Mechanism of Synergistic Alleviation of Apple Replant Disease by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Talaromyces pinophilus LZ1

doi:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2025-1229

Acta Horticulturae Sinica ›› 2026, Vol. 53 ›› Issue (4): 1038-1056.doi: 10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2025-1229

• Research on Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Horticultural Plants • Previous Articles Next Articles

Mechanism of Synergistic Alleviation of Apple Replant Disease by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Talaromyces pinophilus LZ1

GAO Yawen¹, SUN Linjiao¹, LIU Yusong¹, SUN Wentai², XU Mingna³, SONG Lefen¹, WANG Xuemei¹, WANG Gongshuai⁴, WANG Mei¹^,^*(), YIN Chengmiao¹^,^*(), MAO Zhiquan¹^,^*()

¹ College of Horticultural Science and Engineering，Shandong Agricultural University，Tai'an，Shandong 271018，China
² Institute of Forestry，Fruit and Floriculture，Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences，Lanzhou 730070，China
³ Longkou Agricultural Technology Extension Center，Yantai，Shandong 265700，China
⁴ College of Agricultural Science and Technology，Shandong Agriculture and Engineering University，Zibo，Shandong 255300，China

Received:2025-12-15 Revised:2026-03-12 Online:2026-04-25 Published:2026-04-20
Contact: WANG Mei, YIN Chengmiao, MAO Zhiquan

Abstract

Abstract:

This study aimed to develop a green and sustainable biocontrol strategy for apple replant disease（ARD）by exploring the alleviating effect of combined application of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi（Paraglomus sp. SW1）and an antagonistic Talaromyces pinophilus LZ1 on ARD. The results showed that the LZ1 strain isolated from the rhizosphere of chestnut not only significantly inhibited the growth of the main pathogenic Fusarium species causing ARD，but also increased the mycorrhizal colonization rate in apple seedlings grown in replant soil. Validation through greenhouse，pot，and field experiments revealed that the combined application of AMF and LZ1 significantly enhanced the biomass and mycorrhizal colonization in apple plants under replant soil. Compared with the replant control soil treatment without any microbial inoculants（CK-1），plant height，ground diameter，fresh weight，dry weight，and mycorrhizal colonization rate increased by 85.43%，88.20%，144.47%，145.40%，and 62.94%，respectively. The co-inoculation of AMF and LZ1 also significantly increased soil spore density and easily extractable glomalin-related soil protein（EE-GRSP）content，which were 59.87% and 46.98% higher than those in CK-1，respectively. Furthermore，the co-inoculation improved soil enzyme activities and optimized the soil microbial community structure. In summary，the synergistic application of AMF and LZ1 can provide a sustainable and eco-friendly strategy for alleviating ARD.

Key words: apple, replant disease, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, Talaromyces pinophilus LZ1, biocontrol, soil microbial community

GAO Yawen, SUN Linjiao, LIU Yusong, SUN Wentai, XU Mingna, SONG Lefen, WANG Xuemei, WANG Gongshuai, WANG Mei, YIN Chengmiao, MAO Zhiquan. Mechanism of Synergistic Alleviation of Apple Replant Disease by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Talaromyces pinophilus LZ1[J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2026, 53(4): 1038-1056.

Figures/Tables 10

Table 1 Primer sequence and amplification reaction procedure of Fusarium

镰孢菌 Fusarium	引物序列（5′-3′） Primer sequence	扩增反应程序（预变性；变性；退火） Amplification reaction procedure（pre-denaturation；denaturation；annealing）
尖孢镰孢菌 Fusarium oxysporum	F：CATACCACTTGTTGTCTCGGC R：GAACGCGAATTAACGCGAGTC	95 ℃ 30 s；95 ℃ 5 s；60 ℃ 30 s
腐皮镰孢菌 F. solani	F：CGAGTTATACAACTCATCAACC R：GGCCTGAGGGTTGTA	95 ℃ 30 s；95 ℃ 5 s；60 ℃ 30 s
层出镰孢菌 F. proliferatum	F：GATCGGCGAGCCCTTGCGGCAAG R：CGCCGCGTACCAGTTGCGAG	95 ℃ 30 s；95 ℃ 5 s；65 ℃ 30 s
串珠镰孢菌 F. moniliflorme	F：GACTCGCGAGTCAAATCGCGT R：GGGGTTTAACGGCGTGGC	95 ℃ 30 s；95 ℃ 5 s；55 ℃ 30 s

