Development of a Quantification Method for“Golden WUE”Trait and Its Application in Common Beans

doi:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2023-0106

Acta Horticulturae Sinica ›› 2024, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (3): 656-668.doi: 10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2023-0106

• New Technologies·New Methods • Previous Articles Next Articles

Development of a Quantification Method for“Golden WUE”Trait and Its Application in Common Beans

SUN Ting¹, JIANG Rujia¹, SHI Zheng¹, MENACHEM Moshelion², SUN Yudong³, CHENG Rui³, XU Pei¹^,^**()

¹ Key Laboratory of Specialty Agri-product Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang Province，College of Life Sciences，China Jiliang University，Hangzhou 310018，China
² The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture，the Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture，Food and Environment，the Hebrew University of Jerusalem，Rehovot 76100，Israel
³ Huaiyin Agricultural Institute of Xuhuai Region，Huai’an，Jiangsu 223000，China

Received:2023-04-16 Revised:2023-10-26 Online:2024-03-25 Published:2024-03-22
Contact: XU Pei

Abstract

Abstract:

Plant water use efficiency（water use Efficiency，WUE）varies with environmental conditions and peaks during the“golden hour”（GH）. During this time，plants were able to produce more dry matter with the consumption of less water. The traits related to WUE at the golden hours were referred to as“golden WUE”traits（GHW）. This study used a WUE model to derive that canopy conductance，the ratio of transpiration rate to saturation vapor pressure deficit，can be used to infer photosynthetic rate，and was confirmed through conventional measurements of low-flux canopy gas exchange parameters. A method based on high-throughput physiological phenotyping to define GHW traits were developed. This method uses cumulative canopy conductance during the GHW period（Acc_GHW），the proportion of Acc_GHW to the entire day（f_GHW），and estimated WUE（WUE_e）as the comprehensive quantification parameters. Using this method，24 varieties of common bean（Phaseolus vulgaris L.）collected from the globe and successfully identified a set of elite/poor lines were screened.

Key words: water use efficiency, golden hour, canopy conductance, common bean, natural variation, water-saving and yield balance

SUN Ting, JIANG Rujia, SHI Zheng, MENACHEM Moshelion, SUN Yudong, CHENG Rui, XU Pei. Development of a Quantification Method for“Golden WUE”Trait and Its Application in Common Beans[J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2024, 51(3): 656-668.

