Review and Prospects of Chinese Cabbage Breeding for the Past 70 Years in China

doi:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2025-0048

Acta Horticulturae Sinica ›› 2025, Vol. 52 ›› Issue (5): 1111-1135.doi: 10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2025-0048

Review and Prospects of Chinese Cabbage Breeding for the Past 70 Years in China

ZHANG Fenglan^*(), SU Tongbing, ZHANG Bin, YU Shuancang, YU Yangjun, ZHANG Deshuang, ZHAO Xiuyun, WANG Weihong, LI Peirong, XIN Xiaoyun

Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops，Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs，Beijing Vegetable Research Center，Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences，Beijing 100097，China

Received:2025-01-14 Revised:2025-04-11 Online:2025-05-23 Published:2025-05-21
Contact: ZHANG Fenglan

Abstract

Abstract:

This paper systematically summarizes and presents the significant achievements and research advancements in Chinese cabbage breeding over the past 70 years. It focuses on four major phases of Chinese cabbage breeding in China，the innovation and utilization of Chinese cabbage germplasm resources，innovations and breakthroughs in breeding technologies，and the innovation and promotion of Chinese cabbage varieties. Additionally，the paper analyzes several existing challenges in the development of Chinese cabbage breeding and the seed industry in China. These challenges include the lack of large-scale application of efficient biobreeding technologies，insufficient systematic and in-depth exploration and evaluation of superior germplasm resources，severe homogeneity of varieties，substantial gaps between certain cropping types and foreign varieties，the need for further enhancement of research and development capabilities in seed enterprises，the preliminary formation of vegetable seed production base layout，steady improvement in seed quality，and the necessity for further enhancements in seed processing and treatment technologies. The paper proposes future directions for the Chinese cabbage seed industry，focusing on efficient breeding technologies，breeding objectives，seed production，and the improvement of seed quality.

Key words: Chinese cabbage, breeding, achievement, problem, development trend

ZHANG Fenglan, SU Tongbing, ZHANG Bin, YU Shuancang, YU Yangjun, ZHANG Deshuang, ZHAO Xiuyun, WANG Weihong, LI Peirong, XIN Xiaoyun. Review and Prospects of Chinese Cabbage Breeding for the Past 70 Years in China[J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2025, 52(5): 1111-1135.

Figures/Tables 7

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年代 Age	发展阶段 Development stage	代表性工作和成果 Representative work and results
20世纪50年代中期至70年代Mid-50s to 70s of the 20th century	地方品种的搜集整理和提纯复壮阶段 Collection，sorting and purification and rejuvenation of landraces	搜集、保存、选优复壮了一大批优良的地方品种，如‘福山包头’‘城阳青’等并生产应用 A large number of excellent local varieties have been collected，preserved，and rejuvenated，such as‘Fushan Baotou’‘Chengyangqing’and others for production and application
70年代末到80年代中期 Late 70s to mid-80s	杂种优势利用的兴起阶段 The rise of heterosis utilization	1971年育成第一个大白菜杂交品种‘青杂早丰’，自交不亲和系和雄性不育系成功应用于大白菜杂交种的选育和种子生产 In 1971，the first Chinese cabbage hybrid variety‘Qingza Zaofeng’was bred，and the inbred incompatibility line and male sterile line were successfully applied to the breeding and seed production of Chinese cabbage hybrids
80年代中期至90年代末 Mid-80s to late 90s	突出抗病性的杂交品种选育阶段 The breeding stage of hybrid cultivars with outstanding disease resistance	1983年组织成立了全国“白菜抗病新品种选育协作攻关组”，育种目标从选育单抗品种到双抗、多抗品种 In 1983，the national“Cooperative Research Group for the Breeding of New Varieties of Chinese Cabbage Disease Resistance”was established，and the breeding goals ranged from the selection of single-resistant to double resistant and to multi-resistant cultivars to different diseases
21世纪以来 Since the 21 century	突出常规育种技术与生物技术育种相结合的发展阶段 Highlight the development stage of combining conventional breeding technology and biotechnology breeding	DH育种技术和分子标记辅助育种技术逐步在育种中得到利用 DH breeding technology and molecular marker-assisted breeding technology have been gradually utilized in breeding

