珍稀濒危植物象鼻兰繁育系统与传粉生物学研究

doi:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2024-0898

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 为探讨象鼻兰（Phalaenopsis zhejiangensis）的繁育系统与传粉生物学特征，对其花期物候、花部特征、交配系统和传粉生物学进行了研究。结果表明：在浙江，象鼻兰花期为5月23日至6月6日，单花花期时长252.77 h，植株花期时长292.21 h，居群花期时长308.08 h，植株盛花期时长269.06 h，占花期时长的92.08%，具有集中开花特性。不同年份不同居群花部形态特征存在一定差异。人工授粉显著提高象鼻兰结实率，与自然授粉存在显著差异，其中自花授粉结实率最高，达97.78%，但每蒴果种子数量最少；居群间异花授粉结实率较高，为86.67%，每蒴果种子数量最多；自然授粉结实率最低，仅32.22%，每蒴果种子数量介于自花授粉和异花授粉之间，且存在显著差异。象鼻兰访花昆虫有熊蜂、蜜蜂和食蚜蝇，其中熊蜂是有效传粉昆虫。综上，象鼻兰具有集中开花特性，自交亲和但不存在主动自交现象，异交有利于提高结实率和果实质量；其有效传粉昆虫为熊蜂，结实率受开花群体大小、花部结构、传粉者的访花频率以及人为干扰等影响，种子难以成功定植、萌发，以及生境丧失和片段化是象鼻兰致濒的主要因子。

关键词: 象鼻兰, 繁育系统, 传粉生物学

Abstract:

In order to explore the breeding system and pollination biological characteristics of Phalaenopsis zhejiangensis，its flowering phenology，floral syndrome，mating system and pollination biology were studied. The results showed that：in Zhejiang，the flowering period of P. zhejiangensis was from May 23 to June 6. The flowering period of single flower was 252.77 h，the flowering period of the plant was 292.21 h，the flowering period of the population was 308.08 h，the full bloom period of the plant was 269.06 h，accounting for 92.08% of the flowering period of the plant. It had the characteristics of centralized flowering. There were some differences in floral syndromes of different populations in different years. Artificial pollination significantly increased seed setting rate，and there was significant difference between artificial pollination and natural pollination. The seed setting rate of self pollination was the highest，up to 97.78%，but the number of seeds per capsule was the least；The seed setting rate of cross pollination among populations was 86.67%，and the number of seeds per capsule was the largest；The seed setting rate of natural pollination was the lowest，only 32.22%，the number of seeds per capsule was between self pollination and cross pollination，and there was a significant difference. The flower visiting insects include Bombus，Apis cerana cerana and Syrphidae，among which Bombus is an effective pollinator. The P. zhejiangensis has the characteristics of concentrated flowering，self-compatibility but no active self pollination，cross pollination is beneficial to improve the seed setting rate and fruit quality；the effective pollinator is Bombus，the seed setting rate is affected by the size of flowering population，floral syndrome，pollinator visiting frequency and human interference. Difficulty in seed planting and germination，lost of habitats and fragmentation are the main cause of endangerment of the P. zhejiangensis.

Key words: Phalaenopsis zhejiangensis, breeding system, pollination biology

王江铭, 代英超, 周鑫洋, 潘晨, 吕洁, 孙未鸣, 夏国华. 珍稀濒危植物象鼻兰繁育系统与传粉生物学研究[J]. 园艺学报, 2025, 52(11): 2899-2912.

WANG Jiangming, DAI Yingchao, ZHOU Xinyang, PAN Chen, LÜ Jie, SUN Weiming, XIA Guohua. Breeding System and Pollination Biology of Rare and Endangered Phalaenopsis zhejiangensis[J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2025, 52(11): 2899-2912.

图/表 10

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年份Year	居群Population	海拔/m Altitude	单花花期/h Single-flower flowering period	植株花期/h Plant flowering period	居群花期/h Population flowering period	植株盛花期/h Plant blooming period
2020	天然居群 Natural population	249	261.13 ± 14.80	283.89 ± 12.11	286.28 ± 10.98	/
	回归居群 Returning population	410	244.11 ± 31.54	286.46 ± 4.07	288.60 ± 8.69
	专类园 Specialized garden	57	266.84 ± 11.92	288.57	/	/
2021	天然居群 Natural population	249	/	/	/	/
	回归居群 Returning population	410	237.87 ± 21.37	287.75 ± 18.24	334.45 ± 29.12	258.28 ± 16.95
	专类园Specialized garden	57	289.67 ± 10.18	327.91 ± 9.93	330.25 ± 8.11	306.82 ± 10.59
平均 Average			259.92 ± 20.44	294.92 ± 18.53	309.90 ± 26.00	282.55 ± 34.32

年份Year	居群Population	海拔/m Altitude	单花花期/h Single-flower flowering period	植株花期/h Plant flowering period	居群花期/h Population flowering period	植株盛花期/h Plant blooming period
2020	天然居群 Natural population	249	261.13 ± 14.80	283.89 ± 12.11	286.28 ± 10.98	/
	回归居群 Returning population	410	244.11 ± 31.54	286.46 ± 4.07	288.60 ± 8.69
	专类园 Specialized garden	57	266.84 ± 11.92	288.57	/	/
2021	天然居群 Natural population	249	/	/	/	/
	回归居群 Returning population	410	237.87 ± 21.37	287.75 ± 18.24	334.45 ± 29.12	258.28 ± 16.95
	专类园Specialized garden	57	289.67 ± 10.18	327.91 ± 9.93	330.25 ± 8.11	306.82 ± 10.59
平均 Average			259.92 ± 20.44	294.92 ± 18.53	309.90 ± 26.00	282.55 ± 34.32