Figures/Tables 9

References 17

[1]	Du T, Meng P, Huang J, Peng S, Xiong D. 2020. Fast photosynthesis measurements for phenotyping photosynthetic capacity of rice. Plant Methods,16:6.
[2]	Fracasso A, Magnanini E, Marocco A, Amaducci S. 2017. Real-time determination of photosynthesis,transpiration,water-use efficiency and gene expression of two Sorghum bicolor(Moench)genotypes subjected to dry-down. Frontiers in Plant Science,8:932.
[3]	Gosa S C, Lupo Y, Moshelion M. 2019. Quantitative and comparative analysis of whole-plant performance for functional physiological traits phenotyping:new tools to support pre-breeding and plant stress physiology studies. Plant Science,282:49-59.
[4]	Halperin O, Gebremedhin A, Wallach R, Moshelion M. 2017. High-throughput physiological phenotyping and screening system for the characterization of plant-environment interactions. The Plant Journal, 89 (4):839-850. doi: 10.1111/tpj.13425 pmid: 27868265
[5]	Li Y W, Wu X Y, Xu W Z, Sun Y D, Wang Y D, Li G J, Xu P. 2021. High-throughput physiology-based stress response phenotyping:advantages,applications and perspective in horticultural plants. Horticultural Plant Journal, 7 (3):181-187.
[6]	Medrano H, Tomás M, Martorell S, Flexas J, Hernández E, Rosselló J, Pou A, Escalona J M, Bota J. 2015. From leaf to whole-plant water use efficiency(WUE)in complex canopies:limitations of leaf WUE as a selection target. Crop Journal,3:220-228.
[7]	Pandey A K, Jiang L, Moshelion M, Gosa S C, Xu P. 2021. Functional physiological phenotyping with functional mapping:a general framework to bridge the phenotype-genotype gap in plant physiology. iScience, 24 (8):102846.
[8]	Qiu Rui-cheng, Wei Shuang, Zhang Man, Li Han, Sun Hong, Liu Gang, Li Min-zan. 2019. A review of crop phenomics measurement methods. China Agricultural Digest:Agricultural Engineering, 31 (1):15. (in Chinese)
	仇瑞承, 魏爽, 张漫, 李寒, 孙红, 刘刚, 李民赞. 2019. 作物表型组学测量方法综述. 中国农业文摘:农业工程, 31 (1):15.
[9]	Shan N, Ju W, Migliavacca M, Martini D, Guanter L, Chen J, Goulas Y, Zhang Y. 2019. Modeling canopy conductance and transpiration from solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,268:189-201.
[10]	Shan N, Zhang Y, Chen J M, Ju W, Migliavacca M, Peñuelas J, Yang X, Zhang Z, Nelson J A, Goulas Y. 2021. A model for estimating transpiration from remotely sensed solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence. Remote Sensing of Environment,252:112134.
[11]	Sinclair T R. 2012. Is transpiration efficiency a viable plant trait in breeding for crop improvement? Functional Plant Biology, 39 (5):359-365. doi: 10.1071/FP11198 pmid: 32480788
[12]	Steduto P, Hsiao T C, Fereres E, Raes D. 2012. Irrigation and drainage. Crop yield response to water. Rome:United Nations FAO Rome Press 49 (2):66.
[13]	Shi Yi, Li Hai-peng. 2019. Population genomics methods:from classical statistics to supervised learning. China Sciences:Life Sciences, 49 (4):445-455. (in Chinese)
	施怿, 李海鹏. 2019. 群体基因组学方法:从经典统计学到有监督学习. 中国科学:生命科学, 49 (4):445-455.
[14]	Taylor H M, Jordan W R, Sinclair T R, Unger P W, Sneed T V, Jordan W R, Jensen R. 1983. Limitations to efficient water use in crop production. America: American Society of Agronomy Press.
[15]	Vadez V, Kholova J, Medina S, Kakkera A, Anderberg H. 2014. Transpiration efficiency:new insights into an old story. Journal of Experimental Botany, 65 (21):6141-6153.
[16]	Yang H, Shukla M K, Mao X, Kang S, Du T. 2019. Interactive regimes of reduced irrigation and salt stress depressed tomato water use efficiency at leaf and plant scales by affecting leaf physiology and stem sap flow. Frontiers in Plant Science,10:160.
[17]	Zur B, Jones J W. 1984. Diurnal changes in the instantaneous water use efficiency of a soybean crop. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 33 (1):41-51.

育成/提供单位 Breeder/supplier	中国计量大学种质库编号 Seed bank No. at CJLU	品种名称/原始编号 Cultivar name/Original ID	株型 Plant-type
美国纽约州农业试验站 New York State Agricultural Experiment Station	CP-Pv-15	CV. GREAT NORTHEERN 1140	矮生Dwarf
巴西国家农业研究公司Brazil EMBRAPA	CP-Pv-26	CHUMBINHO	蔓生Sprawl
美国农业部U.S. Department of Agriculture	CP-Pv-122	BLACK TORLE 1 aypascos 1 T/V	蔓生Sprawl
辽宁省大连市农业科学研究院 Dalian Academy of Agricultural Sciences	CP-Pv-137	芸丰Yunfeng	蔓生Sprawl
吉林省蔬菜花卉科学研究院 Jilin Academy of Vegetable and Flower Sciences	CP-Pv-152	Gr2o-3-1	矮生Dwarf
	CP-Pv-155	草原架豆Caoyuanjiadou	矮生Dwarf
	CP-Pv-157	红鲜豆Hongxiandou	蔓生Sprawl
陕西省蔬菜花卉研究所 Shaanxi Vegetable and Flower Research Institute	CP-Pv-175	红豆角Hongdoujiao	蔓生Sprawl
陕西省蔬菜花卉研究所 Shaanxi Vegetable and Flower Research Institute	CP-Pv-182	Ⅱ7A0018	矮生Dwarf
中国台湾地方品种 Indigenous breeds in Taiwan，China	CP-Pv-241	玉豆王Yudouwang	蔓生Sprawl
山东省地方品种 Indigenous breeds in Shandong Province	CP-Pv-246	九粒白Jiulibai	矮生Dwarf
浙江省农业科学院 Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences	CP-Pv-263	金龙王Jinlongwang	蔓生Sprawl
	CP-Pv-270	白籽X豆White seed X bean	蔓生Sprawl
	CP-Pv-271	浙芸5号Zheyun 5	矮生Dwarf
	CP-Pv-277	2017332052	蔓生Sprawl
	CP-Pv-287	2018332213	矮生Dwarf
	CP-Pv-293	P330781018	蔓生Sprawl
	CP-Pv-299	2018334210	蔓生Sprawl
	CP-Pv-300	2018334411	蔓生Sprawl
	CP-Pv-306	LP077	蔓生Sprawl
	CP-Pv-311	LP082	蔓生Sprawl
	CP-Pv-319	LP090	蔓生Sprawl
	CP-Pv-321	LP092	蔓生Sprawl
	CP-Pv-325	LP096	蔓生Sprawl