年代 Age	发展阶段 Development stage	代表性工作和成果 Representative work and results
20世纪50年代中期至70年代Mid-50s to 70s of the 20th century	地方品种的搜集整理和提纯复壮阶段 Collection，sorting and purification and rejuvenation of landraces	搜集、保存、选优复壮了一大批优良的地方品种，如‘福山包头’‘城阳青’等并生产应用 A large number of excellent local varieties have been collected，preserved，and rejuvenated，such as‘Fushan Baotou’‘Chengyangqing’and others for production and application
70年代末到80年代中期 Late 70s to mid-80s	杂种优势利用的兴起阶段 The rise of heterosis utilization	1971年育成第一个大白菜杂交品种‘青杂早丰’，自交不亲和系和雄性不育系成功应用于大白菜杂交种的选育和种子生产 In 1971，the first Chinese cabbage hybrid variety‘Qingza Zaofeng’was bred，and the inbred incompatibility line and male sterile line were successfully applied to the breeding and seed production of Chinese cabbage hybrids
80年代中期至90年代末 Mid-80s to late 90s	突出抗病性的杂交品种选育阶段 The breeding stage of hybrid cultivars with outstanding disease resistance	1983年组织成立了全国“白菜抗病新品种选育协作攻关组”，育种目标从选育单抗品种到双抗、多抗品种 In 1983，the national“Cooperative Research Group for the Breeding of New Varieties of Chinese Cabbage Disease Resistance”was established，and the breeding goals ranged from the selection of single-resistant to double resistant and to multi-resistant cultivars to different diseases
21世纪以来 Since the 21 century	突出常规育种技术与生物技术育种相结合的发展阶段 Highlight the development stage of combining conventional breeding technology and biotechnology breeding	DH育种技术和分子标记辅助育种技术逐步在育种中得到利用 DH breeding technology and molecular marker-assisted breeding technology have been gradually utilized in breeding

性状类型 Trait type	性状 Trait	基因/QTL名称 Gene/QTL	染色体或连锁群位置 Chromosome or linkage group location	参考文献 Reference
抗病性 Disease resistance	病毒病Viral diseases	retr02	A04	Qian et al.,2013
		eIF(iso)4E.c	A04	Liu et al.,2024
		TuRBCS01	A04	Li et al.,2015
		TuMV	A07、A08	李国亮等,2019
	霜霉病Downy mildew	BrRLP48	A04	Zhang et al.,2018a
	霜霉病Downy mildew	BrWAK1	A08	Zhang et al.,2023
	根肿病Clubroot disease	Rcr1	A03	Yu et al.,2016a
		CRa	A03	孙朝辉等,2016
		CRb	A03	Zhang et al.,2014
		CRd	A03	Pang et al.,2018
		Crr5	A08	Yang et al.,2024
	软腐病Soft rot	QE2	LG2	徐莹莹等,2010
	干烧心Tipburn	BrCRT2	A06	Su et al.,2019
	黄萎病Verticillium wilt	BrMYB108	A05	Su et al.,2023
抗逆性 Stress resistance	耐抽薹Premature bolting	BrFLC1	A10	Yuan et al.,2009
		BrFLC2	A02	Wu et al.,2012
		BrFLC5	A03	Xi et al.,2018
		BrVIN3.1	A02	Su et al.,2018b
		BrSDG8	A07	Fu et al.,2020
		BrJMJ18	A09	Xin et al.,2024
	耐热Heat tolerance	BrHSF16	A03	Zhang et al.,2021
	耐旱Drought tolerance	BpNFYA5	A08	黄人卉等,2012
	耐旱Drought tolerance	BrHIS4.A04	A04	Xin et al.,2021
品质 Quality	橘红心Orange inner leaf	Br-or	A09	Zhang et al.,2014
	橘红心Orange inner leaf	BrCRTISO	A09	Su et al.,2015
	紫色Purple leaf	BrMYB2	A07	He et al.,2020
		BrPur	A03	Wang et al.,2014
		Note	A02	Zhang et al.,2016
球型 Head shape	结球Leafy head formation	BraA07g042410.3C	A07	Gao et al.,2020
球型 Head shape	结球Leafy head formation	BrOPS	A03	Zhang et al.,2022
其他 Others	雄性不育Male sterility	BrRfp1	A09	Zhang et al.,2017
		ftms	A05	Tan et al.,2019
		BrSKS13	A03	Ji et al.,2019
	自交不亲和Self-incompatibility	SRK	A09	Zhang et al.,2021

