菌糠堆肥基质对设施连作番茄根系、氮素累积及果实产量和品质的影响

doi:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2025-0257

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 以番茄为供试材料，2023—2024年连续2茬（秋茬和冬春茬）在连作番茄8年的设施大棚内设化肥（MF）、有机粪肥替代化肥（OF）、草炭基质（PS）及菌糠牛粪堆腐后的有机基质（OS）4个处理，研究不同栽培基质对番茄根系、植株氮素吸收、产量和品质的影响，以明确采用菌糠和牛粪堆腐后的基质在设施番茄抗连作生产中的效果。结果表明：（1）番茄收获期两茬中OS处理的根系生物量最高，较MF处理分别增加了42.00%和45.04%，较PS分别提高了16.04%和11.51%。PS处理下根系增长较为明显，而OS处理下根系倾向于增粗。与MF相比较，两茬收获期PS处理下总根长分别增加了85.58%和120.46%，OS处理下则分别增加了42.86%和59.74%。OS处理下两茬收获期根平均直径较MF分别提高了20.97%和23.38%。（2）OS处理下番茄根系氮累积量、地上部氮累积量、产量和糖酸比达到最高，与MF相比，秋茬增幅分别为68.71%、63.63%、35.29%和22.49%，冬春茬增幅分别为44.76%、27.46%、31.09%和11.88%。OS处理下秋茬番茄根系氮累积量、地上部氮累积量、产量和糖酸比较PS处理分别增加了41.71%、27.53%、5.26%和12.89%，冬春茬增幅则分别为12.59%、5.88%、4.49%和6.25%。（3）相关性分析表明，两茬中番茄地上部氮累积量与总根长、糖酸比、根系生物量、地上部生物量、根系氮累积量和番茄产量呈显著正相关，与有机酸含量呈显著负相关，且冬春茬中植株地上部氮累积量还与番茄维生素C含量、总糖含量和根表面积呈显著正相关。综上，采用菌糠牛粪堆肥发酵制作而成的有机栽培基质（OS）设施番茄抗连作生产效果优于常规施肥（MF、OF）和草炭基质。主要体现在其能有效改善设施连作番茄根系生长，促进根系增粗，显著提升植株氮素吸收能力，最终实现产量和果实品质的协同提升的同时，大幅降低了生产成本，为设施番茄抗连作生产及农业废弃物资源化利用提供了高效可行的技术方案。

关键词: 番茄, 基质, 菌糠, 根系, 氮素吸收, 产量, 品质

Abstract:

To investigate the effects of composts of spent mushroom and manure used for organic cultivation substrates（OS）on root growth，plant nitrogen accumulation，yield and fruit quality of continuous tomato in greenhouse，a two-season field experiment（autumn season and winter-spring season）was performed with four treatments：mineral fertilizer application in a continuously mono-cropped tomato（MF），organic fertilizer application in a continuously mono-cropped tomato（OF），peat substrate（PS）and OS. Results showed that the relative high root biomass was produced by OS at harvesting stage，which was produced a higher value by 42.00% and 45.04% than MF treatment did in autumn season and winter-spring season，respectively. And compared to PS，the root biomass under OS treatment increased by 16.04% and 11.51%，respectively，at harvesting stage of two seasons. PS treatment significantly stimulated root elongation，while the root of OS tended to be thicker than other treatments. In these two seasons，compared with MF，the total root length under PS treatment was increased by 85.58% and 120.46%，while OS treatment increased by 42.86% and 59.74%，respectively，at harvesting stage. Compared to the values when chemical mineral fertilizer was applied，OS also enhanced average diameter by 20.97% and 23.38%，respectively，at harvesting stage of two seasons. OS could produce the highest values for root nitrogen accumulation，aboveground nitrogen accumulation，yield and sugar-acid ratio，which were increased by 68.71%，63.63%，35.29% and 22.49% in autumn season and 44.76%，27.46%，31.09% and 11.88% in winter-spring season，compared with MF，respectively. And in compared with PS，the values of root nitrogen accumulation，aboveground nitrogen accumulation，yield and sugar-acid ratio were increased by 41.71%，27.53%，5.26% and 12.89% in autumn season and 12.59%，5.88%，4.49% and 6.25% in winter-spring season，respectively，induced by OS treatment. Pearson correlation analyses revealed a strong positive relationship between plant nitrogen accumulation and total root length，sugar-acid ratio，root biomass，plant biomass，root nitrogen accumulation and tomato yield and a significant negative correlation between plant nitrogen accumulation and organic acid content in two seasons. In winter-spring period，the plant nitrogen accumulation was also positively correlated with vitamin C content，total sugar content and root surface area of tomato. In conclusion，OS can evidently mitigate continuous cropping obstacles compared to conventional fertilization（MF，OF）and PS. It significantly improved root growth（particularly root thickening），enhanced nitrogen absorption，and increased fruit yield and quality. This study provides a basis for OS to replace traditional soil in greenhouse tomato，and also provides an alternative to reduce the use of peat in horticulture，alleviating environmental impacts to agricultural wastes.

