胡萝卜先期抽薹对低温和日照长度的响应

doi:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2024-0895

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

胡萝卜先期抽薹为冬春大棚和早春露地栽培常发生的问题，但不同基因型对低温和日照长度的响应规律尚不清楚。调查了北京、内蒙古、安徽、河南、新疆等不同生态条件下橘色和红色两种类型胡萝卜不育系、自交系及其杂交组合的先期抽薹率，结果表明橘色不育系和自交系在低温和长日照下均表现出耐抽薹，其杂交组合在低温下表现出耐抽薹，但多数组合在长日照下出现抽薹。红色不育系和自交系及其杂交组合在低温下易抽薹，但在长日照下均未发生抽薹，苗期随低温强度的增加抽薹率显著提高。遗传模型分析表明，杂交组合先期抽薹率主要受加性 × 环境和显性 × 环境互作影响，加性和显性效应不显著，表明控制先期抽薹的等位基因受环境因子影响较大，而基因之间互作效应不显著。

关键词: 胡萝卜, 先期抽薹, 低温, 日照长度, 遗传效应

Abstract:

Premature bolting of carrot has become a common problem in winter-spring shed and early spring field cultivation，but the responses of different genotypes to low temperature and day length were still unclear. In this study，premature bolting ratios of two types of carrot male sterile lines，self-pollinated lines and their crosses were investigated under different ecological conditions in Beijing，Inner Mongolia，Anhui，Henan，and Xinjiang. The results showed that the orange male sterile lines，self-pollinated lines exhibited tolerant to bolting under both low temperature and long day，and their crosses showed tolerant under low temperature，but most bolted under long day. The red male sterile lines，self-pollinated lines and their crosses were prone to bolting under low temperature but not under long day， and bolting ratios were improved with low temperature intensity during the seedling stage. Further analysis through a genetic model showed that premature bolting ratios of crosses were mainly affected by additive × environment and dominance × environment interactions，with no significant by additive or dominance effects. This indicated that the premature bolting alleles were greatly influenced by environmental factors，but no significant by genes interaction.

Key words: carrot, premature bolting, low temperature, day length, genetic effects

闫丽娟, 欧承刚, 梁宸, 胡天阔, 刘星, 杨净, 蔺国仓, 庄飞云. 胡萝卜先期抽薹对低温和日照长度的响应[J]. 园艺学报, 2025, 52(6): 1588-1598.

YAN Lijuan, OU Chenggang, LIANG Chen, HU Tiankuo, LIU Xing, YANG Jing, LIN Guocang, and ZHUANG Feiyun. Response of Premature Bolting of Carrots Under Different Low Temperature and Day Length[J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2025, 52(6): 1588-1598.

图/表 8

图1 北京顺义大棚内温度和日照长度以及胡萝卜不同亲本及其杂交组合的先期抽薹率比较 A：生长期日最高、最低温度；B：出苗后最低温度 < 0、0 ~ 5和6 ~ 7 ℃的天数；C：生长期每天日照时间，绿色虚线为日照长度达到14 h；D和E：分别为亲本和杂交组合的先期抽薹率。橘色线和红色线分别代表橘色和红色亲本及其杂交组合。不同小写字母表示在0.05水平差异显著，邓肯氏检验。下同

Fig. 1 Comparison of temperature and day length in plastic shed of Shunyi，Beijing and premature bolting ratios of different carrot parents and their crosses A：The maximum and minimum temperature of a day during carrot growth in plastic shed；B：The days of minimum temperature below < 0，0-5 and 6-7 ℃ after carrot seedling；C：Day length during carrot growth，and the green dotted line showed that day length reaches 14 h；D and E showed premature bolting ratios of parents and their crosses，respectively. The orange and red lines represented the orange and red parents and their crosses，respectively. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences （P < 0.05）by Duncan’s test. The same below

图2 内蒙古和林格尔露地温度和日照长度以及胡萝卜不同亲本及其杂交组合的先期抽薹率比较 A：生长期日最高、最低温度；B：出苗后最低温度 < 0、0 ~ 5和6 ~ 7 ℃的天数；C：生长期每天日照时间，绿色虚线为日照长度达到14 h；D和E：分别为亲本和杂交组合的先期抽薹率