性状类型 Trait type	性状 Trait	基因/QTL名称 Gene/QTL	染色体或连锁群位置 Chromosome or linkage group location	参考文献 Reference
抗病性 Disease resistance	病毒病Viral diseases	retr02	A04	Qian et al.,2013
		eIF(iso)4E.c	A04	Liu et al.,2024
		TuRBCS01	A04	Li et al.,2015
		TuMV	A07、A08	李国亮等,2019
	霜霉病Downy mildew	BrRLP48	A04	Zhang et al.,2018a
	霜霉病Downy mildew	BrWAK1	A08	Zhang et al.,2023
	根肿病Clubroot disease	Rcr1	A03	Yu et al.,2016a
		CRa	A03	孙朝辉等,2016
		CRb	A03	Zhang et al.,2014
		CRd	A03	Pang et al.,2018
		Crr5	A08	Yang et al.,2024
	软腐病Soft rot	QE2	LG2	徐莹莹等,2010
	干烧心Tipburn	BrCRT2	A06	Su et al.,2019
	黄萎病Verticillium wilt	BrMYB108	A05	Su et al.,2023
抗逆性 Stress resistance	耐抽薹Premature bolting	BrFLC1	A10	Yuan et al.,2009
		BrFLC2	A02	Wu et al.,2012
		BrFLC5	A03	Xi et al.,2018
		BrVIN3.1	A02	Su et al.,2018b
		BrSDG8	A07	Fu et al.,2020
		BrJMJ18	A09	Xin et al.,2024
	耐热Heat tolerance	BrHSF16	A03	Zhang et al.,2021
	耐旱Drought tolerance	BpNFYA5	A08	黄人卉等,2012
	耐旱Drought tolerance	BrHIS4.A04	A04	Xin et al.,2021
品质 Quality	橘红心Orange inner leaf	Br-or	A09	Zhang et al.,2014
	橘红心Orange inner leaf	BrCRTISO	A09	Su et al.,2015
	紫色Purple leaf	BrMYB2	A07	He et al.,2020
		BrPur	A03	Wang et al.,2014
		Note	A02	Zhang et al.,2016
球型 Head shape	结球Leafy head formation	BraA07g042410.3C	A07	Gao et al.,2020
球型 Head shape	结球Leafy head formation	BrOPS	A03	Zhang et al.,2022
其他 Others	雄性不育Male sterility	BrRfp1	A09	Zhang et al.,2017
		ftms	A05	Tan et al.,2019
		BrSKS13	A03	Ji et al.,2019
	自交不亲和Self-incompatibility	SRK	A09	Zhang et al.,2021