Key words: tomato, growing substrate, spent mushroom, roots, nitrogen accumulation, yield, quality

刘玉洁, 尹志, 王媛, 康敏, 李瑞珍, 聂园军. 菌糠堆肥基质对设施连作番茄根系、氮素累积及果实产量和品质的影响[J]. 园艺学报, 2025, 52(11): 2969-2986.

LIU Yujie, YIN Zhi, WANG Yuan, KANG Min, LI Ruizhen, NIE Yuanjun. Effects of Spent Mushroom Substrates on the Roots，Nitrogen Accumulation，Yield and Fruit Quality of Continuous Tomato in Greenhouse[J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2025, 52(11): 2969-2986.

图/表 5

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季节 season	生育时期 Growth stages	处理 Treat-ment	总根长/m Total root length	根表面积/cm² Root surface area	根平均直径/mm Average diameter	根体积/cm³ Root volume	比根长/（m · g^-1） Specific root length
秋茬 Autumn season	苗期 Seedling stage	MF	14.47 ± 1.03 a	167.81 ± 1.44 ab	0.414 ± 0.022 a	1.61 ± 0.10 a	149.97 ± 9.23 a
		OF	13.57 ± 1.86 a	158.41 ± 4.58 bc	0.421 ± 0.004 a	1.77 ± 0.02 a	98.14 ± 5.45 c
		PS	15.23 ± 0.89 a	175.38 ± 3.62 a	0.393 ± 0.034 a	1.62 ± 0.03 a	122.33 ± 7.38 b
		OS	11.77 ± 0.23 a	152.43 ± 5.00 c	0.429 ± 0.013 a	1.63 ± 0.04 a	100.80 ± 2.22 c
	开花期 Flowering stage	MF	19.50 ± 0.84 c	309.52 ± 25.57 b	0.546 ± 0.003 a	4.01 ± 0.12 b	46.78 ± 3.82 c
		OF	20.01 ± 1.10 c	290.89 ± 4.09 b	0.503 ± 0.013 b	3.90 ± 0.25 b	69.14 ± 3.50 b
		PS	38.27 ± 0.35 a	521.33 ± 9.53 a	0.459 ± 0.006 c	6.40 ± 0.08 a	118.32 ± 4.91 a
		OS	24.39 ± 0.53 b	314.42 ± 3.96 b	0.490 ± 0.004 b	4.21 ± 0.02 b	60.86 ± 1.05 b
	收获期 Harvest stage	MF	23.10 ± 0.58 d	609.93 ± 12.89 b	0.619 ± 0.032 b	10.55 ± 0.40 b	13.60 ± 0.59 b
		OF	27.01 ± 0.43 c	617.76 ± 18.99 b	0.644 ± 0.029 b	10.16 ± 1.25 b	12.23 ± 0.38 b
		PS	42.87 ± 1.57 a	604.40 ± 27.62 b	0.534 ± 0.003 c	12.10 ± 0.28 ab	19.00 ± 0.61 a
		OS	33.00 ± 0.36 b	719.40 ± 7.81 a	0.749 ± 0.013 a	13.70 ± 0.23 a	10.05 ± 0.51 c
冬春茬 Winter-spring season	苗期 Seedling stage	MF	12.36 ± 0.47 b	215.97 ± 4.45 b	0.605 ± 0.004 ab	3.09 ± 0.01 a	138.00 ± 3.99 a
		OF	10.43 ± 0.14 c	173.37 ± 5.73 c	0.610 ± 0.004 a	2.95 ± 0.03 b	115.56 ± 5.18 b
		PS	14.02 ± 0.23 a	245.97 ± 2.22 a	0.588 ± 0.009 b	3.15 ± 0.03 a	145.80 ± 5.33 a
		OS	13.54 ± 0.21 a	223.27 ± 5.01 b	0.594 ± 0.002 ab	3.13 ± 0.02 a	147.26 ± 2.75 a
	开花期 Flowering stage	MF	17.51 ± 0.33 c	342.57 ± 11.81 b	0.597 ± 0.007 b	4.86 ± 0.30 b	29.95 ± 0.93 c
		OF	15.21 ± 0.73 d	265.66 ± 4.30 c	0.612 ± 0.005 ab	4.20 ± 0.17 c	29.19 ± 0.91 c
		PS	32.36 ± 0.79 a	515.49 ± 11.83 a	0.564 ± 0.012 c	5.74 ± 0.09 a	62.85 ± 0.61 a
		OS	26.07 ± 0.61 b	488.99 ± 10.91 a	0.628 ± 0.006 a	5.15 ± 0.04 b	41.19 ± 0.10 b
	收获期 Harvest stage	MF	19.60 ± 0.24 d	634.63 ± 32.56 b	0.770 ± 0.028 b	15.04 ± 1.20 a	8.51 ± 0.48 b
		OF	24.53 ± 1.48 c	812.44 ± 24.11 a	0.765 ± 0.023 b	10.04 ± 0.74 b	8.27 ± 0.50 b
		PS	43.21 ± 1.15 a	902.39 ± 31.93 a	0.690 ± 0.005 c	13.23 ± 0.53 a	15.40 ± 0.61 a
		OS	31.31 ± 1.24 b	866.65 ± 34.57 a	0.950 ± 0.009 a	13.73 ± 0.73 a	9.77 ± 0.60 b