Table 2 Basic physicochemical properties of the tested soils

地点 Site	铵态氮/（mg · kg^-1） NH₄-N	硝态氮/（mg · kg^-1） NO₃-N	速效磷/（mg · kg^-1） Available phosphorus	速效钾/（mg · kg^-1） Available potassium	有机质/（g · kg^-1） Organic matter	pH
昆嵛Kunyu	23.76	4.06	120.42	210.29	10.92	6.09
王格庄Wanggezhuang	15.67	2.19	86.98	208.96	9.38	5.62
栖霞Qixia	12.26	3.92	126.92	198.10	10.12	7.26

Fig. 1 Identification of strain LZ1 and its plate confrontation assay and inhibition rate statistics against five pathogenic fungi A：Colonial morphology of strain LZ1 on PDA，MEA，CYA，and CA media at 7，10，15，and 30 days；B：Phylogenetic tree of strain LZ1 based on ITS sequence；C，Microscopic characteristics of strain LZ1；D：Inhibition rate；E：Plate confrontation assay between strain LZ1 and five pathogenic fungi（strain LZ1 was inoculated on the left，pathogenic fungi on the right in same dish）

Fig. 2 Effects of LZ1 on the seedlings of continuous Malus hupehensis seedlings growth（A-E）and fungal colonization rate（F） CK1：Replanted soil；CK2：Methyl bromide fumigation；BC：Blank carrier；LZ1：LZ1 fungal fertilizer. Different letters denote statistically significant differences among treatments at the same growth stage（P < 0.05）

Fig. 3 Effects of AMF and LZ1 treatment on the phenotype（A），biomass（B-E），abundance of culturable soil microorganisms（F-H），and mycorrhizal colonization rate（I）in M26 apple rootstocks under greenhouse condition（March 2025） W-CK1：Replant soil；W-AMF：AMF inoculum；W-LZ1：LZ1 fungall fertilizer；W-ALZ1：AMF inoculum and LZ1 fungal fertilizer. Different letters denote statistically significant differences among treatments at the same growth stage（P < 0.05）among treatments. The same below

Table 3 Two-way ANOVA results of combined application of AMF and LZ1 on biomass and mycorrhizal colonization rate of M26 seedlings

处理 Treatment	株高 Plant height		地径 Ground diameter		鲜质量 Fresh weight		干质量 Dry weight		菌根侵染率 Mycorrhizal colonization rate
处理 Treatment	F	P	F	P	F	P	F	P	F	P
AMF	191.96	< 0.001^***	33.02	< 0.001^***	154.23	< 0.001^***	31.58	< 0.001^***	78.75	< 0.001^***
LZ1	44.66	< 0.001^***	31.58	< 0.001^***	116.48	< 0.001^***	31.58	< 0.001^***	47.44	< 0.001^***
AMF + LZ1	5.43	< 0.05^*	0.70	ns	14.78	< 0.01^**	0.24	ns	5.68	< 0.05^*

Fig. 4 Effects of combined application of AMF and LZ1 on the phenotype（A），biomass（B-E），soil culturable microorganisms populations（F-H）（August，September 2025）and Fusarium gene copy numbers（I-L）（August 2025）of replanted Malus hupehensis seedlings CK-1：Replant soil；CK-2：Methyl bromide fumigation；AMF：AMF inoculum；ALZ1：AMF inoculum and LZ1 fungal fertilizer

Fig. 5 Effects of ALZ1 treatment on soil enzyme activities

Fig. 6 Effects of ALZ1 treatment on mycorrhizal colonization rate，spore density，and glomalin-related soil protein content（GRSP）

Fig. 7 Effects of ALZ1 treatment on the growth of replant apple saplings（A-E）and the replant soil environment（F-M）in three regions of Shandong（October 2025） KY：Kunyu，WGZ：Wanggezhuang，QX：Qixia；T-CK：Replant soil；T-AMF：AMF inoculum；T-LZ1：LZ1 fungall fertilizer；T-ALZ1：AMF inoculum and LZ1 fungal fertilizer

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Mechanism of Synergistic Alleviation of Apple Replant Disease by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Talaromyces pinophilus LZ1

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