Effect of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on the Growth and Mechanism of Different Apple Cultivar Under Salt-Alkali Stress

doi:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2024-0858

Acta Horticulturae Sinica ›› 2025, Vol. 52 ›› Issue (9): 2410-2424.doi: 10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2024-0858

• Cultivation·Physiology & Biochemistry • Previous Articles Next Articles

Effect of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on the Growth and Mechanism of Different Apple Cultivar Under Salt-Alkali Stress

DU Lijun, LIU Yingcai, SHI Yanyan, WANG Yang, LI Chunhui, HE Yintao, WANG Xu, BIAN Chuanjie, ZHANG Manrang^*()

College of Horticulture， Northwest A & F University，Yangling， Shaanxi 712100， China

Received:2025-01-24 Revised:2025-03-15 Online:2025-09-25 Published:2025-09-24
Contact: ZHANG Manrang

Abstract

Abstract:

To investigate the effects and mechanisms of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi（AMF）on the growth of apple grafted under salt-alkali stress，‘Qincui’and‘Ruixue’as experimental materials was grafted on M26. The experiment included four treatment groups：the control（CK，Irrigated with water），the salinity-alkality（0.2 mol · L^-1 NaHCO₃︰NaCl = 1︰1，SA），inoculation with AMF（Inoculated with Glomus intraradices，AMF），and SA + AMF（inoculation with AMF 60 d in advance，followed by watering with SA）. SA treatment significantly reduced plant height，stem diameter，shoot growth，root area，root length，root volume，chlorophyll content，and photosynthetic rate in‘Qincui’ and‘Ruixue’apple seedlings，however，AMF inoculation alleviated the growth inhibition caused by salt-alkali stress. Compared with SA treatment，the SA + AMF treatment significantly enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes（POD，SOD，and CAT）in‘Qincui’and‘Ruixue’. In‘Qincui’leaves，POD，SOD，and CAT activities increased by 28.27%，48.72%，and 37.01%，respectively，while in‘Ruixue’，these activities increased by 12.75%，23.37%，and 16.10%，and MDA content in leaves and roots significantly decreased. Compared with SA treatment，the SA + AMF treatment significantly enhanced TTC reduction intensity of‘Qincui’and‘Ruixue’increased by 71.40% and 34.29%，the root citrate content increased by 105.26% and 122.22%，respectively. AMF facilitated citrate secretion，thereby reducing root pH and enhancing the salt-alkali tolerance of‘Qincui’and‘Ruixue’. Under salt-alkali stress，AMF symbiosis decreased Na⁺ content in the leaves，while K⁺ content in both roots and leaves increased，leading to a significant reduction in the Na⁺/K⁺ ratio. Notably，the Na⁺/K⁺ ratio in the roots of‘Qincui’returned to control levels. These findings indicate that AMF inoculation promotes seedling vigor，root activity，chlorophyll content，and photosynthetic rate. Inaddition，AMF regulates the Na⁺/K⁺ ratio to maintain ion homeostasis，thereby mitigating ion toxicity caused by salt-alkali stress. Moreover，AMF enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes（SOD，POD and CAT），thereby reducing reactive oxygen species（ROS）accumulation and oxidative damage. Under salt-alkali stress，AMF also increases citrate secretion，which maintain balance of root pH and alleviates pH stress，further mitigating the growth inhibition caused by salt-alkali conditions.

Key words: apple, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, saline-alkalini stress, ion homeostasis, oxidative damage

DU Lijun, LIU Yingcai, SHI Yanyan, WANG Yang, LI Chunhui, HE Yintao, WANG Xu, BIAN Chuanjie, ZHANG Manrang. Effect of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on the Growth and Mechanism of Different Apple Cultivar Under Salt-Alkali Stress[J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2025, 52(9): 2410-2424.

Figures/Tables 11

Fig. 1 The Phenotype and mycorrhizal infection rate of‘Qincui’and‘Ruixue’apples SA：0.2 mol · L-1 NaHCO3 + NaCl；AMF：Inoculation with Rhizophagus intraradices；SA + AMF：SA treatment applied 60 days after AMF inoculation. Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference at the 0.05 probability level. The same below

Fig. 2 The phenotypes of‘Qincui’and‘Ruixue’apple grafted seedings after 20 days under salt-alkali stress

Table 1 Physiological indexes of‘Qincui’and‘Ruixue’apple grafted seedings after 20 days under salt-alkali treatment

品种 Cultivar	处理 Treatment	株高/cm Height	茎粗/mm Stem diameter	新梢生长量/cm Shoot growth	根面积/cm² Root area	根长/cm Root length	根体积/cm³ Root volume
‘秦脆’ ‘Qincui’	对照Control	106.0 ± 2.6 b	7.3 ± 0.3 b	82.3 ± 2.5 b	96.1 ± 3.5 b	3 294.6 ± 74.8 b	2 630.6 ± 187.5 b
	SA	83.0 ± 4.4 d	6.4 ± 0.2 c	71.3 ± 2.3 c	77.1 ± 1.3 d	2 672.1 ± 180.5 d	1 924.0 ± 155.8 c
	AMF	120.7 ± 5.6 a	8.1 ± 0.5 a	100.7 ± 2.1 a	117.1 ± 5.3 a	3 509.4 ± 110.3 a	3 061.3 ± 161.4 a
	SA + AMF	97.0 ± 5.2 c	7.2 ± 0.3 b	80.3 ± 2.5 b	83.6 ± 2.5 c	3 056.6 ± 19.1 c	2 437.3 ± 231.1 b
‘瑞雪’ ‘Ruixue’	对照Control	81.0 ± 1.7 b	7.1 ± 0.2 c	73.9 ± 2.0 b	91.4 ± 0.6 b	3 060.0 ± 122.6 b	2 592.3 ± 133.2 b
	SA	70.0 ± 1.7 d	6.3 ± 0.2 d	66.6 ± 1.4 c	72.7 ± 2.2 c	2 551.1 ± 174.8 d	1 914.3 ± 124.1 c
	AMF	89.0 ± 3.6 a	8.1 ± 0.2 a	98.2 ± 0.2 a	102.9 ± 3.0 a	3 441.2 ± 136.5 a	3 030.0 ± 123.1 a
	SA + AMF	77.7 ± 1.5 c	7.6 ± 0.2 b	71.3 ± 0.6 b	91.7 ± 8.2 b	2 706.4 ± 272.3 c	2 347.7 ± 186.9 b

Fig. 3 Chlorophyll content（A）and photosynthetic rate（B）of‘Qincui’and‘Ruixue’apple after 20 days under salt-alkali treatment

Fig. 4 Effect of AMF treatment on and H2O2 staing in apple grafted under saline-alkali

Fig. 5 Effect of AMF treatment on and H2O2 contents in apple grafted under saline-alkali

Fig. 6 POD，SOD，CAT activities and MDA content in‘Qincui’and‘Ruixue’after 20 days under salt-alkali treatment

Fig. 7 TTC staining of apple seedlings under saline-alkali stress The redder the root tip color indicates the more active of root

Fig. 8 TTC activity of apple seedlings under saline-alkali stress

Fig. 9 Malic acid and citric acid content of apple seedlings under saline-alkali stress

Fig. 10 Effects of saline-alkali stress and AMF on the Na+ content，K+ content and Na+︰K+ ratio of‘Qincui’and‘Ruixue’

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Effect of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on the Growth and Mechanism of Different Apple Cultivar Under Salt-Alkali Stress

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