季节 season	生育时期 Growth stages	处理 Treat-ment	总根长/m Total root length	根表面积/cm² Root surface area	根平均直径/mm Average diameter	根体积/cm³ Root volume	比根长/（m · g^-1） Specific root length
秋茬 Autumn season	苗期 Seedling stage	MF	14.47 ± 1.03 a	167.81 ± 1.44 ab	0.414 ± 0.022 a	1.61 ± 0.10 a	149.97 ± 9.23 a
		OF	13.57 ± 1.86 a	158.41 ± 4.58 bc	0.421 ± 0.004 a	1.77 ± 0.02 a	98.14 ± 5.45 c
		PS	15.23 ± 0.89 a	175.38 ± 3.62 a	0.393 ± 0.034 a	1.62 ± 0.03 a	122.33 ± 7.38 b
		OS	11.77 ± 0.23 a	152.43 ± 5.00 c	0.429 ± 0.013 a	1.63 ± 0.04 a	100.80 ± 2.22 c
	开花期 Flowering stage	MF	19.50 ± 0.84 c	309.52 ± 25.57 b	0.546 ± 0.003 a	4.01 ± 0.12 b	46.78 ± 3.82 c
		OF	20.01 ± 1.10 c	290.89 ± 4.09 b	0.503 ± 0.013 b	3.90 ± 0.25 b	69.14 ± 3.50 b
		PS	38.27 ± 0.35 a	521.33 ± 9.53 a	0.459 ± 0.006 c	6.40 ± 0.08 a	118.32 ± 4.91 a
		OS	24.39 ± 0.53 b	314.42 ± 3.96 b	0.490 ± 0.004 b	4.21 ± 0.02 b	60.86 ± 1.05 b
	收获期 Harvest stage	MF	23.10 ± 0.58 d	609.93 ± 12.89 b	0.619 ± 0.032 b	10.55 ± 0.40 b	13.60 ± 0.59 b
		OF	27.01 ± 0.43 c	617.76 ± 18.99 b	0.644 ± 0.029 b	10.16 ± 1.25 b	12.23 ± 0.38 b
		PS	42.87 ± 1.57 a	604.40 ± 27.62 b	0.534 ± 0.003 c	12.10 ± 0.28 ab	19.00 ± 0.61 a
		OS	33.00 ± 0.36 b	719.40 ± 7.81 a	0.749 ± 0.013 a	13.70 ± 0.23 a	10.05 ± 0.51 c
冬春茬 Winter-spring season	苗期 Seedling stage	MF	12.36 ± 0.47 b	215.97 ± 4.45 b	0.605 ± 0.004 ab	3.09 ± 0.01 a	138.00 ± 3.99 a
		OF	10.43 ± 0.14 c	173.37 ± 5.73 c	0.610 ± 0.004 a	2.95 ± 0.03 b	115.56 ± 5.18 b
		PS	14.02 ± 0.23 a	245.97 ± 2.22 a	0.588 ± 0.009 b	3.15 ± 0.03 a	145.80 ± 5.33 a
		OS	13.54 ± 0.21 a	223.27 ± 5.01 b	0.594 ± 0.002 ab	3.13 ± 0.02 a	147.26 ± 2.75 a
	开花期 Flowering stage	MF	17.51 ± 0.33 c	342.57 ± 11.81 b	0.597 ± 0.007 b	4.86 ± 0.30 b	29.95 ± 0.93 c
		OF	15.21 ± 0.73 d	265.66 ± 4.30 c	0.612 ± 0.005 ab	4.20 ± 0.17 c	29.19 ± 0.91 c
		PS	32.36 ± 0.79 a	515.49 ± 11.83 a	0.564 ± 0.012 c	5.74 ± 0.09 a	62.85 ± 0.61 a
		OS	26.07 ± 0.61 b	488.99 ± 10.91 a	0.628 ± 0.006 a	5.15 ± 0.04 b	41.19 ± 0.10 b
	收获期 Harvest stage	MF	19.60 ± 0.24 d	634.63 ± 32.56 b	0.770 ± 0.028 b	15.04 ± 1.20 a	8.51 ± 0.48 b
		OF	24.53 ± 1.48 c	812.44 ± 24.11 a	0.765 ± 0.023 b	10.04 ± 0.74 b	8.27 ± 0.50 b
		PS	43.21 ± 1.15 a	902.39 ± 31.93 a	0.690 ± 0.005 c	13.23 ± 0.53 a	15.40 ± 0.61 a
		OS	31.31 ± 1.24 b	866.65 ± 34.57 a	0.950 ± 0.009 a	13.73 ± 0.73 a	9.77 ± 0.60 b