Effects of Shading on Anthocyanin and Chlorophyll Accumulation in Flower Petals of Zinnia elegans

doi:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2025-0303

Acta Horticulturae Sinica ›› 2025, Vol. 52 ›› Issue (11): 3003-3015.doi: 10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2025-0303

• Cultivation · Physiology & Biochemistry • Previous Articles Next Articles

Effects of Shading on Anthocyanin and Chlorophyll Accumulation in Flower Petals of Zinnia elegans

CAO Kaijun, LIU Xinyue, SHAN Kaixin, SONG Chunlin, SONG Ruyi, ZHANG Chao^**(), and FU Jianxin^**()

Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Garden Plants， College of Landscape Architecture，Zhejiang A & F University， Hangzhou 311300， China

Received:2025-05-22 Revised:2025-08-25 Online:2025-11-26 Published:2025-11-26
Contact: ZHANG Chao, and FU Jianxin

Abstract

Abstract:

The content and distribution of anthocyanin and chlorophyll in petal cells affect the color of ray florets in Zinnia elegans. However，it is still unclear how light affects the metabolism of anthocyanin and chlorophyll in Z. elegans. In this study，the flower buds of Z. elegans‘Dreamland Red’were treated under darkness，and the petal color，anthocyanin and chlorophyll contents and gene expression of related metabolic enzymes were measured in the treatment group and the control group. Results showed that shading significantly increased the brightness and decreased the a^* value of the front side of the petals in Z. elegans. The brightness of the back increased significantly and the chroma decreased significantly. After dark treatment，the contents of pelargonidin，cyanidin and total anthocyanin in ray florets significantly decreased，as well as the contents of chlorophyll a，chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll. Further studies showed that relative expression level of ZeCHS，ZeF3H and ZeF3'H，these enzyme genes related to anthocyanin synthesis in ray florets of Z. elegans，significantly increased under shading，but relative expression level of ZeCHI and ZeDFR significantly decreased. Two STAY-GREEN genes，ZeSGR1 and ZeSGR2，were found in Z. elegans，both of which contained conserved SGR domain，N-terminal chloroplast transport peptide and variable C-terminal region，and their relative expression level significantly increased after dark treatment.

Key words: Zinnia elegans, flower color, light, anthocyanin, chlorophyll

CAO Kaijun, LIU Xinyue, SHAN Kaixin, SONG Chunlin, SONG Ruyi, ZHANG Chao, and FU Jianxin. Effects of Shading on Anthocyanin and Chlorophyll Accumulation in Flower Petals of Zinnia elegans[J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2025, 52(11): 3003-3015.

Figures/Tables 8

Fig. 1 The ray floret phenotype of Zinnia elegans from dark treatment and the control treatment

Table 1 Primer sequence information for qRT-PCR

基因 Gene	引物名称 Primer name	引物序列（5′-3′） Primer sequence
ZeACT	ZeACT-qF	TTGTGCTGGATTCTGGGGATGGT
ZeACT	ZeACT-qR	GCAGTTTCAAGCTCTTGCTCGTAGTC
ZeCHS	ZeCHS-qR	ACGCAGCGGTTAAAGCCATCAAAG
ZeCHS	ZeCHS-qR	AACCGTACCACCAGCAAAACATCC
ZeCHI	ZeCHI-qF	TCAAGCGAAGGGAAAGAAG
ZeCHI	ZeCHI-qR	AAAGTGTTGGCCAAAGATGAA
ZeF3H	ZeF3H-qF	TTCTTAAGCCGCGCCAACTCTA
ZeF3H	ZeF3H-qR	TTCTTAAGCCGCGCCAACTCTA
ZeF3'H	ZeF3′H-qF	TTGCCCGTGACCCGAAAATGT
ZeF3'H	ZeF3′H-qR	TTCGTCCAGCCCCAAAAGGTATGA
ZeDFR	ZeDFR-qF	AGCCTAATTACCGCACTTTCTT
ZeDFR	ZeDFR-qR	CCTTTTGCTTCAGGGTTTTCATAC
ZeANS	ZeANS-qF	CAATGGGTGACTGCGAAATGTGT
ZeANS	ZeANS-qR	AAACCGCCCAAGAAATCCTAACC
ZeSGR1	ZeSGR1-qF	GGGTTCTCTAATCATCCCATCC
ZeSGR1	ZeSGR1-qR	CCCAAAAACAGAACCTTCAGC
ZeSGR2	ZeSGR2-qF	CATTGTCGTTGTCGTCATCAGC
ZeSGR2	ZeSGR2-qR	AGGGATTGAACTCCTTGGTGG

Fig. 2 The flower color parameters（A）and petal tissue sections（B）of Zinnia elegans from dark treatment and the control treatment t-Test，** P < 0.01，*** P < 0.001，**** P < 0.0001

Fig. 3 Pigment content（A）and UPLC chromatogram（B）of Zinnia elegans from dark treatment and the control treatment Cy3G：Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside；Cy3G5G：Cyanidin-3,5-diglucoside chloride；Pg3G5G：Pelargonidin-3,5-diglucoside chloride；Cy3AG5G：Cyanidin-3-O-（6′′-acetyl）glucoside-5-O-glucoside；Pg3G：Pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside；Pg3AG5G：Pelargonidin-3-O-（6′′-acetyl）glucoside-5-O-glucoside；Cy3AG：Cyanidin-3-O-（6′′-acetyl）glucoside；Pg3AG：Pelargonidin-3-O-（6′′-acetyl）glucoside. t-Test，* P < 0.05

Fig. 4 Total chlorophyll content，chlorophyll a content，chlorophyll b content，chlorophyll a/b ratio of Zinnia elegans from dark treatment and the control treatment t-Test，* P < 0.05，** P < 0.01

Fig. 5 Relative expression level of anthocyanin synthesis-related enzyme genes of Zinnia elegans t-Test，* P < 0.05，** P < 0.01

Fig. 6 Phylogenetic relationship among ZeSGR1，ZeSGR2 and SGR proteins from other species（A），amino acid sequence alignment of SGRs from different species（B）

Fig. 7 Relative expression level of ZeSGR1 and ZeSGR2 of Zinnia elegans in dark treatment t-Test，* P < 0.05，**** P < 0.0001

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Effects of Shading on Anthocyanin and Chlorophyll Accumulation in Flower Petals of Zinnia elegans

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