育成/提供单位 Breeder/supplier	中国计量大学种质库编号 Seed bank No. at CJLU	品种名称/原始编号 Cultivar name/Original ID	株型 Plant-type
美国纽约州农业试验站 New York State Agricultural Experiment Station	CP-Pv-15	CV. GREAT NORTHEERN 1140	矮生Dwarf
巴西国家农业研究公司Brazil EMBRAPA	CP-Pv-26	CHUMBINHO	蔓生Sprawl
美国农业部U.S. Department of Agriculture	CP-Pv-122	BLACK TORLE 1 aypascos 1 T/V	蔓生Sprawl
辽宁省大连市农业科学研究院 Dalian Academy of Agricultural Sciences	CP-Pv-137	芸丰Yunfeng	蔓生Sprawl
吉林省蔬菜花卉科学研究院 Jilin Academy of Vegetable and Flower Sciences	CP-Pv-152	Gr2o-3-1	矮生Dwarf
	CP-Pv-155	草原架豆Caoyuanjiadou	矮生Dwarf
	CP-Pv-157	红鲜豆Hongxiandou	蔓生Sprawl
陕西省蔬菜花卉研究所 Shaanxi Vegetable and Flower Research Institute	CP-Pv-175	红豆角Hongdoujiao	蔓生Sprawl
陕西省蔬菜花卉研究所 Shaanxi Vegetable and Flower Research Institute	CP-Pv-182	Ⅱ7A0018	矮生Dwarf
中国台湾地方品种 Indigenous breeds in Taiwan，China	CP-Pv-241	玉豆王Yudouwang	蔓生Sprawl
山东省地方品种 Indigenous breeds in Shandong Province	CP-Pv-246	九粒白Jiulibai	矮生Dwarf
浙江省农业科学院 Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences	CP-Pv-263	金龙王Jinlongwang	蔓生Sprawl
	CP-Pv-270	白籽X豆White seed X bean	蔓生Sprawl
	CP-Pv-271	浙芸5号Zheyun 5	矮生Dwarf
	CP-Pv-277	2017332052	蔓生Sprawl
	CP-Pv-287	2018332213	矮生Dwarf
	CP-Pv-293	P330781018	蔓生Sprawl
	CP-Pv-299	2018334210	蔓生Sprawl
	CP-Pv-300	2018334411	蔓生Sprawl
	CP-Pv-306	LP077	蔓生Sprawl
	CP-Pv-311	LP082	蔓生Sprawl
	CP-Pv-319	LP090	蔓生Sprawl
	CP-Pv-321	LP092	蔓生Sprawl
	CP-Pv-325	LP096	蔓生Sprawl

