梯面镇古茶树种质资源调查及其性状研究

doi:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2024-0873

园艺学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 52 ›› Issue (10): 2691-2702.doi: 10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2024-0873

• 遗传育种·种质资源·分子生物学 • 上一篇下一篇

梯面镇古茶树种质资源调查及其性状研究

秦丹丹¹, 方开星¹, 王秋霜¹, 王青¹, 潘晨东¹, 倪尔冬¹, 冯韶芳¹^,³, 吴展红², 吴华玲¹^,^*()

¹ 广东省农业科学院茶叶研究所，广东省茶树资源创新利用重点实验室，广州 510640
² 广州市花都区梯面镇人民政府，广州 510870
³ 仲恺农业工程学院，广州 510550

收稿日期:2025-03-07 修回日期:2025-07-21 出版日期:2025-10-25 发布日期:2025-10-28
通讯作者:
^* E-mail：wuhualing@163.com
基金资助:
广东省重点领域研发计划项目(2020B020220004); 广州市科技计划项目(2023B03J1036); 广州市科技计划项目(2025A04J5448); 广州市科技计划项目(2025D04J0097); 现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-19); 国家自然科学基金(32102127); 广东省农业农村厅乡村振兴战略专项资金种业振兴项目(2024-NBH-00-010); “广东特支计划” 科技创新青年拔尖人才项目(2021TQ06N134)

Investigation of Ancient Tea Germplasm Resources and Their Characters from Timian Town，Guangzhou

QIN Dandan¹, FANG Kaixing¹, WANG Qiushuang¹, WANG Qing¹, PAN Chendong¹, NI Erdong¹, FENG Shaofang¹^,³, WU Zhanhong², WU Hualing¹^,^*()

¹ Guangdong Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation & Utilization，Tea Research Institute，Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences，Guangzhou 510640，China
² People’s Government of Timian Town，Huadu District，Guangzhou 510870，China
³ Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering，Guangzhou 510550，China

Received:2025-03-07 Revised:2025-07-21 Published:2025-10-25 Online:2025-10-28

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

对广州花都区梯面镇古茶树的生态环境、生物学特征、生化特性、茶类试制性进行了系统调查及研究。结果发现，大部分古树呈聚集群落形式，群落间相聚较近，主要的茶树资源有毛叶茶（Camellia sinensis var. ptilophylla Chang）、清桂大叶[C. sinensis（L.）O. Kuntze]、广州小叶[C. sinensis（L.）O. Kuntze]和香花糙果茶（C. suaveolens）等，其中以毛叶茶的数量最多，保存最为完好。调查的150株代表性古茶树以乔木和小乔木为主，其中毛叶茶具有独特的形态学特征，如树冠高而瘦、芽叶茸毛满披、分枝较多、叶片革质化。叶片形态多样，从特大叶到小叶均有分布，叶脉、叶形及叶齿变异丰富。新梢嫩芽色泽和茸毛差异显著，多数资源开花结实力较差。叶片横切面结构显示上下表皮、栅栏组织和海绵组织厚度变异大，内含物茶多酚、生物碱及儿茶素组分含量丰富且具独特性，特别是毛叶茶的可可碱、非表型儿茶素含量显著较高。茶类试制性研究表明，毛叶茶适制白茶、红茶和黄茶；广州小叶和清桂大叶适制红茶和绿茶。

关键词: 茶树, 种质资源, 性状鉴评, 生化组分, 适制性

Abstract:

This study conducted a systematic investigation into their ecological environment，biological characteristics，biochemical composition，and processing suitability of ancient tea trees Tiamian Town in Huadu District，Guangzhou. The study reveals that most tea germplasm resources exist in the form of clustered communities，which are relatively close to each other. The major tea tree resources include Maoyecha（Camellia.sinensis var. ptilophylla Chang），Qinggui Daye[C. sinensis（L.）O. Kuntze]，Guangzhou Xiaoye[C. sinensis（L.）O. Kuntze]，and Xianghua Caoguocha（C. suaveolens），among which Maoyecha is the most abundant and well-preserved. Among the 150 representative ancient tea trees surveyed，the majority exhibited an arborous or small-arborous growth habit. Maoyecha displayed distinct morphological characteristics，including a tall and slender canopy，densely pubescent buds and leaves，extensive branching，and leathery leaves. Leaf morphology varied significantly，ranging from extra-large to small leaves，with considerable diversity in venation，shape，and serration patterns. The young shoots exhibited significant variations in coloration and pubescence，while most resources showed weak flowering and fruit-setting ability. Cross-sectional analysis of leaves revealed substantial variation in the thickness of the upper and lower epidermis，palisade tissue，and spongy tissue. Biochemical analysis indicated high and unique levels of tea polyphenols，alkaloids，and catechins，with Maoyecha exhibiting particularly high levels of theobromine and non-epicatechins. The processing suitability assessment demonstrated that Maoyecha is suitable for producing white tea，black tea，and yellow tea，whereas Guangzhou Xiaoye and Qinggui Daye are more suitable for black tea and green tea production.

