不同落叶剂对冬枣落叶效果及养分回流的影响

doi:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2023-0824

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为了探究不同种类不同浓度化学落叶剂对5年生‘冬枣’落叶效果及养分回流的影响，以设施‘冬枣’为研究对象，叶面喷施落叶剂，测定叶片内氮磷钾元素含量及统计落叶率等指标。结果发现：（1）0.20%乙烯利处理枣树的落叶最好，处理后7 d落叶率高达75.75%；（2）枣树自然落叶可发生养分回流现象，其中氮、磷、钾养分回流量分别为4.14、0.27和3.18 g · kg^-1；（3）所有化学落叶剂处理下叶片氮均发生养分回流，其中4%尿素、8%尿素、10%尿素、0.5%硫酸锌、1.0%硫酸锌处理显著提高叶片氮养分回流量；4%尿素、8%尿素、10%尿素、0.5%硫酸锌、1.0%硫酸锌、2.0%硫酸锌、0.05%乙烯利和0.10%乙烯利处理的叶片磷可发生养分回流；4%尿素、8%尿素、10%尿素、0.5%硫酸锌、0.05%乙烯利和0.20%乙烯利处理的叶片钾可发生养分回流，但仅8%和10%尿素处理同时显著提高叶片氮、磷、钾养分回流量。综上，生产上以快速落叶为目的的最好处理为0.20%乙烯利；以特定时期落叶且不浪费叶片养分为目的的最好处理为尿素（8%或10%均可），可显著提高氮、磷、钾的养分回流量。

关键词: 枣, 设施栽培, 落叶剂, 矿质营养, 养分回流

Abstract:

The research systematically studied the effects of different types and concentrations of chemical defoliants on the defoliation and nutrient reflux of 5-year-old‘Dongzao’jujube in greenhouse via foliar spraying. The results showed that：（1）0.20% ethephon treatment had the best defoliation effect on jujube trees，with a high defoliation rate of 75.75% on 7 days after treatment；（2）The nitrogen，phosphorus，and potassium reflux caused by natural fallen leaves of jujube trees were 4.14，0.27，and 3.18 g · kg^-1，respectively；（3）Leaf nitrogen reflux occurred under all chemical defoliant treatments and 4% urea，8% urea，10% urea，0.5% zinc sulfate，and 1.0% zinc sulfate treatments significantly increased leaf nitrogen reflux. Leaves phosphorus reflux can be found under 4% urea，8% urea，10% urea，0.5% zinc sulfate，1.0% zinc sulfate，2.0% zinc sulfate，0.05% ethephon and 0.10% ethephon treatments. Potassium backflow can be detected in leaves treated with 4% urea，8% urea，10% urea，0.5% zinc sulfate，0.05% ethephon，and 0.20% ethephon. However，only 8% and 10% urea treatments significantly increased leaf nitrogen，phosphorus and potassium reflux. In conclusion，0.20% ethephon is the best treatment for rapid defoliation in production. The best treatment for the purpose of shedding leaves at a specific period without leaf nutrient waste is 8% or 10% urea，which significantly improves the backflow of nitrogen，phosphorus，and potassium.

Key words: jujube, facility cultivation, defoliant, mineral nutrition, nutrient reflux

刘新月, 翟昭慈, 陶佳淋, 冯坤, 蔡晓腾, 刘志国, 刘孟军. 不同落叶剂对冬枣落叶效果及养分回流的影响[J]. 园艺学报, 2024, 51(9): 2120-2130.

LIU Xinyue, ZHAI Zhaoci, TAO Jialin, FENG Kun, CAI Xiaoteng, LIU Zhiguo, LIU Mengjun. Effects of Different Defoliants on Defoliation and Nutrient Reflux of ‘Dongzao’Jujube[J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2024, 51(9): 2120-2130.