指标/mm Index	2021		2020	平均值 Mean
指标/mm Index	清凉峰镇（对照Control） Qingliangfeng town	天荒坪镇 Tianhuangping town	清凉峰镇 Qingliangfeng town	平均值 Mean
花梗长度 Pedicel length	12.86 ± 1.52	10.60 ± 1.16	11.66 ± 1.63	11.71
上萼片长度 Upper sepal length	6.61 ± 0.94	6.26 ± 0.57	6.18 ± 0.67	6.35
上萼片宽度 Upper sepal width	2.85 ± 0.43	2.67 ± 0.35	2.64 ± 0.27	2.72
侧萼片长度 Lateral sepal length	6.08 ± 0.51	5.64 ± 0.62	5.34 ± 0.66	5.69
侧萼片宽度 Lateral sepal width	2.69 ± 0.25	2.47 ± 0.36	2.75 ± 0.55	2.64
花瓣长度 Petal length	7.81 ± 0.54	7.00 ± 0.79	6.90 ± 0.89	7.24
花瓣宽度 Petal width	5.51 ± 0.66	5.11 ± 0.69	4.51 ± 0.43	5.04
唇瓣上部长度 Upper labellum length	6.30 ± 0.71	6.28 ± 0.59	5.63 ± 0.71	6.07
唇瓣上部宽度 Upper labellum width	1.37 ± 0.35	1.20 ± 0.19	1.17 ± 0.17	1.25
唇瓣下部长度 Lower labellum length	8.41 ± 0.81	7.51 ± 0.52	7.95 ± 0.79	7.96
唇瓣下部宽度 Lower labellum width	0.97 ± 0.11	0.99 ± 0.12	0.87 ± 0.11	0.94
合蕊柱长度 Gynostemium length	4.86 ± 0.78	4.70 ± 0.56	4.47 ± 0.57	4.68
合蕊柱宽度 Gynostemium width	1.25 ± 0.14	1.12 ± 0.16	1.13 ± 0.10	1.17
蕊喙长度 Rostellum length	4.30 ± 0.66	3.98 ± 0.87	4.56 ± 0.43	4.28
药帽长度 Anther cap length	1.22 ± 0.13	1.17 ± 0.16	1.20 ± 0.12	1.20
黏盘柄长度 Stipe length	4.89 ± 0.34	4.87 ± 0.39	5.19 ± 0.41	4.98

指标/mm Index	2021		2020	平均值 Mean
指标/mm Index	清凉峰镇（对照Control） Qingliangfeng town	天荒坪镇 Tianhuangping town	清凉峰镇 Qingliangfeng town	平均值 Mean
花梗长度 Pedicel length	12.86 ± 1.52	10.60 ± 1.16	11.66 ± 1.63	11.71
上萼片长度 Upper sepal length	6.61 ± 0.94	6.26 ± 0.57	6.18 ± 0.67	6.35
上萼片宽度 Upper sepal width	2.85 ± 0.43	2.67 ± 0.35	2.64 ± 0.27	2.72
侧萼片长度 Lateral sepal length	6.08 ± 0.51	5.64 ± 0.62	5.34 ± 0.66	5.69
侧萼片宽度 Lateral sepal width	2.69 ± 0.25	2.47 ± 0.36	2.75 ± 0.55	2.64
花瓣长度 Petal length	7.81 ± 0.54	7.00 ± 0.79	6.90 ± 0.89	7.24
花瓣宽度 Petal width	5.51 ± 0.66	5.11 ± 0.69	4.51 ± 0.43	5.04
唇瓣上部长度 Upper labellum length	6.30 ± 0.71	6.28 ± 0.59	5.63 ± 0.71	6.07
唇瓣上部宽度 Upper labellum width	1.37 ± 0.35	1.20 ± 0.19	1.17 ± 0.17	1.25
唇瓣下部长度 Lower labellum length	8.41 ± 0.81	7.51 ± 0.52	7.95 ± 0.79	7.96
唇瓣下部宽度 Lower labellum width	0.97 ± 0.11	0.99 ± 0.12	0.87 ± 0.11	0.94
合蕊柱长度 Gynostemium length	4.86 ± 0.78	4.70 ± 0.56	4.47 ± 0.57	4.68
合蕊柱宽度 Gynostemium width	1.25 ± 0.14	1.12 ± 0.16	1.13 ± 0.10	1.17
蕊喙长度 Rostellum length	4.30 ± 0.66	3.98 ± 0.87	4.56 ± 0.43	4.28
药帽长度 Anther cap length	1.22 ± 0.13	1.17 ± 0.16	1.20 ± 0.12	1.20
黏盘柄长度 Stipe length	4.89 ± 0.34	4.87 ± 0.39	5.19 ± 0.41	4.98

处理 Treatment	平均结实率/% Average fruit set	果实平均长度/mm Average fruit length	果实平均直径/mm Average fruit width	每蒴果种子数量/粒 Number of seeds per capsule
自花授粉 Self-pollination	97.78 ± 1.92 a	9.65 ± 1.53 c	2.99 ± 0.32 a	6 776.00 ± 1 836.05 d
居群内异花授粉 Intra-population cross-pollination	96.67 ± 5.77 a	12.70 ± 1.76 a	3.09 ± 0.28 a	11 240.00 ± 1 483.24 b
居群间异花授粉 Inter-population cross-pollination	86.67 ± 5.77 b	13.28 ± 1.94 a	3.19 ± 0.24 a	14 376.00 ± 2 776.28 a
自然授粉（对照） Natural pollination（Control）	32.22 ± 5.09 c	11.25 ± 0.88 b	2.97 ± 0.21 a	8 232.00 ± 2 359.15 c