低纬度高海拔地区甜樱桃冻害阈值及缓解措施初探

doi:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2024-0514

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

2019—2022年在云南省香格里拉低纬度高海拔地区，以‘红灯’‘美早’和‘含香’3个甜樱桃主栽品种为对象进行关键物候期周年观测，重点监测冬季花芽冻害发生规律并采取遮阴设施降低冻害发生。香格里拉地区甜樱桃10月落叶，11月初进入休眠期，5月上旬进入盛花期，果实成熟期为7月中旬，比各主栽区晚30 ~ 50 d。研究表明，日最低气温与花芽冻害率呈线性相关关系（R² = 0.91），并且模型评估表明，休眠期花芽半数致死温度为-14.7 ℃，且当气温低于-18.2 ℃时，可致95%花芽死亡。内休眠解除时花芽出现严重冻害，平均冻害率51.0%（‘含香’）~ 57.1%（‘美早’）。遮阴可以在一定程度上延缓冻害的发生，休眠期花芽最低温度比露地对照升高2.7 ~ 3.9 ℃，内休眠解除时‘美早’樱桃花芽平均冻害率降低23.7%。

关键词: 樱桃, 物候期, 冻害, 遮阴, 香格里拉

Abstract:

Based on 3 sweet cherry cultivars，i.e.，‘Hongdeng’‘Tieton’and‘Russia 8’，planted in Shangri-La，Yunnan Province，this study firstly pointed out the key phenology of sweet cherry in low-latitude with high-altitude regions and showed the flower bud overwintering freezing damage. Importantly，the effects of shading facilities on reducing the risk of freezing damage were also studied. The results show that sweet cherry trees in Shangri-La fall leaves in October and enter dormant period in early November. The full blooming date is early May and the fruit maturity period is mid-July，demonstrating 30-50 days later phenology compared to other major sweet cherry cultivation regions. In addition，this study revealed a linear correlation between daily minimum temperature and the freezing damage rate of flower buds（R²= 0.91）. The model estimated that the half-lethal temperature of flower buds during dormancy is-14.7 ℃，with daily minimum temperatures below to-18.2 ℃ causing 95% bud mortality. Severe freezing damage occurred after endodormancy release，showing average bud freezing damage rates of 51.0%（‘Russia 8’）to 57.1%（‘Tieton’）. Shading effectively elevate minimum temperatures by 2.7-3.9 ℃ compared to open-field conditions during dormancy，resulting in the average freezing damage rate decreased by 23.7%，when‘Tieton’flower bud endodormancy was released.

Key words: cherry, phenology, freezing damage, shading treatment, Shangri-La

刘瑞娥, 孙菀霞, 王丽, 农鸿霖, 仇明华, 于菲, 张琪静, 张才喜. 低纬度高海拔地区甜樱桃冻害阈值及缓解措施初探[J]. 园艺学报, 2025, 52(9): 2453-2463.

LIU Rui’e, SUN Wanxia, WANG Li, NONG Honglin, QIU Minghua, YU Fei, ZHANG Qijing, ZHANG Caixi. Bud Overwintering Freezing and Shading for Bud Survival of Sweet Cherries in Low-Latitude and High-Altitude Regions[J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2025, 52(9): 2453-2463.

图/表 6

图1 云南香格里拉地区甜樱桃物候期、花芽萌发率、蓄冷量及蓄热量蓄冷量估算采用7.2 ℃模型，蓄热量估算采用GDH模型

Fig. 1 Sweet cherry phenology，budburst rate，chill and heat accumulation in Shangri-La，Yunnan Province Chill and heat accumulation was calculated based on 7.2 ℃ model and growing degree hour model，respectively

图2 香格里拉甜樱桃花芽受冻情况 A：花芽冻害等级；B：3个品种的受冻花芽；C：不同等级占比

Fig. 2 The flower bud freezing injury intensities including A：The class of flower bud injury；B：The micrograph of injured flower buds for 3 cultivars；C：The rate of freezing injured flower buds for 3 cultivars

图3 甜樱桃内休眠解除时花芽、花原基冻害率以及冬季最低温发生后花原基冻害率采用One-way ANOVA进行差异显著性分析，不同小写字母代表显著性差异（P < 0.05）

Fig. 3 The intensity of flower bud and flower primordium damage rate during the release of endodormancy and after the coldest days in winter Different lowercase letters indicated significant differences（P < 0.05）based on One-way ANOVA

图4 香格里拉园区越冬期间的气温（A）与露地‘美早’甜樱桃花芽冻害发生率（B）以及二者的相关性（C）黑色三角形表示25%、50%和100%花芽受冻时的气温

Fig. 4 Daily maximum and minimum temperatures in winter（A）；flower bud overwintering freezing damage during dormancy for ‘Tieton’under open-field conditins（B）and bud freezing damage correlated linearly with the daily minimum air temperature during dormancy period（C） The black triangles represented daily temperature characteristics when 25%，50% and 100% bud were injured

图5 甜樱桃果实品质评价采用One-way ANOVA进行差异显著性分析，不同小写字母代表显著性差异（P < 0.05）

Fig. 5 Fruit quality assessment for sweet cherry Different lowercase letters indicated significant differences（P < 0.05）based on One-way ANOVA

图6 香格里拉园区甜樱桃休眠期极端低温下遮阴与露地对照条件下的花芽温度和花芽冻害率采用Student’s t test进行差异显著性分析，*号代表显著性差异（P < 0.05）

Fig. 6 Bud temperature and freezing injury rate of sweet cherry under shading and open-field conditions during dormancy period in Shangri-la * indicated significant differences（P < 0.05）based on student’s t test

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