性状类型 Trait type	性状 Character	标记名称 Marker name	标记类型 Marker type	染色体或连锁群位置 Chromosome or linkage group location	参考文献 Reference
抗病性 Disease resistance	病毒病 Viral diseases	BrID10694	Indel	A04	Qian et al.,2013
		BrID101309	Indel	A04	Qian et al.,2013
		KASP_retr02	KASP	A04	Li et al.,2016
		BrID10723	Indel	A04	李巧云等,2017
	霜霉病 Downy mildew	K14-1030	RAPD	A8	李慧等,2011
		bru1209	SSR
		Brh019-SNP137	SNP
		Brb062-Indel230	Indel
		A08-709	SNP	A08	Yu et al.,2016b
		A08-028
		A08-018
	根肿病 Clubroot	TCR79	Indel	A03	Zhang et al.,2014
		TCR108	Indel	A03	Zhang et al.,2014
		yau376	SSR	A03	Pang et al.,2018
		yau389	SSR	A03	Pang et al.,2018
		SC2930	SCAR	A03	孙朝辉等,2016
		SNP_A03	SNP	A03	Yu et al.,2016a
		Crr5-funK3	KASP	A08	Yang et al.,2024
	软腐病 Soft rot	M02E1407	SRAP	LG2	徐莹莹等,2010
	软腐病 Soft rot	M02E1409	SRAP	LG2	徐莹莹等,2010
	干烧心 Tipburn	D51	Indel	A06	Su et al.,2019
	干烧心 Tipburn	BrIDCRT07	Indel	A07	张红等,2021
	黄萎病 Verticillium wilt	SNP827	SNP	A05	Su et al.,2023
	黄萎病 Verticillium wilt	SNP157	SNP	A05	Su et al.,2023
抗逆性 Stress resistance	耐抽薹 Premature bolting	FLC1-MvaI	CAPS	A10	Yuan et al.,2009
		BrFLC2Indel	Indel	A02	Wu et al.,2012
		FLC5KASP	KASP	A03	Xi et al.,2018
		A02-5，792，926	SNP	A02	Su et al.,2018b
		InDel45	Indel	A07	Fu et al.,2020
	耐热性 Heat tolerance	ME13EM2	SRAP	/	李停停,2011
品质 Quality	叶色Leaf color	Bra031539-h2	Indel	A09	Su et al.,2015
		SSR14-36	SSR	A07	He et al.,2020
		BVRCPI613	Indel	A03	Wang et al.,2014
		BrID101125	Indel	A02	Zhang et al.,2016
其他 Others	包球 Leafy head formation	SNP28395204	SNP	A07	Gao et al.,2020
	雄性不育 Male Sterility 自交不亲和 Self-incompatibility	InDel20	Indel	A05	Tan et al.,2019
		InDel14	Indel	A05	Tan et al.,2019
		BrA1-2	SSR	A1	贾永鹏等,2016
		BrA1-3
		BrA1-14

