湖南柑橘产区镉污染状况及镉对柑橘发育影响分析

doi:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2023-0717

园艺学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 52 ›› Issue (1): 200-212.doi: 10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2023-0717

湖南柑橘产区镉污染状况及镉对柑橘发育影响分析

杨金磊¹^,^*, 吕壁纹¹^,^*, 陈岳文¹, 金燕¹, 杨俊枫¹, 周铁², 唐俊³, 常媛媛¹, 杨长耀¹, 卢晓鹏¹^,^**()

¹ 湖南农业大学园艺学院/国家柑橘改良中心长沙分中心，长沙 410128
² 湖南省农业科学院园艺研究所，长沙 410125
³ 邵阳市农业科学研究院，湖南邵阳 422001

收稿日期:2024-07-03 修回日期:2024-12-11 出版日期:2025-01-25 发布日期:2025-01-19
通讯作者:
** E-mail：xl678@hunau.edu.cn
作者简介:
* 共同第一作者
基金资助:
现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-26); 国家自然科学基金项目(32102313); 国家自然科学基金项目(32172520)

Status of Cadmium Pollution in the Main Citrus Producing Areas of Hunan Province and the Effects of Cadmium Stress on Citrus Development

YANG Jinlei¹, LÜ Biwen¹, CHEN Yuewen¹, JIN Yan¹, YANG Junfeng¹, ZHOU Tie², TANG Jun³, CHANG Yuanyuan¹, YANG Changyao¹, LU Xiaopeng¹^,^**()

¹ College of Horticulture，Hunan Agricultural University/National Center for Citrus Improvement（Changsha），Changsha 410128，China
² Institute of Horticulture，Hunan Academy of Agricultural Science，Changsha 410125，China
³ Shaoyang Research Academy of Agricultural Sciences，Shaoyang，Hunan 422001，China

Received:2024-07-03 Revised:2024-12-11 Published:2025-01-25 Online:2025-01-19
Contact:
** E-mail：xl678@hunau.edu.cn

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

通过调查湖南柑橘产区受镉污染的情况，结合盆栽处理研究土壤镉污染对柑橘树体生长发育的影响，以期为镉污染防治提供理论依据。分析了湖南省柑橘主产区及长沙—株洲—湘潭（长株潭）地区果园土壤pH、有机质、镉含量，并评价‘橘湘早’温州蜜柑、‘纽荷尔’脐橙果实镉含量；以1.0、1.5、3.0和10.0 mg · kg^-1的CdCl₂· 2H₂O用量处理3年生盆栽‘橘湘早’和‘纽荷尔’植株，测定生理生化指标的变化；以柑橘常用砧木枳和卡里佐枳橙水培实生苗为材料，用50 mg · L^-1的CdCl₂· 2H₂O溶液进行镉胁迫，观察其对镉的耐受情况。共采集湖南省不同地区柑橘果园土壤样品278份（柑橘主产区201份，长株潭地区77份），测定结果显示，70.5%果园土壤样品的pH < 5.5，48.56%果园有机质含量处于柑橘生长适宜范围（20.0 ~ 30.0 g · kg^-1）。柑橘主产区93.03%土壤样品中镉含量低于土壤环境质量标准（< 0.3 mg · kg^-1）；长株潭地区71.43%样品（55个）镉含量超标。长株潭地区55个土壤镉污染采样点中，柑橘果实样品（‘橘湘早’43份、‘纽荷尔’12份）可食部分镉含量全部符合国家食品安全标准（< 0.05 mg · kg^-1）。在不同程度镉胁迫处理下，‘橘湘早’和‘纽荷尔’的根颈粗、株高、叶绿素含量与对照无显著差异，而果实大小明显受到抑制；不同器官中镉积累量差异较大，富集量的总体趋势表现为根 > 茎、叶 > 果肉；长期镉胁迫后树体受伤害明显，镉胁迫处理180 d叶片丙二醛、脯氨酸含量和过氧化物酶活性大幅升高。镉胁迫处理（50 mg · L^-1CdCl₂· 2H₂O）砧木实生苗20 d后，枳叶片发红、脱落，而枳橙与对照无明显差异。综上，湖南省内柑橘主产区绝大多数果园土壤未受到镉污染，长株潭地区果园土壤镉污染严重（土壤镉含量0.30 ~ 7.46 mg · kg^-1），但该地区栽培的柑橘果实镉含量符合食品安全国家标准；柑橘树体的根部是累积镉元素的主要器官，镉向地上部分茎叶和果实的转运效率逐级减弱；砧木卡里佐枳橙较枳表现出较强的镉胁迫耐受性。

关键词: 柑橘, 土壤, 重金属, 镉, 发育

Abstract:

To investigate the soil cadmium（Cd）pollution of Hunan citrus production areas，and reveal the effects of soil Cd pollution on the development of citrus plant，this study aims to provide theoretical basis for the prevention and control of Cd pollution in citrus production areas. Firstly，the soil pH，organic matters and Cd content in the main citrus producing areas of Hunan Province and Changsha-Zhuzhou- Xiangtan（Changzhutan）area were determined. Meanwhile，the Cd content in fruits of‘Juxiangzao’ Satsuma mandarin（Citrus unshiu Marc）and‘Newhall’navel orange（C. sinensis Osbeck）were also evaluated. And then，three-year-old‘Juxiangzao’Satsuma mandarin and‘Newhall’ navel orange trees were treated with different concentration of CdCl₂· 2H₂O（1.0，1.5，3.0 and 10.0 mg · kg^-1）after which the physiological and biochemical changes of plants under Cd stress were analyzed. Afterward，the citrus rootstocks，trifoliate orange（Poncirus trifoliata）and Carrizo citrange（C. sinensis × P. trifoliata），were subjected to Cd stress by using 50 mg · L^-1 CdCl₂· 2H₂O and the Cd tolerance of these two rootstocks were observed. According to the 278 soil samples in which 201 samples were from the main citrus producing areas and 77 samples were from Changzhutan area，soil acidification（pH < 5.5）occurred in 70.5% of citrus orchards，and 48.56% orchards were with optimum soil organic matter（20.0 to 30.0 g · kg^-1）. Among them，the Cd contents in 93.03% orchard soils from the main citrus producing area were lower than the environmental soil quality standard（< 0.3 mg · kg^-1），but Cd contents in 71.43% orchard soils from Changzhutan area exceeded the standard. In the 55 orchards with Cd polluted soil，the Cd contents in the edible part of citrus fruits（43 Satsuma mandarin and 12‘Newhall’navel orange）were all lower than the national food safety standard（< 0.05 mg · kg^-1）. With the Cd treatments for‘Juxiangzao’ Satsuma mandarin and‘Newhall’navel orange trees，the root neck thickness，plant height and chlorophyll showed no significant difference with the control，while the fruit size was significantly impaired relative to the control. Cadmium accumulation varied greatly among plant organs，with a sequential decrease in root，stem，leaf and pulp. Further，the damage of soil Cd pollution to citrus plant was detected after long-term stress. After being subjected to cadmium stress for 180 days，the leaf MDA，Pro，and POD activities increased significantly. After Cd stress treatment（50 mg · L^-1 CdCl₂· 2H₂O），the leaves of trifoliate orange were reddish and detached，while that of Carrizo citrange showed no significant difference to the control. The results above indicate that most of citrus orchards in the main citrus producing areas of Hunan Province are not polluted by Cd，but the serious pollution is found in Changzhutan area. Citrus fruits produced from the orchard with 0.30 to 7.46 mg · kg^-1soil Cd meet the national standard for food safety. Soil Cd is mainly accumulated in the root of citrus trees，and the tree exhibits the weak ability of Cd transportation to the above-ground. Under Cd stress，Carrizo citrange has better Cd tolerance relative to trifoliate orange.

Key words: citrus, soil, heavy metal, Cd, development

杨金磊, 吕壁纹, 陈岳文, 金燕, 杨俊枫, 周铁, 唐俊, 常媛媛, 杨长耀, 卢晓鹏. 湖南柑橘产区镉污染状况及镉对柑橘发育影响分析[J]. 园艺学报, 2025, 52(1): 200-212.

YANG Jinlei, LÜ Biwen, CHEN Yuewen, JIN Yan, YANG Junfeng, ZHOU Tie, TANG Jun, CHANG Yuanyuan, YANG Changyao, LU Xiaopeng. Status of Cadmium Pollution in the Main Citrus Producing Areas of Hunan Province and the Effects of Cadmium Stress on Citrus Development[J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2025, 52(1): 200-212.

图/表 10

表1 土壤样品总体情况

Table 1 The overall status of sampled soils

采样区 Sampling area	数值 Value	pH	有机质/（g · kg^-1） Organic matter	全镉/（mg · kg^-1） Total Cd	有效镉/（mg · kg^-1） Available Cd
柑橘主产区 Citrus producing areas	最小值Minimum value	3.77	13.80	0.03	0.01
	最大值Maximum value	7.76	87.60	0.90	0.38
	平均值Average value	5.11 ± 0.96	21.47 ± 7.04	0.15 ± 0.11	0.06 ± 0.05
长株潭地区 Changzhutan area	最小值Minimum value	4.79	7.14	0.04	0.05
	最大值Maximum value	8.12	64.00	7.46	3.62
	平均值Average value	5.63 ± 1.05	23.19 ± 9.57	1.19 ± 1.46	0.53 ± 0.64

图1 湖南省柑橘主产区（A）及长株潭地区（B）土壤pH

Fig. 1 Soil pH of the main citrus producing areas（A）and Changzhutan area（B）in Hunan Province

图2 长株潭地区不同 pH（A）和有机质含量（B）土壤的有效镉含量

Fig. 2 Contents of available Cd in the soils with different pH（A）and organic matter（B）in Changzhutan area

图3 长株潭地区77个柑橘果实样品镉含量与土壤有效镉含量

Fig. 3 The Cd content of 77 citrus fruit samples from the Changzhutan area and the soil available Cd content