Key words: tea plant, germplasm resource, trait evaluation, biochemical components, processing suitability

秦丹丹, 方开星, 王秋霜, 王青, 潘晨东, 倪尔冬, 冯韶芳, 吴展红, 吴华玲. 梯面镇古茶树种质资源调查及其性状研究[J]. 园艺学报, 2025, 52(10): 2691-2702.

QIN Dandan, FANG Kaixing, WANG Qiushuang, WANG Qing, PAN Chendong, NI Erdong, FENG Shaofang, WU Zhanhong, WU Hualing. Investigation of Ancient Tea Germplasm Resources and Their Characters from Timian Town，Guangzhou[J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2025, 52(10): 2691-2702.

图/表 9

参考文献 23

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流动相/% Mobile phase	洗脱时间/ min Elution time
流动相/% Mobile phase	0.01	30.00	34.00	39.00	40.00	45.00	50.00
A	93.50	84.00	80.00	80.00	65.00	65.00	93.50
B	6.50	16.00	20.00	20.00	35.00	35.00	6.50

流动相/% Mobile phase	洗脱时间/ min Elution time
流动相/% Mobile phase	0.01	30.00	34.00	39.00	40.00	45.00	50.00
A	93.50	84.00	80.00	80.00	65.00	65.00	93.50
B	6.50	16.00	20.00	20.00	35.00	35.00	6.50

指标 Indicator	最大值 Maximum	最小值 Minimum	平均值 Mean	标准差 SD	变异系数/% Coefficient of variation	多样性指数 Diversity index
地径/cm Tree diameter	230.00	9.00	67.96	35.65	52.45	39.46
叶长/cm Leaf length	20.30	4.70	13.00	3.86	29.65	1.23
叶宽/cm Leaf width	8.80	2.00	4.81	1.23	25.50	0.17
叶面积/cm²Leaf area	112.72	6.91	46.45	22.53	48.50	17.86

指标 Indicator	最大值 Maximum	最小值 Minimum	平均值 Mean	标准差 SD	变异系数/% Coefficient of variation	多样性指数 Diversity index
地径/cm Tree diameter	230.00	9.00	67.96	35.65	52.45	39.46
叶长/cm Leaf length	20.30	4.70	13.00	3.86	29.65	1.23
叶宽/cm Leaf width	8.80	2.00	4.81	1.23	25.50	0.17
叶面积/cm²Leaf area	112.72	6.91	46.45	22.53	48.50	17.86

性状 Indicator	最大值 Maximum	最小值 Minimum	平均值 Mean	标准差 SD	变异系数/% Coefficient of Variation	多样性指数 Diversity Index
叶片厚/ μm Thickness of leaf	392.40	197.23	301.2	40.89	13.58	624.23
上表皮厚度/ μm Thickness of upper epidermis	50.79	13.57	20.65	5.36	20.90	4.58
下表皮厚度/ μm Thickness of lower epidermis	33.41	9.94	21.32	4.07	19.10	3.14
栅栏组织厚度/ μm Thickness of palisade tissue	132.62	41.64	71.91	17.55	24.41	36.52
海绵组织厚度/ μm Thickness of spongy tissue	252.80	101.75	174.64	29.33	16.79	209.02
角质层厚度/ μm Cuticle thickness	14.05	1.69	7.07	2.49	35.18	0.37

梯面镇古茶树种质资源调查及其性状研究

Investigation of Ancient Tea Germplasm Resources and Their Characters from Timian Town，Guangzhou

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生化成分 Biochemical components	最大值 Maximum	最小值 Minimum	标准差 Mean	平均值 SD	变异系数/% Coefficient of variation	多样性指数 Diversity index
可可碱/（mg · g^-1）Theobromine	97.57	0	33.44	38.54	86.77	17.42
没食子儿茶/（mg · g^-1）Gallocatechin	20.88	0.83	2.85	5.83	48.79	0.28
表没食子儿茶素/（mg · g^-1） Epigallocatechin	41.85	1.45	9.00	7.92	113.39	0.96
儿茶素/（mg · g^-1）Catechin	30.34	0.25	7.13	10.34	69.09	1.06
咖啡碱/（mg · g^-1） Caffeine	38.00	0	10.34	7.22	143.18	1.06
表儿茶素（mg · g^-1）Epicatechin	24.82	0.24	4.67	3.80	122.79	0.24
表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯/（mg · g^-1） Epigallocatechin gallate	104.34	0.55	25.34	21.00	120.64	7.24
没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯/（mg · g^-1） Gallocatechin gallate	84.44	0.74	23.54	33.52	70.25	11.23
表儿茶素没食子酸酯/（mg · g^-1） Epicatechin gallate	50.98	0.34	12.15	9.50	127.92	1.59
儿茶素没食子酸酯/（mg · g^-1） Catechingallate	23.99	0.26	2.96	2.38	124.37	0.10
茶多酚/% Tea polyphenols	28.81	7.44	3.81	18.07	21.10	2.29
游离氨基酸/% Free amino acids	2.30	1.38	0.17	2.11	7.89	0.48
可溶性糖/% Soluble sugars	4.70	2.16	0.58	3.14	18.47	1.09