基因型 Genotype	累积冠层导度/（g · kPa^-1） Accumulated canopy conductance		Acc_GHW占Acc_daily 比重/% f_GHW	WUE估算值/（g · kg^-1）Estimated WUE
基因型 Genotype	6：00—11：00 Acc_GHW	全天（6：00—19：00） Acc_daily	Acc_GHW占Acc_daily 比重/% f_GHW	6：00—11：00 WUE_e，GHW	11：00—19：00 WUE_e，11-19	全天（6：00—19：00） WUE_e，daily
15	44.02 a	60.13 a	69.40 abc	2.40 b	0.81 k	1.78 b
26	18.82 defg	28.71 fgh	68.70 abc	2.72 a	0.81 k	2.12 a
122	23.82 cd	31.73 defg	75.30 a	2.31 bcde	0.81 ijk	1.70 bc
137	32.76 b	59.88 a	54.20 ghij	2.04 fghi	0.83 bcdefg	1.29 gh
152	20.55 def	38.10 cd	54.90 ghij	2.13 cdefgh	0.83 bcdefg	1.37 efgh
155	21.92 cde	34.32 cdef	62.70 cdef	2.37 bc	0.83 defghij	1.62 bcd
157	17.08 efgh	31.46 defg	53.90 ghij	2.06 fghi	0.84 bcde	1.33 fgh
175	19.95 def	29.82 efgh	66.30 bcd	2.07 efghi	0.82 hijk	1.40 efgh
182	15.96 efgh	27.93 fgh	55.90 fghij	2.01 ghi	0.81 hijk	1.37 fgh
241	16.62 efgh	28.37 fgh	53.60 hij	1.86 i	0.84 bcd	1.24 h
246	17.81 defgh	33.13 cdefg	55.00 ghij	2.10 defghi	0.85 b	1.39 efgh
263	20.72 def	39.96 c	51.80 ij	2.03 fghi	0.84 bcdef	1.30 gh
270	18.85 defg	26.33 ghi	71.40 ab	2.24 bcdefg	0.81 jk	1.56 cde
271	12.69gh	23.36 hi	53.60 hij	1.96 hi	0.83 efghij	1.26 h
277	19.12 def	31.43 defg	60.80 defg	2.42 b	0.83 efghij	1.63 bcd
287	12.31 h	20.45 i	58.50 efghi	2.27 bcdef	0.83 cdefgh	1.49 def
293	15.33 fgh	23.97 hi	63.00 cdef	2.31 bcde	0.82 efghijk	1.49 def
299	23.63 cd	36.66 cde	63.20 cde	2.33 bcd	0.83 defghi	1.49 def
300	14.95 fgh	29.33 fgh	50.10 j	1.98 hi	0.83 bcdefg	1.29 gh
306	19.67 def	32.41 defg	59.60 defgh	2.13 cdefgh	0.82 ghijk	1.48 defg
311	19.16 def	37.59 cd	51.20 j	1.95 hi	0.83 bcdefg	1.23 h
319	15.69 efgh	29.68 efgh	53.30 hij	2.41 b	0.85 bc	1.52 cdef
321	20.18 def	49.05 b	40.20 k	2.22 bcdefg	0.87 a	1.25 h
325	27.46 bc	51.67 b	53.60 hij	2.28 bcdef	0.82 fghijk	1.59 cd