Review and Prospects of Chinese Cabbage Breeding for the Past 70 Years in China

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类型（或区域或茬口） Category（Region or cultivation season）	品种名称 Cultivar name	审定（鉴定）情况 Certification （or Appraisal） status	登记编号 Registration number	年推广面积/ khm² Annual cultivation area	主栽品种/ 苗头品种 Main or promising cultivation cultivar	主要特征特性 Key agronomic traits
秋播大白菜 Autumn sowed Chinese cabbage	新三号 Xin 3	1997年北京市审定；2001年国家审定 Approved by Beijing in 1997； National approval in 2001	GPD大白菜（2017）110050 GPD Chinese cabbage（2017）110050	> 73.3	主栽品种 Main cultivation cultivar	直筒球，耐贮运，高产，品质好，适应性广，是华北、东北、华东地区大面积推广的主栽品种，但对干烧心病抗性稍差 The cultivar forms upright cylindrical heads，exhibits excellent storability and transport tolerance，high yield，superior quality，and broad adaptability. It is a leading cultivar widely cultivated across North，Northeast，and East China，though moderately susceptible to tipburn
	改良青杂三号（87-114） Gailiang Qingza 3 （87-114）	1995年山东省审定Approved by Shandong Province in 1995	GPD大白菜（2018）370031 GPD Chinese cabbage（2018）370031	> 70	主栽品种 Main cultivation cultivar	直筒粗球，耐贮运，高产，品质好，适应性广，在华北、华东、华中、西北地区大面积推广，但对病毒病抗性稍差 The cultivar forms upright，moderately thick cylindrical heads，demonstrates good storage and transport tolerance，high yield，superior quality，and broad adaptability. It is extensively promoted across North，East，Central，and Northwest China，though exhibits moderate susceptibility to viral diseases
	胶蔬秋季王 Jiaoshu- qiujiwang	2003年山东省审定Approved by Shandong Province in 2003	GPD大白菜（2018）370334 GPD Chinese cabbage（2018）370334	> 20	主栽品种 Main cultivation cultivar	丰产性好，耐运性高，叶脉细、帮薄而色浅，风味品质特别优良，特耐贮存。对三大病害有突出的抗性 This cultivar exhibits high yield performance and exceptional transport tolerance. It features fine veins，thin and pale petioles，and remarkably favorable flavor and texture. Notably，it demonstrates outstanding storability and strong resistance to the three major diseases（viral，downy mildew，and soft rot）
	西星90 Xixing 90	/	GPD大白菜（2018）371027 GPD Chinese cabbage（2018）371027	> 15	主栽品种 Main cultivation cultivar	生长期85 ~ 90 d。叶球叠抱，叶球卵圆形，外叶较少。单株质量5 kg左右，净菜率75%，抗冻性中，耐抽薹性好。高抗芜菁花叶病毒病，中抗霜霉病、软腐病 The growth period is 85 to 90 days. The variety forms ovoid heads with overlapping leaf wrapping and few outer leaves. Average single-plant weight is approximately 5 kg，with a net harvest rate of 75%. It exhibits moderate cold tolerance，good bolting tolerance，high resistance to TuMV，and moderate resistance to downy mildew and soft rot
	京秋三号 Jingqiu Sanhao	2010年北京市审定Approved by Beijing in 2010	GPD大白菜（2017）110049 GPD Chinese cabbage（2017）110049	> 20	主栽品种 Main cultivation cultivar	整齐、抗病、高产、口感品质好、球型美观，商品性好、相对普通晚熟品种早熟5 ~ 7 d，适播期长，适应性广、耐贮藏、适合于规模化包装和运输等突出优良特性 This cultivar exhibits outstanding agronomic traits：uniform growth，disease resistance，high yield，superior flavor and texture，aesthetically compact head morphology，excellent marketability，5-7 days earlier maturity than conventional late-maturing varieties，extended sowing flexibility，broad adaptability，strong storability，and suitability for large-scale packaging and transportation
	牛牌19号 Niupai 19	/	GPD大白菜(2018）370268 GPD Chinese cabbage（2018）370268	> 20	主栽品种 Main cultivation cultivar	结球早、充心快，丰产性好，耐阴雨，抗霜霉病，抗软腐病，中抗病毒病（TuMV） This cabbage cultivar demonstrates early head formation and rapid core development，coupled with high yield performance. It exhibits tolerance to shaded and rainy conditions，resistance to downy mildew and soft rot，along with moderate resistance to TuMV
	西星78 Xixing 78	/	GPD大白菜（2018）371030 GPD Chinese cabbage（2018）371030	> 16.7	主栽品种 Main cultivation cultivar	直筒粗球，耐贮运，高产，品质好，适应性广，但对病毒病抗性稍差 Straight coarse ball，resistant to storage and transportation，high yield，good quality，wide adaptability，but slightly less resistant to viral diseases