茶类 Tea types	资源 Resources		外形（25%） Appearance			分数 Score
红茶 Black tea	清桂大叶、广州小叶 Qinggui Daye，Guangzhou Xiaoye		条索细紧，乌润，带金毫 Wiry，black bloom，with little golden tpekoe			93
红茶 Black tea	毛叶茶 Maoyecha		条索肥壮，乌润，多金毫Fat and bold， black bloom，fairly golden pekoe			95
绿茶Green tea	清桂大叶，广州小叶 Qinggui Daye，Guangzhou Xiaoye		条索细紧，褐绿，润 Wiry，brownish-green，bloom			93
绿茶Green tea	毛叶茶 Maoyecha		条索粗壮，黄绿，银毫满披 Coarse and bold，yellowish-green，silvery pekoe			90
白茶 White tea	毛叶茶 Maoyecha		芽头肥硕，银毫满披 Fat bud，silvery pekoe			93
黄茶Yellow tea	毛叶茶 Maoyecha		条索肥壮重实，满披茸毛 Fat and bold， slightly pekoe			95
茶类 Tea types	资源 Resources		香气（25%） Aroma			分数 Score
红茶 Black tea	清桂大叶、广州小叶 Qinggui Daye，Guangzhou Xiaoye		花果甜香浓郁 Floral and fruity sweetness，fragrant and lasting			95
	毛叶茶 Maoyecha		花果甜香、高长浓郁持久、带甘草甜香 Floral and fruity sweetness，fragrant and lasting，with a hint of sweet licorice aroma			95
绿茶 Green tea	清桂大叶，广州小叶 Qinggui Daye，Guangzhou Xiaoye		花香，果香，较浓郁持久 Floral and fruity aroma，moderately lasting			98
	毛叶茶 Maoyecha		清甜浓郁持久，带甘草甜香 Refreshing sweetness，fragrant and lasting， with sweet licorice notes			95
白茶 White tea	毛叶茶 Maoyecha		清甜较浓郁，兰气芳香，带甘草甜香 fragrant orchid aroma，with sweet licorice notes			98
黄茶 Yellow tea	毛叶茶 Maoyecha		蜜甜香清长 Honey-like sweetness，clean and lasting			98
茶类 Tea types	资源 Resources		滋味（30%） Taste			分数 Score
红茶 Black tea	清桂大叶、广州小叶 Qinggui Daye，Guangzhou Xiaoye		甜醇鲜爽、果甜香 Sweet，mellow，and fresh with fruity sweetness			95
	毛叶茶 Maoyecha		浓厚苦涩，甘草香 Full-bodied bitterness，licorice aroma			90
绿茶 Green tea	清桂大叶，广州小叶 Qinggui Daye，Guangzhou Xiaoye		浓，强，较爽，回甘 Strong，intense，relatively brisk，with a sweet aftertaste			92
	毛叶茶 Maoyecha		浓厚苦涩，回甘，带甘草甜香 Full-bodied bitterness，with a sweet aftertaste and sweet licorice notes			90
白茶 White tea	毛叶茶 Maoyecha		鲜爽，奶甜毫香显，带甘草甜香 Fresh and mellow，with creamy and sweet licorice notes			95
黄茶 Yellow tea	毛叶茶 Maoyecha		浓强微苦 Strong，intense，and slightly bitter			85
茶类 Tea types	资源 Resources	汤色（10%） Soup color	分数 Score	叶底（10%） Infused leaf	分数 Score	总分 Total score
红茶 Black tea	清桂大叶、广州小叶 Qinggui Daye，Guangzhou Xiaoye	橙红明亮 Orange red，bright	93	褐红、柔软 Reddish-brown，soft	90	93.80
	毛叶茶 Maoyecha	红艳亮 Red and brilliant	95	红亮，较柔软 Bright red，relatively soft	95	93.50
绿茶 Green tea	清桂大叶，广州小叶 Qinggui Daye，Guangzhou Xiaoye	绿黄明亮 Greenish yellow，bright	95	绿，柔软，嫩 Green，soft，and tender	95	94.35
	毛叶茶 Maoyecha	黄明亮 Yellow，bright	95	黄绿，柔软，嫩 Yellowish-green，soft，and tender	93	92.05
白茶 White tea	毛叶茶 Maoyecha	浅黄明亮 Light，yellow，bright	98	黄绿有红边，较柔软 Yellowish-green with red edges，relatively soft	90	95.05
黄茶 Yellow tea	毛叶茶 Maoyecha	杏黄亮 Apricot bright	98	绿黄，柔软，嫩 Yellow-green，soft，and tender	90	92.55

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梯面镇古茶树种质资源调查及其性状研究

Investigation of Ancient Tea Germplasm Resources and Their Characters from Timian Town，Guangzhou

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