不同产区纽荷尔脐橙春梢的表型及矿质养分含量特征

doi:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2025-0929

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 柑橘春梢表型（密度、比例和生物量）与矿质养分状况直接决定花果发育关键期的树体养分分配及当年产量形成。为评估春梢表型数量特征作为养分状况间接诊断指标用于果园精准施肥管理的可行性，于2022—2024年在全国6个柑橘产业带（长江中上游、桂北—赣南—湘南、西江流域等）的12个产区开展试验，系统测定春梢表型特征（数量特征：生殖枝/营养枝密度及比例；生物量特征：叶/茎/整梢生物量及分配）及矿质养分（N、P、K含量，因部分产区采样周期内施肥干扰，最终覆盖4个产业带8个产区），通过差异显著性检验和相关性分析，解析春梢表型与养分的区域分化规律及耦合关系。结果表明：1）不同区域春梢密度存在显著差异，长江中上游的生殖枝密度最高（如北碚，63个 · m^-2），西江流域的营养枝密度最高（如富川，71个 · m^-2），鄂西—湘西产业带两类枝梢密度均最低（如怀化，3 ~ 10个 · m^-2）；2）单梢生物量呈“南高北低”格局，且所有产区均表现“营养枝叶生物量 > 生殖枝、生殖枝茎生物量 > 营养枝”；3）矿质养分K含量差异最大（75%产区生殖枝、62.5%产区营养枝偏离全国均值），南部产区（新宁、赣州等）K过量，北部产区（丹江口、北碚）K偏低（1.00% ~ 1.28%）；4）春梢数量比例与生物量比例极显著正相关（r = 0.83，P < 0.01），生殖枝与营养枝养分协同积累（r = 0.79，P < 0.01）。研究表明，中国纽荷尔脐橙春梢表型形成“北生殖型—南营养型”的格局（气候与土壤驱动），K为核心调控元素，春梢数量特征可间接评估生物量与养分状况。

关键词: 脐橙, 春梢, 区域分化, 表型, 矿质养分

Abstract:

Phenotypic traits（density，ratio，and biomass）and mineral nutrient status of citrus spring shoots directly determine nutrient allocation within the tree during critical flower and fruit development and the formation of the current year’s yield. To evaluate the feasibility of using quantitative phenotypic traits of spring shoots as indirect diagnostic indicators for nutrient status in orchard precision fertilization management，this study was conducted from 2022 to 2024 in 12 producing regions across 6 citrus industry belts in China（e.g.，the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River，Northern Guangxi-Southwest Jiangxi-Southwest Hunan，and Xijiang River Basin）. Phenotypic traits[quantitative traits：density and ratio of reproductive shoots（RS，spring shoots with flowers）/vegetative shoots（VS，spring shoots without flowers）；biomass traits：biomass and allocation of leaves/stems/whole shoots]and mineral nutrients（N，P，K contents）were systematically measured. Due to fertilization interference during the sampling period in some producing regions，mineral nutrient data were finally obtained from 8 producing regions across 4 citrus industry belts. Regional differentiation patterns and coupling relationships between spring shoot phenotype and nutrients were analyzed through significance tests and correlation analysis. The results showed that：（1）Significant regional differences existed in spring shoot density：the RS density was the highest in the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River（e.g.，Beibei，63 shoots · m^-2），the VS density was the highest in the Xijiang River Basin（e.g.，Fuchuan，71 shoots · m^-2），and the densities of both shoot types were the lowest in Western Hubei-Western Hunan（e.g.，Huaihua，3-10 shoots · m^-2）；（2）Single-shoot biomass showed a pattern of“south-high and north-low”，and all regions exhibited an allocation strategy of“VS leaf biomass > RS，RS stem biomass > VS”；（3）K content showed the largest fluctuation among nutrients （75% of RS and 62.5% of VS across producing regions deviated from the national mean），with excessive K in southern regions（e.g.，Xinning，Ganzhou，1.65%-1.91%）and low K in northern regions（e.g.，Danjiangkou，Beibei，1.00%-1.28%）；（4）The quantity ratio of RS to VS was extremely significantly positively correlated with their biomass ratio（r = 0.83，P < 0.01），and nutrients accumulated synergistically between RS and VS（r = 0.79，P < 0.01）. This study demonstrated that the spring shoot phenotype of Newhall navel orange forms a“northern reproductive-southern vegetative”differentiation pattern（driven by climate and soil），with K as the core regulatory element. Quantitative traits of spring shoots can indirectly assess biomass and nutrient status.

Key words: orange, spring shoot, regional differentiation, phenotype, mineral nutrient

刘文欢, 马岩岩, 郑永强. 不同产区纽荷尔脐橙春梢的表型及矿质养分含量特征[J]. 园艺学报, 2026, 53(3): 749-762.