Fig. 2 Comparison of temperature and day length in Helingeer with premature bolting ratio of different carrot parents and their crosses A：The maximum and minimum temperature of a day during carrot growth；B：The days of minimum temperature below < 0，0-5 and 6-7 ℃ after carrot seedling；C：Day length during carrot growth，and the green dotted line showed that day length reaches 14 h；D and E showed premature bolting ratios of parents and their crosses，respectively

表1 亲本及其杂交组合先期抽薹率的遗传方差分析

Table 1 Analysis of genetic variance components of parents and their crosses premature bolting

参数 Parameter	方差分量 Variance component	分量占比/% Proportion
加性方差Additive variance（V_A）	ND	ND
显性方差Dominance variance（V_D）	5.36 ± 2.45^*	1.66 ± 2.48
加性 × 环境方差Additive × Environment interaction variance（V_AE）	106.02 ± 15.59^**	32.75 ± 3.78^**
显性 × 环境方差Dominance × Environment interaction variance（V_DE）	205.61 ± 24.71^**	63.52 ± 3.29^**
误差Error variance（V_E）	6.70 ± 2.96	2.07 ± 1.30
表型方差 Phenotype variance（V_p）	323.69 ± 35.32^**

图3 胡萝卜亲本及其杂交组合发生先期抽薹的杂交优势预测 A和B：顺义和和林格尔不同胡萝卜亲本先期抽薹率的加性 × 环境（VAE）和显性 × 环境（VDE）互作效应预测， C：杂交组合在顺义和和林格尔先期抽薹率的VDE互作效应预测。橘色线和红色线分别代表橘色和红色亲本及其杂交组合。*、**分别表示0.05和0.01的显著水平

Fig. 3 Predicted heterosis of carrot parents and their crosses premature bolting ratios A and B：Predicted additive × environment effect（VAE）and dominant × environment effect（VDE）of different carrot parents premature bolting in Shunyi and Helingeer，respectively；C：Predicted VDE of their crosses premature bolting in Shunyi and Helingeer，respectively. The orange and purple lines represented the orange and red parents and their crosses，respectively. * and ** were significant at the level of 0.05 and 0.01，respectively

图4 安徽埇桥大棚温度条件 A：生长期日最高、最低温度；B：出苗后最低温度 < 0、0 ~ 5和6 ~ 7 ℃的天数；C：生长期每天日照时间，绿色虚线为日照长度达到14 h

Fig. 4 Temperature in plastic shed of Yongqiao，Anhui A：The maximum and minimum temperature of a day during carrot growth；B：The days of minimum temperature below < 0，0-5 and 6-7 ℃ after carrot seedling；C：Day length during carrot growth，and the green dotted line showed that day length reaches 14 h

图5 杂交组合在安徽埇桥大棚的先期抽薹率比较

Fig. 5 Comparison of premature bolting ratios of crosses in plastic shed of Yongqiao，Anhui

图6 杂交组合在河南祥符小棚的先期抽薹率比较 A：生长期日最高、最低温度；B：出苗后最低温度 < 0、0 ~ 5和6 ~ 7 ℃的天数；C：生长期每天日照时间，绿色虚线为日照长度达到14 h；D：杂交组合的先期抽薹率

Fig. 6 Comparison of premature bolting ratios of crosses in small shed of Xiangfu，Henan A：The maximum and minimum temperature of a day during carrot growth；B：The days of minimum temperature below < 0，0-5 and 6-7 ℃ after carrot seedling；C：Day length during carrot growth，and the green dotted line showed that day length reaches 14 h； D：Premature bolting ratios of parents and their crosses，respectively

图7 杂交组合在新疆乌鲁木齐露地的先期抽薹率比较 A：生长期日最高、最低温度；B：出苗后最低温度 < 0、0 ~ 5和6 ~ 7 ℃的天数；C：生长期每天日照时间，绿色虚线为日照长度达到14 h；D：杂交组合的先期抽薹率

Fig. 7 Comparison of premature bolting ratios of crosses in Urumqi，Xinjiang A：The maximum and minimum temperature of a day during carrot growth；B：The days of minimum temperature below < 0，0-5 and 6-7 ℃ after carrot seedling；C：Day length during carrot growth，and the green dotted line showed that day length reaches 14 h； D：Premature bolting ratios of parents and their crosses，respectively

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