芽、冬花和秋花果（果龄约1个月）；C1：12月15日正常的花束状枝（左箭头所指）、长枝（红框内枝段，为春梢）和二次枝（右箭头所指，为夏梢）的发育状态；C2：12月15日中枝上的芽、冬花和幼果（果龄约1 ~ 2个月）；D1：1月15日春梢上正造花芽；D2：1月15日春梢及其二次枝（夏梢）不同开花状态的早花；D3：1月15日短枝上的果实（果龄约3个月）和萌动的花芽；E：2月5日正造花和果实（果龄约2.5个月）；F1：3月10日成熟的冬花果（果龄约4个月）；F2：3月10日的不同生长发育阶段的幼果（果龄1.0 ~ 2.5个月）；G：4月15日成熟的早花果（果龄约4个月）和主花期的幼果（果龄约2个月）；H：5月15日成熟的早花果（1月中旬坐果）和主花期的幼果（果龄约3个月）。

Fig. 4 Flowering and fruiting states of‘Yunkai 1’plum at different periods A：Autumn flowers and normal buds on October 15th on the spring shoots；B：Buds，winter flowers，and autumn fruit（fruit age approximately 1 month）on November 15th on the spring shoots. C1：Developmental state of normal bouquet-shaped branches（indicated by left arrow），long branches （branches in red boxes are spring tips），and secondary branches（indicated by right arrow，representing summer tips）on December 15th.C2：Buds，winter flowers，and young fruit（fruit age approximately 1-2 months）on the mid-shoots on December 15th. D1：Flower buds forming on the spring shoots on January 15th. D2：Early flowers in different blooming states on the spring shoots and secondary branches（summer shoots）on January 15th. D3：Fruits（fruit age approximately 3 months）and budding flower buds on the short shoots on January 15th.E：Developing flowers and fruits（fruit age approximately 2.5 months）on February 5th. F1：Mature winter fruits（fruit age approximately 4 months）on March 10th. F2：Immature fruits at different stages of growth and development（fruit age 1.0-2.5 months）on March 10th.G：Mature early fruits（fruit age approximately 4 months）and young fruits during the main flowering period（fruit age approximately 2 months）on April 15th. H：Mature early fruits（set in mid-January）and young fruits during the main flowering period（fruit age approximately 3 months）on May 15th.

图5 2个华南李品种的开花坐果动态开花率（%）= 当月开花的花芽数/花芽总数 × 100；坐果率（%）= 坐果数/当月开花数 × 100，以谢花后20 d为准。‘从早1号’主花期从1月21日开始，‘云开1号’主花期从1月25日开始。

Fig. 5 Flowering and fruiting dynamics of two cultivars of South China plum Flowering rate（%）= number of flowering buds/total number of buds × 100；Fruiting rate（%）= number of fruit sittings/number of flowering buds in the month × 100，based on 20 d after flower shedding. The main flowering period started from 21st January for the‘Congzao 1’，and from 25th January for the‘Yunkai 1’.

图6 2个华南李品种在广东信宜开花时期及果实成熟类型的划分

Fig. 6 Division of flowering period and fruit maturation types for two South China plum cultivars in Xinyi，Guangdong SFP：Summer flowering period；EAP：Early autumn blooming period；LFP：Late flowering period；WFP：Winter flowering period；EFP：Early flowering period；MFP：Main flowering period；WF：Fruits of winter flowers；EF：Early-flowering fruit；NS：Normal season fruit；SA：Start of autumn；SW：Start of winter；MC：Minor cold；EH：End of heat；CD：Cold dew.

表1 2个华南李品种不同时间成熟的果实品质比较

Table 1 Comparison of fruit quality of two cultivars of South China plums ripening at different times

品种 Cultivar	采收时间/（M-D） Harvest time	单果质量/g Single fruit weight	总酸/% Total acidity	可溶性糖/% Soluble sugar	可溶性固形物/% TSS
从早1号	02-15	8.6	2.2	4.0	6.3
Congzao 1	03-15	15.8	1.9	4.3	7.2
	04-15（正造果 Normal season fruits）	25.3	1.7	5.3	8.0
云开1号	03-15	28.5	1.7	4.8	7.4
Yunkai 1	04-15	40.8	1.4	5.3	8.0
	05-15	50.8	1.3	6.0	8.8
	06-15（正造果 Normal season fruits）	52.7	1.1	7.5	11.2

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