LIU Wenhuan, MA Yanyan, ZHENG Yongqiang. Characteristics of Spring Shoot Phenotype and Mineral Nutrient Contents of Newhall Navel Orange in Different Production Areas[J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2026, 53(3): 749-762.

图/表 5

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产业带 Industrial belt	产区 Area	纬度 Latitude	经度 Longitude	海拔/m Altitude
浙—闽—粤 Zhejiang-Fujian-Guangdong	广东省平远县（PY）Pingyuan County，Guangdong Province	24°34′10′′N	115°51'43′′E	208
西江流域 Xijiang River Basin	广西省富川县（FC）Fuchuan County，Guangxi Province	24°51′36′′N	111°15′57′′E	216
西江流域 Xijiang River Basin	云南省宾川县（BC）Binchuan County，Yunnan Province	25°42′16′′N	100°27′26′′E	1 650
桂北—赣南—湘南 Northern Guangxi-Southwest Jiangxi- Southwest Hunan	湖南省郴州市（CZ）Chenzhou City，Hunan Province	25°24′32′′N	112°58′44′′E	339
	江西省赣州市（GZ）Ganzhou City，Jiangxi Province	25°46′21′′N	114°51′15′′E	124
	湖南省新宁县（XN）Xinning County，Hunan Province	26°31′49′′N	110°56′48′′E	307
鄂西—湘西 Western Hubei-Western Hunan	湖南省怀化市（HH）Huaihua City，Hunan Province	27°57′11′′N	110°41′19′′E	170
鄂西—湘西 Western Hubei-Western Hunan	湖北省枝江市（ZJ）Zhijiang City，Hubei Province	30°28′33′′N	111°42′39′′E	69
长江中上游 The middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River	四川省雷波县（LB）Leibo County，Sichuan Province	28°12′28′′N	103°33′20′′E	670
	重庆市北碚区（BB）Beibei District，Chongqing	29°45′28′′N	106°22′44′′E	236
	重庆市云阳县（YY）Yunyang County，Chongqing	30°48′56′′N	108°50′37′′E	492
丹江库区 Danjiang Reservoir Area	湖北省丹江口市（DJK） Danjiangkou City，Hubei Province	32°33′48′′N	111°32′49′′E	202

产业带 Industrial belt	产区 Area	纬度 Latitude	经度 Longitude	海拔/m Altitude
浙—闽—粤 Zhejiang-Fujian-Guangdong	广东省平远县（PY）Pingyuan County，Guangdong Province	24°34′10′′N	115°51'43′′E	208
西江流域 Xijiang River Basin	广西省富川县（FC）Fuchuan County，Guangxi Province	24°51′36′′N	111°15′57′′E	216
西江流域 Xijiang River Basin	云南省宾川县（BC）Binchuan County，Yunnan Province	25°42′16′′N	100°27′26′′E	1 650
桂北—赣南—湘南 Northern Guangxi-Southwest Jiangxi- Southwest Hunan	湖南省郴州市（CZ）Chenzhou City，Hunan Province	25°24′32′′N	112°58′44′′E	339
	江西省赣州市（GZ）Ganzhou City，Jiangxi Province	25°46′21′′N	114°51′15′′E	124
	湖南省新宁县（XN）Xinning County，Hunan Province	26°31′49′′N	110°56′48′′E	307
鄂西—湘西 Western Hubei-Western Hunan	湖南省怀化市（HH）Huaihua City，Hunan Province	27°57′11′′N	110°41′19′′E	170
鄂西—湘西 Western Hubei-Western Hunan	湖北省枝江市（ZJ）Zhijiang City，Hubei Province	30°28′33′′N	111°42′39′′E	69
长江中上游 The middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River	四川省雷波县（LB）Leibo County，Sichuan Province	28°12′28′′N	103°33′20′′E	670
	重庆市北碚区（BB）Beibei District，Chongqing	29°45′28′′N	106°22′44′′E	236
	重庆市云阳县（YY）Yunyang County，Chongqing	30°48′56′′N	108°50′37′′E	492
丹江库区 Danjiang Reservoir Area	湖北省丹江口市（DJK） Danjiangkou City，Hubei Province	32°33′48′′N	111°32′49′′E	202