基因型 Genotype	累积冠层导度/（g · kPa^-1） Accumulated canopy conductance		Acc_GHW占Acc_daily 比重/% f_GHW	WUE估算值/（g · kg^-1）Estimated WUE
基因型 Genotype	6：00—11：00 Acc_GHW	全天（6：00—19：00） Acc_daily	Acc_GHW占Acc_daily 比重/% f_GHW	6：00—11：00 WUE_e，GHW	11：00—19：00 WUE_e，11-19	全天（6：00—19：00） WUE_e，daily
15	44.02 a	60.13 a	69.40 abc	2.40 b	0.81 k	1.78 b
26	18.82 defg	28.71 fgh	68.70 abc	2.72 a	0.81 k	2.12 a
122	23.82 cd	31.73 defg	75.30 a	2.31 bcde	0.81 ijk	1.70 bc
137	32.76 b	59.88 a	54.20 ghij	2.04 fghi	0.83 bcdefg	1.29 gh
152	20.55 def	38.10 cd	54.90 ghij	2.13 cdefgh	0.83 bcdefg	1.37 efgh
155	21.92 cde	34.32 cdef	62.70 cdef	2.37 bc	0.83 defghij	1.62 bcd
157	17.08 efgh	31.46 defg	53.90 ghij	2.06 fghi	0.84 bcde	1.33 fgh
175	19.95 def	29.82 efgh	66.30 bcd	2.07 efghi	0.82 hijk	1.40 efgh
182	15.96 efgh	27.93 fgh	55.90 fghij	2.01 ghi	0.81 hijk	1.37 fgh
241	16.62 efgh	28.37 fgh	53.60 hij	1.86 i	0.84 bcd	1.24 h
246	17.81 defgh	33.13 cdefg	55.00 ghij	2.10 defghi	0.85 b	1.39 efgh
263	20.72 def	39.96 c	51.80 ij	2.03 fghi	0.84 bcdef	1.30 gh
270	18.85 defg	26.33 ghi	71.40 ab	2.24 bcdefg	0.81 jk	1.56 cde
271	12.69gh	23.36 hi	53.60 hij	1.96 hi	0.83 efghij	1.26 h
277	19.12 def	31.43 defg	60.80 defg	2.42 b	0.83 efghij	1.63 bcd
287	12.31 h	20.45 i	58.50 efghi	2.27 bcdef	0.83 cdefgh	1.49 def
293	15.33 fgh	23.97 hi	63.00 cdef	2.31 bcde	0.82 efghijk	1.49 def
299	23.63 cd	36.66 cde	63.20 cde	2.33 bcd	0.83 defghi	1.49 def
300	14.95 fgh	29.33 fgh	50.10 j	1.98 hi	0.83 bcdefg	1.29 gh
306	19.67 def	32.41 defg	59.60 defgh	2.13 cdefgh	0.82 ghijk	1.48 defg
311	19.16 def	37.59 cd	51.20 j	1.95 hi	0.83 bcdefg	1.23 h
319	15.69 efgh	29.68 efgh	53.30 hij	2.41 b	0.85 bc	1.52 cdef
321	20.18 def	49.05 b	40.20 k	2.22 bcdefg	0.87 a	1.25 h
325	27.46 bc	51.67 b	53.60 hij	2.28 bcdef	0.82 fghijk	1.59 cd

基因型 Genotype	累积冠层导度/（g · kPa^-1） Accumulated canopy conductance		Acc_GHW占Acc_daily 比重/% f_GHW	WUE估算值/（g · kg^-1）Estimated WUE
基因型 Genotype	6：00—11：00 Acc_GHW	全天（6：00—19：00） Acc_daily	Acc_GHW占Acc_daily 比重/% f_GHW	6：00—11：00 WUE_e，GHW	11：00—19：00 WUE_e，11-19	全天（6：00—19：00） WUE_e，daily
15	41.52 a	54.00 a	73.50 bc	3.41 cdef	1.23 jk	2.32 bcd
26	13.71 ij	17.15 i	78.40 a	3.71 a	1.26 efghi	2.65 a
122	21.06 bcde	27.45 efgh	75.40 ab	3.50 bcd	1.22 k	2.44 b
137	23.94 b	37.20 b	70.50 cde	3.55 abc	1.25 ghij	2.36 bc
152	18.40 cdefgh	30.68 cdef	63.20 hijk	3.43 cd	1.28 cdefg	2.07 hij
155	22.14 bc	33.42 bcd	64.30 fghi	3.43 cd	1.29 cd	2.17 fghi
157	19.00 cdef	31.18 cdef	60.90 ijkl	3.25 fg	1.28 cdef	2.01 j
175	18.84 cdefgh	29.05 defg	64.80 fghi	3.13 gh	1.24 ijk	1.99 j
182	17.34 efghi	28.51 defgh	60.20 jklm	3.14 gh	1.25 ghi	2.02 j
241	14.97 fghi	25.23 gh	55.40 n	2.95 i	1.28 cdefg	1.82 k
246	14.78 hi	25.04 gh	58.40 lmn	3.41 cdef	1.29 bc	2.03 j
263	17.27 efghi	29.07 defg	64.00 ghij	3.26 efg	1.27 defgh	2.06 ij
270	18.91 cdefg	26.53 efgh	71.80 bcd	3.39 cdef	1.25 hijk	2.30 cde
271	15.05 fghi	26.47 fgh	56.60 mn	3.04 hi	1.27 defghi	1.87 k
277	19.01 cdef	30.37 def	62.60 hijk	3.35 def	1.26 efghi	2.06 ij
287	10.49 j	17.84 i	58.30 lmn	3.71 a	1.33 a	2.23 def
293	15.48 fghi	23.96 h	66.50 efgh	3.64 ab	1.29 cde	2.40 bc
299	23.95 b	36.38 b	67.90 defg	3.55 abc	1.26 fghi	2.29 cdef
300	15.19 fghi	26.74 efgh	56.80 mn	3.01 hi	1.26 efghi	1.85 k
306	21.61 bcd	32.90 bcd	64.60 fghi	3.37 def	1.26 fghi	2.19 efgh
311	17.92 defgh	29.39 defg	64.40 fghi	3.25 fg	1.27 defghi	2.10 ghij
319	14.84 ghi	24.58 gh	59.80 klm	3.42 cde	1.31 ab	2.09 hij
321	18.07 cdefgh	31.43 cde	59.90 klm	3.65 ab	1.30 bc	2.17 fghi
325	23.48 b	35.39 bc	68.20 def	3.38 def	1.26 fghi	2.22 defg