图/表 6

参考文献 31

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处理 Treatment	7 d	10 d	15 d	25 d
清水（对照1）Water（CK1）	4.25 ± 1.60 c	8.03 ± 1.06 c	39.11 ± 5.69 d	68.83 ± 3.60 de
自然落叶（对照2） Natural defoliation（CK2）	0.97 ± 0.42 c	4.54 ± 1.06 c	41.27 ± 2.60 cd	60.75 ± 5.09 e
4%尿素4% Urea	4.65 ± 1.32 c	7.64 ± 1.47 c	68.53 ± 3.19 bc	77.57 ± 4.38 cd
8%尿素8% Urea	10.28 ± 1.45 c	15.02 ± 1.97 c	72.44 ± 3.20 bc	82.89 ± 4.19 bc
10%尿素10% Urea	4.85 ± 1.70 c	11.63 ± 1.84 c	78.73 ± 2.93 b	88.09 ± 6.86 abc
0.5% ZnSO₄	6.67 ± 1.45 c	9.31 ± 0.98 c	73.99 ± 1.28 bc	82.51 ± 3.13 bc
1.0% ZnSO₄	12.72 ± 1.10 c	15.14 ± 1.01 c	78.41 ± 2.08 b	89.53 ± 3.29 abc
2.0% ZnSO₄	10.84 ± 1.06 c	16.04 ± 1.05 c	87.09 ± 2.63 ab	93.03 ± 4.39 ab
0.05%乙烯利 0.05% Ethephon	11.60 ± 1.69 c	17.87 ± 1.16 c	80.02 ± 1.89 ab	86.86 ± 4.75 abc
0.10%乙烯利 0.10% Ethephon	32.56 ± 2.24 b	42.32 ± 2.51 b	83.41 ± 1.25 ab	91.49 ± 3.63 ab
0.20%乙烯利 0.20% Ethephon	75.75 ± 3.68 a	84.76 ± 3.68 a	98.84 ± 0.35 a	100.00 ± 0.00 a

处理 Treatment	7 d	10 d	15 d	25 d
清水（对照1）Water（CK1）	4.25 ± 1.60 c	8.03 ± 1.06 c	39.11 ± 5.69 d	68.83 ± 3.60 de
自然落叶（对照2） Natural defoliation（CK2）	0.97 ± 0.42 c	4.54 ± 1.06 c	41.27 ± 2.60 cd	60.75 ± 5.09 e
4%尿素4% Urea	4.65 ± 1.32 c	7.64 ± 1.47 c	68.53 ± 3.19 bc	77.57 ± 4.38 cd
8%尿素8% Urea	10.28 ± 1.45 c	15.02 ± 1.97 c	72.44 ± 3.20 bc	82.89 ± 4.19 bc
10%尿素10% Urea	4.85 ± 1.70 c	11.63 ± 1.84 c	78.73 ± 2.93 b	88.09 ± 6.86 abc
0.5% ZnSO₄	6.67 ± 1.45 c	9.31 ± 0.98 c	73.99 ± 1.28 bc	82.51 ± 3.13 bc
1.0% ZnSO₄	12.72 ± 1.10 c	15.14 ± 1.01 c	78.41 ± 2.08 b	89.53 ± 3.29 abc
2.0% ZnSO₄	10.84 ± 1.06 c	16.04 ± 1.05 c	87.09 ± 2.63 ab	93.03 ± 4.39 ab
0.05%乙烯利 0.05% Ethephon	11.60 ± 1.69 c	17.87 ± 1.16 c	80.02 ± 1.89 ab	86.86 ± 4.75 abc
0.10%乙烯利 0.10% Ethephon	32.56 ± 2.24 b	42.32 ± 2.51 b	83.41 ± 1.25 ab	91.49 ± 3.63 ab
0.20%乙烯利 0.20% Ethephon	75.75 ± 3.68 a	84.76 ± 3.68 a	98.84 ± 0.35 a	100.00 ± 0.00 a

处理 Treatment	生活叶氮含量/（g · kg^-1） Living leaf nitrogen content	落叶氮含量/（g · kg^-1） Leaf litter nitrogen content	氮养分回流量/（g · kg^-1） Nitrogen nutrient return rate
清水（对照1）Water（CK1）	24.52 ± 0.40 e	20.87 ± 0.30 b	3.65 ± 0.10 ef
自然落叶（对照2）	23.53 ± 0.35 f	19.39 ± 0.53 de	4.14 ± 0.18 e
Natural defoliation（CK2）
4%尿素 4% Urea	26.60 ± 0.35 cd	19.16 ± 0.22 e	7.44 ± 0.13 cd
8%尿素 8% Urea	29.78 ± 0.18 b	20.02 ± 0.10 cd	9.76 ± 0.08 b
10%尿素10% Urea	33.04 ± 1.01 a	20.33 ± 0.17 bc	12.71 ± 0.84 a
0.5% ZnSO₄	27.21 ± 0.33 c	20.32 ± 0.06 bc	6.89 ± 0.27 d
1.0% ZnSO₄	30.40 ± 0.17 b	22.50 ± 0.08 a	7.90 ± 0.09 c
2.0% ZnSO₄	25.84 ± 0.31 d	22.41 ± 0.46 a	3.43 ± 0.15 f
0.05%乙烯利 0.05% Ethephon	23.66 ± 0.30 ef	22.27 ± 0.15 a	1.39 ± 0.15 g
0.10%乙烯利 0.10% Ethephon	23.45 ± 0.50 f	19.76 ± 0.22 cde	3.69 ± 0.28 ef
0.20%乙烯利 0.20% Ethephon	23.45 ± 0.50 f	19.52 ± 0.56 de	3.93 ± 0.06 ef