产业带 Industrial belt	产区 Area	生殖枝密度/ （个 · m^-2） Reproductive shoot density	营养枝密度/ （个 · m^-2） Vegetative shoot density	春梢比 Spring shoot number proportion	生物量比 Spring shoot biomass proportion
浙—闽—粤 Zhejiang-Fujian-Guangdong	广东平远 Pingyuan，Guangdong	14 ± 5 Cbc	16 ± 7 Bd	0.99 ± 0.54 BCbcde	0.72 ± 0.50 Cc
西江流域 Xijiang River Basin	广西富川 Fuchuan，Guangxi	33 ± 6 b	71 ± 18 a	0.49 ± 0.15 de	0.53 ± 0.10 c
	云南宾川 Binchuan，Yunnan	35 ± 17 b	27 ± 16 bcd	1.51 ± 0.60 bcde	1.31 ± 0.56 bc
	均值 ± 标准差Mean ± SD	34 ± 12 AB	49 ± 28 A	1.00 ± 0.68 BC	0.92 ± 0.56 C
桂北—赣南—湘南 Northern Guangxi-Southwest Jiangxi-Southwest Hunan	湖南郴州 Chenzhou，Hunan	19 ± 8 bc	49 ± 19 b	0.51 ± 0.40 de	0.78 ± 1.17 c
	江西赣州 Ganzhou，Jiangxi	27 ± 15 b	45 ± 23 bc	0.85 ± 0.73 bcde	1.31 ± 1.18 bc
	湖南新宁 Xinning，Hunan	17 ± 5 bc	15 ± 5 d	1.20 ± 0.44 bcde	0.77 ± 0.39 c
	均值 ± 标准差Mean ± SD	21 ± 10 BC	37 ± 23 AB	0.85 ± 0.59 BC	0.95 ± 0.96 C
鄂西—湘西 Western Hubei-Western Hunan	湖南怀化 Huaihua，Hunan	3 ± 2 c	10 ± 6 d	0.39 ± 0.25 e	0.29 ± 0.20 c
	湖北枝江 Zhijiang，Hubei	13 ± 5 bc	28 ± 13 bcd	0.56 ± 0.39 cde	0.51 ± 0.40 c
	均值 ± 标准差Mean ± SD	8 ± 7 C	19 ± 14 B	0.47 ± 0.32 C	0.40 ± 0.32 C
长江中上游 The middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River	四川雷波 Leibo，Sichuan	32 ± 8 b	23 ± 14 cd	1.73 ± 0.71 abcd	1.38 ± 0.62 bc
	重庆北碚 Beibei，Chongqing	63 ± 28 a	45 ± 26 bc	1.97 ± 1.46 ab	3.07 ± 3.88 a
	重庆云阳 Yunyang，Chongqing	26 ± 8 b	10 ± 2 d	2.94 ± 1.76 a	2.99 ± 3.39 a
	均值 ± 标准差Mean ± SD	53 ± 29 A	36 ± 26 AB	2.08 ± 1.44 A	2.81 ± 3.51 A
丹江库区 Danjiang Reservoir Area	湖北丹江口 Danjiangkou，Hubei	36 ± 9 ABb	21 ± 7 Bd	1.84 ± 0.52 Aabc	1.89 ± 1.30 Bb
所有产区 All areas	均值 ± 标准差Mean ± SD	35 ± 26	34 ± 24	1.42 ± 1.20	1.71 ± 2.53

产业带 Industrial belt	产区 Area	生殖枝密度/ （个 · m^-2） Reproductive shoot density	营养枝密度/ （个 · m^-2） Vegetative shoot density	春梢比 Spring shoot number proportion	生物量比 Spring shoot biomass proportion
浙—闽—粤 Zhejiang-Fujian-Guangdong	广东平远 Pingyuan，Guangdong	14 ± 5 Cbc	16 ± 7 Bd	0.99 ± 0.54 BCbcde	0.72 ± 0.50 Cc
西江流域 Xijiang River Basin	广西富川 Fuchuan，Guangxi	33 ± 6 b	71 ± 18 a	0.49 ± 0.15 de	0.53 ± 0.10 c
	云南宾川 Binchuan，Yunnan	35 ± 17 b	27 ± 16 bcd	1.51 ± 0.60 bcde	1.31 ± 0.56 bc
	均值 ± 标准差Mean ± SD	34 ± 12 AB	49 ± 28 A	1.00 ± 0.68 BC	0.92 ± 0.56 C
桂北—赣南—湘南 Northern Guangxi-Southwest Jiangxi-Southwest Hunan	湖南郴州 Chenzhou，Hunan	19 ± 8 bc	49 ± 19 b	0.51 ± 0.40 de	0.78 ± 1.17 c
	江西赣州 Ganzhou，Jiangxi	27 ± 15 b	45 ± 23 bc	0.85 ± 0.73 bcde	1.31 ± 1.18 bc
	湖南新宁 Xinning，Hunan	17 ± 5 bc	15 ± 5 d	1.20 ± 0.44 bcde	0.77 ± 0.39 c
	均值 ± 标准差Mean ± SD	21 ± 10 BC	37 ± 23 AB	0.85 ± 0.59 BC	0.95 ± 0.96 C
鄂西—湘西 Western Hubei-Western Hunan	湖南怀化 Huaihua，Hunan	3 ± 2 c	10 ± 6 d	0.39 ± 0.25 e	0.29 ± 0.20 c
	湖北枝江 Zhijiang，Hubei	13 ± 5 bc	28 ± 13 bcd	0.56 ± 0.39 cde	0.51 ± 0.40 c
	均值 ± 标准差Mean ± SD	8 ± 7 C	19 ± 14 B	0.47 ± 0.32 C	0.40 ± 0.32 C
长江中上游 The middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River	四川雷波 Leibo，Sichuan	32 ± 8 b	23 ± 14 cd	1.73 ± 0.71 abcd	1.38 ± 0.62 bc
	重庆北碚 Beibei，Chongqing	63 ± 28 a	45 ± 26 bc	1.97 ± 1.46 ab	3.07 ± 3.88 a
	重庆云阳 Yunyang，Chongqing	26 ± 8 b	10 ± 2 d	2.94 ± 1.76 a	2.99 ± 3.39 a
	均值 ± 标准差Mean ± SD	53 ± 29 A	36 ± 26 AB	2.08 ± 1.44 A	2.81 ± 3.51 A
丹江库区 Danjiang Reservoir Area	湖北丹江口 Danjiangkou，Hubei	36 ± 9 ABb	21 ± 7 Bd	1.84 ± 0.52 Aabc	1.89 ± 1.30 Bb
所有产区 All areas	均值 ± 标准差Mean ± SD	35 ± 26	34 ± 24	1.42 ± 1.20	1.71 ± 2.53