Development of a Quantification Method for“Golden WUE”Trait and Its Application in Common Beans

RichHTML

PDF

Knowledge

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

Figures/Tables 9

References 17

Related Articles 10

Recommended Articles

Metrics

Comments

[1]	YUAN Na, XU Qinyuan, XU Zhaolong, ZHOU Ling, LIU Xiaoqing, CHEN Xin, DU Jianchang. The Development and Verification of SNP Lquid Chips for Common Bean Based on Targeted Sequencing Technology [J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2024, 51(5): 1017-1032.
[2]	LUO Xinrui, ZHANG Xiaoxu, WANG Yuping, WANG Zhi, MA Yuanyuan, ZHOU Bingyue. Identification and Expression Analysis of Trihelix Gene Family in Common Bean [J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2024, 51(12): 2775-2790.
[3]	LIU Zhiyuan, XU Zhaosheng, ZHANG Helong, and QIAN Wei. A New Stringless Common Bean Cultivar‘Shudou 6’ [J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2022, 49(S2): 135-136.
[4]	KONG Lingpu, OUYANG Xueling, PENG Huohui, YE Chuan, YUAN Shuzhen, WANG Guohang, and PENG Yufu, . A New Primulina Cultivar‘Initial Heart’ [J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2022, 49(S2): 189-190.
[5]	LU Tiantian, LIU Zhiyuan, XU Zhaosheng, ZHANG Helong, LI Guoliang, SHE Hongbing, QIAN Wei. Genome-wide Association Studies for Flower Color in Common Bean [J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2022, 49(2): 332-340.
[6]	LI Junzhang, QIN Yuan, XIAO Qiang, AN Chang, LIAO Jingyi, ZHENG Ping. Recent Advances in Molecular Biology of Crassulacean Acid Metabolism Plants and the Application Potential of CAM Engineering [J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2022, 49(12): 2597-2610.
[7]	KONG Lingpu, PENG Huohui, SHI Xuping, CHEN Hualing, WANG Guohang, and PENG Yufu, . A New Primulina lutea Cultivar‘Dove’ [J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2021, 48(S2): 2895-2896.
[8]	KONG Xiang-Yue, WANG Yong-Quan, SUI Xiao-Lei, ZHANG Zhen-Xian, GAO Li-Hong. Effects of Irrigation on Roots Distribution and Water Use Efficiency of Own-rooted and Grafted Cucumber in Solar Greenhouse [J]. ACTA HORTICULTURAE SINICA, 2012, 39(10): 1928-1936.
[9]	Zhang Xianchuan;Gao Zhaoquan;Shu Xianyu;Wei Qinping. The Different Ability of Photosynthesis and Transpiration in Different Canopy Positions of Apple with Open-center System [J]. ACTA HORTICULTURAE SINICA, 2005, 32(6): 975-979.
[10]	Yang Hongqiang;Jie Yuling;Zhang Lianzhong;Cui Minggang;and Luo Xinshu. Effects of Root Pruning and Shoot Pruning on Water Use Efficiency of AppleLeaves [J]. ACTA HORTICULTURAE SINICA, 2002, 29(3): 197-202.