处理 Treatment	生活叶氮含量/（g · kg^-1） Living leaf nitrogen content	落叶氮含量/（g · kg^-1） Leaf litter nitrogen content	氮养分回流量/（g · kg^-1） Nitrogen nutrient return rate
清水（对照1）Water（CK1）	24.52 ± 0.40 e	20.87 ± 0.30 b	3.65 ± 0.10 ef
自然落叶（对照2）	23.53 ± 0.35 f	19.39 ± 0.53 de	4.14 ± 0.18 e
Natural defoliation（CK2）
4%尿素 4% Urea	26.60 ± 0.35 cd	19.16 ± 0.22 e	7.44 ± 0.13 cd
8%尿素 8% Urea	29.78 ± 0.18 b	20.02 ± 0.10 cd	9.76 ± 0.08 b
10%尿素10% Urea	33.04 ± 1.01 a	20.33 ± 0.17 bc	12.71 ± 0.84 a
0.5% ZnSO₄	27.21 ± 0.33 c	20.32 ± 0.06 bc	6.89 ± 0.27 d
1.0% ZnSO₄	30.40 ± 0.17 b	22.50 ± 0.08 a	7.90 ± 0.09 c
2.0% ZnSO₄	25.84 ± 0.31 d	22.41 ± 0.46 a	3.43 ± 0.15 f
0.05%乙烯利 0.05% Ethephon	23.66 ± 0.30 ef	22.27 ± 0.15 a	1.39 ± 0.15 g
0.10%乙烯利 0.10% Ethephon	23.45 ± 0.50 f	19.76 ± 0.22 cde	3.69 ± 0.28 ef
0.20%乙烯利 0.20% Ethephon	23.45 ± 0.50 f	19.52 ± 0.56 de	3.93 ± 0.06 ef

处理 Treatment	生活叶磷含量/（g · kg^-1） Living leaf phosphorus content	落叶磷含量/（g · kg^-1） Leaf litter phosphorus content	磷养分回流量/（g · kg^-1） Phosphorus nutrient return rate
清水（对照1）Water（CK1）	5.14 ± 0.15 b	3.38 ± 0.14 d	1.76 ± 0.01 b
自然落叶（对照2） Natural defoliation（CK2）	4.09 ± 0.09 fg	3.82 ± 0.07 c	0.27 ± 0.02 g
4%尿素 4% Urea	4.23 ± 0.14 ef	3.16 ± 0.01 e	1.07 ± 0.13 d
8%尿素 8% Urea	4.49 ± 0.06 d	2.18 ± 0.02 f	2.31 ± 0.04 a
10%尿素 10% Urea	4.35 ± 0.04 de	2.23 ± 0.01 f	2.19 ± 0.04 a
0.5% ZnSO₄	4.52 ± 0.05 d	3.16 ± 0.02 e	1.36 ± 0.03 c
1.0% ZnSO₄	4.89 ± 0.05 c	3.11 ± 0.04 e	1.78 ± 0.01 b
2.0% ZnSO₄	5.33 ± 0.05 a	4.60 ± 0.03 b	0.73 ± 0.02 e
0.05%乙烯利 0.05% Ethephon	4.94 ± 0.09 c	4.44 ± 0.31 b	0.50 ± 0.22 f
0.10%乙烯利 0.10% Ethephon	4.02 ± 0.14 g	3.91 ± 0.05 c	0.11 ± 0.09 g
0.20%乙烯利 0.20% Ethephon	4.81 ± 0.06 c	5.07 ± 0.14 a	-0.26 ± 0.08 h