表2 镉胁迫对‘橘湘早’温州蜜柑和‘纽荷尔’脐橙不同器官镉积累量的影响

Table 2 Effects of Cd stress on tissue accumulations in‘Juxiangzao’Satsuma mandarin and‘Newhall’navel orange mg · kg-1

品种 Cultivar	Cd处理/（mg · kg^-1） Cd treament	根系 Root	茎 Stem	叶片 Leaf	果肉 Pulp
橘湘早Juxiangzao	0（对照Control）	1.75 ± 0.37 a	0.08 ± 0.02 a	0.08 ± 0.04 a	0.01 ± 0.00 a
	3	0.93 ± 0.11 a	0.03 ± 0.01 a	0.06 ± 0.02 a	0.01 ± 0.00 a
	10	1.17 ± 0.32 a	0.03 ± 0.02 a	0.06 ± 0.04 a	0.01 ± 0.00 a
纽荷尔Newhall	0（对照Control）	1.78 ± 0.44 c	0.06 ± 0.01 a	0.04 ± 0.01 a	ND
	3	5.27 ± 1.48 b	0.09 ± 0.01 a	0.06 ± 0.02 a	ND
	10	8.97 ± 2.60 a	0.14 ± 0.12 a	0.08 ± 0.06 a	ND

表3 镉胁迫对‘橘湘早’温州蜜柑和‘纽荷尔’脐橙镉转运系数的影响

Table 3 Effects of Cd stress on TF in‘Juxiangzao’Satsuma mandarin and‘Newhall’navel orange

品种 Cultivar	Cd处理/（mg_·kg^-1） Cd treament	根系→茎 Root→stem	茎→叶片 Stem→leaf	茎→果肉 Stem→pulp
橘湘早Juxiangzao	0（对照Control）	0.034	0.970	0.089
	3	0.030	2.369	0.547
	10	0.032	2.303	0.691
纽荷尔Newhall	0（对照Control）	0.030	0.740	—
	3	0.018	0.583	—
	10	0.015	0.591	—

表4 镉胁迫对‘橘湘早’温州蜜柑和‘纽荷尔’脐橙镉富集系数的影响

Table 4 Effects of Cd stress on Cd BCF in‘Juxiangzao’Satsuma mandarin and‘Newhall’navel orange

品种 Cultivar	Cd处理/（mg · kg^-1） Cd treament	根系 Root	茎 Stem	叶片 Leaf	果肉 Pulp
橘湘早Juxiangzao	0（对照Control）	7.986	0.304	0.294	0.023
	3	0.288	0.009	0.020	0.004
	10	0.179	0.005	0.010	0.002
纽荷尔Newhall	0（对照Control）	7.412	0.241	0.177	-
	3	2.417	0.043	0.026	-
	10	1.841	0.030	0.017	-

表5 镉胁迫对‘橘湘早’温州蜜柑根冠比和单果质量的影响

Table 5 Effects of Cd stress on root and single fruit weight of‘Juxiangzao’Satsuma mandarin

Cd处理/（mg · kg^-1） Cd treament	根质量/g Root weight	茎叶质量/g Stem and leaf weight	根冠比 Root-shoot ratio	单果质量/g Single fruit weight
对照Control	138.23 ± 30.24	144.04 ± 19.83	0.96 ± 0.18	93.59 ± 1.93
1.0	128.87 ± 30.01	135.15 ± 16.05	0.97 ± 0.28	90.38 ± 1.64
1.5	134.97 ± 41.19	121.02 ± 20.64	1.11 ± 0.23	62.17 ± 1.94^**
3.0	115.84 ± 11.98	122.57 ± 24.94	0.98 ± 0.24	50.83 ± 2.00^**

图4 不同程度镉胁迫（Cd 1.0、1.5、3.0、10.0 mg · kg-1）对‘橘湘早’温州蜜柑（A ~ C）和‘纽荷尔’脐橙（D ~ F）叶片MDA、Pro含量和POD活性的影响不同小写字母表示相同时期不同处理间差异显著（P < 0.05），不同大写字母表示相同处理不同时期之间差异显著（P < 0.05）

Fig. 4 The effects of different levels of Cd stress（Cd 1.0，1.5，3.0，10.0 mg · kg-1）on the accumulation of MDA，Pro contents and POD activity in‘Juxiangzao’Satsuma mandarin（A-C）and‘Newhall’navel orange（D-F）citrus leaves were studied Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between treatments in the same period（P < 0.05），and different uppercase letters indicate significant differences between treatments in the same period（P < 0.05）

图5 镉胁迫（Cd 50 mg · L-1）对枳和枳橙水培实生苗生长的影响

Fig. 5 The effects of Cd stress（Cd 50 mg · L-1）on the growth of trifoliate orange and Carrizo citrange hydroponic seedlings

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湖南柑橘产区镉污染状况及镉对柑橘发育影响分析

Status of Cadmium Pollution in the Main Citrus Producing Areas of Hunan Province and the Effects of Cadmium Stress on Citrus Development

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湖南柑橘产区镉污染状况及镉对柑橘发育影响分析

Status of Cadmium Pollution in the Main Citrus Producing Areas of Hunan Province and the Effects of Cadmium Stress on Citrus Development

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