产业带 Industrial belt	产区 Area	生殖枝 Reproductive shoots			营养枝 Vegetative shoots
产业带 Industrial belt	产区 Area	N/%	P/%	K/%	N/%	P/%	K/%
浙—闽—粤 Zhejiang- Fujian-Guangdong	广东平远 Pingyuan，Guangdong	2.52 ± 0.09 a	0.18 ± 0.04 a	1.65 ± 0.17 a	2.91 ± 0.26ab	0.19 ± 0.07 a	1.91 ± 0.23 a
桂北—赣南—湘南 Northern Guangxi-Southwest Jiangxi-Southwest Hunan	湖南郴州 Chenzhou，Hunan	1.97 ± 0.15 d	0.10 ± 0.01 c	1.48 ± 0.12 b	2.56 ± 0.09 c	0.13 ± 0.01 c	1.75 ± 0.32 a
	江西赣州 Ganzhou，Jiangxi	2.18 ± 0.09 bc	0.11 ± 0.01 c	1.69 ± 0.11 a	2.71 ± 0.06 bc	0.15 ± 0.01 bc	1.89 ± 0.18 a
	湖南新宁 Xinning，Hunan	2.47 ± 0.10 a	0.13 ± 0.01 b	1.73 ± 0.02 a	3.05 ± 0.26 a	0.18 ± 0.01 a	1.80 ± 0.10 a
	均值 ± 标准差 Mean ± SD	2.21 ± 0.24	0.12 ± 0.02	1.63 ± 0.14	2.77 ± 0.26	0.15 ± 0.02	1.81 ± 0.21
长江中上游 The middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River	四川雷波 Leibo，Sichuan	2.36 ± 0.31 ab	0.16 ± 0.02 a	1.65 ± 0.03 a	2.73 ± 0.25 bc	0.17 ± 0.01 ab	1.39 ± 0.11 b
	重庆北碚 Beibei，Chongqing	1.89 ± 0.17 d	0.10 ± 0.02 c	1.17 ± 0.07 c	2.53 ± 0.16 c	0.12 ± 0.01 c	1.00 ± 0.13 d
	重庆云阳 Yunyang，Chongqing	2.48 ± 0.27 a	0.10 ± 0.01 c	1.26 ± 0.12 c	2.92 ± 0.17 ab	0.15 ± 0.02 bc	1.28 ± 0.10 bc
	均值 ± 标准差 Mean ± SD	2.05 ± 0.32	0.11 ± 0.03	1.25 ± 0.19	2.62 ± 0.23	0.13 ± 0.02	1.10 ± 0.20
丹江库区 Danjiang Reservoir Area	湖北丹江口 Danjiangkou，Hubei	2.06 ± 0.09 cd	0.10 ± 0.01 c	1.17 ± 0.08 c	2.64 ± 0.35 c	0.15 ± 0.02 bc	1.19 ± 0.20 c
所有产区 All areas	均值 ± 标准差 Mean ± SD	2.13 ± 0.30	0.12 ± 0.03	1.38 ± 0.25	2.69 ± 0.26	0.14 ± 0.03	1.36 ± 0.40