	青华76 Qinghua 76	2008年国家鉴定 2008 National Appraisal	GPD大白菜（2018）370077 GPD Chinese cabbage（2018）370077	> 13.3	主栽品种 Main cultivation cultivar	株型直立紧凑，叶面较平，叶柄绿色；叶球直筒形，球叶较绿，球心较黄，球叶柄淡绿。高抗霜霉病和病毒病，抗黑腐病，不易发生干烧心现象 This cultivar features an upright and compact growth habit with relatively flat leaf surfaces and green petioles. The cylindrical heads display greener head leaves，a yellowish core，and pale green head petioles. It exhibits high resistance to downy mildew and viral diseases，resistance to black rot，and strong tolerance to tipburn
	华良2000 Hualiang 2000	2003年山东省审定 Approved by Shandong Province in 2003	GPD大白菜（2018）371087 GPD Chinese cabbage（2018）371087	> 13.3	主栽品种 Main cultivation cultivar	中晚熟。外叶绿色，叶球圆筒形，球顶圆，球叶叠抱，单株质量5 kg，风味品质好，丰产性好。高抗芜菁花叶病毒病，中抗霜霉病，较耐寒，抗病性强 Mid-to-late maturing cultivar. It features green outer leaves and cylindrical heads with a rounded apex formed by overlapping leaf wrapping. Average head weight reaches 5 kg per plant，coupled with superior flavor and texture，and high yield performance. The cultivar demonstrates high resistance to TuMV，moderate resistance to downy mildew，enhanced cold tolerance，and broad-spectrum disease resistance
	小义和秋 Xiao Yiheqiu	/	GPD大白菜（2017）370052 GPD Chinese cabbage（2017）370052	> 12	主栽品种 Main cultivation cultivar	直筒粗球，耐贮运，高产，品质好，适应性广，但对病毒病抗性稍差 The cultivar forms stout cylindrical heads，offering excellent storability and transport tolerance，high yield，superior quality，and broad adaptability，though it exhibits moderate susceptibility to viral diseases
	新乡小包Xinxiang Xiaobao	2002年河南省鉴定Identified in Henan Province in 2002	GPD大白菜（2018）410339 GPD Chinese cabbage（2018）410339	> 10	主栽品种 Main cultivation cultivar	品质优良、口感好；上心快，结球紧实；结球性好，高产稳产、耐瘠薄、适宜地区广，具有春播抗抽薹，秋晚播结球紧实的特点；高抗干烧心 This cultivar exhibits superior quality and excellent flavor. It demonstrates rapid heading，forming tightly compacted heads with outstanding head uniformity. The cultivar achieves high and stable yields，shows tolerance to poor soils，and adapts to a wide range of regions. Notably，it resists bolting during spring sowing and maintains tight head formation under late autumn planting. Additionally，it displays high resistance to tipburn
快菜 Kuai Cai	早熟五号 Zaoshu 5	1989年浙江省审定Approved by Zhejiang Province in 1989	GPD大白菜（2018）330928 GPD Chinese cabbage（2018）330928	> 46.7	主栽品种 Main cultivation cultivar	苗和球兼用品种，适播期长、适应性广，全国各地普遍栽培，耐热性稍差 This cultivar is dual-purpose，with both seedlings and heads being harvestable and edible. It features a long optimal sowing window，broad adaptability，and is widely cultivated throughout China，though it exhibits limited heat tolerance
	京研快菜2号 Jingyan Kuaicai 2	2011年北京市鉴定 Identified in Beijing in 2011	GPD大白菜（2020）110486 GPD Chinese cabbage（2020）110486	> 20	主栽品种 Main cultivation cultivar	生长速度快，直立，商品性突出。抗芜菁花叶病毒病、霜霉病和黑腐病，耐热、耐湿能力强。 Fast growth rate，upright habit，and prominent commercial qualities. Resistant toTuMV，downy mildew，and black rot，with strong heat and moisture tolerance.
	华良836 Hualiang 836	/	GPD大白菜（2018）370251 GPD Chinese cabbage（2018）370251	> 13.3	主栽品种 Main cultivation cultivar	耐热、抗病，生长期可耐 35 ℃高温，生长速度快，口感风味佳 Heat-tolerant and disease-resistant，this cultivar withstands high temperatures up to 35 ℃ throughout its growth period. It demonstrates rapid growth and delivers excellent flavor and texture
	京研快菜Jingyan Kuaicai	2008年北京市鉴定Identified in Beijing in 2008	GPD大白菜（2020）110485 GPD Chinese cabbage（2020）110485	> 13.3	主栽品种 Main cultivation cultivar	长势强，叶色深绿，叶肉厚，叶背面有光泽，纤维少，品质极佳；耐热、耐湿、抗病性强 The cultivar exhibits vigorous growth with dark green leaves，thick foliage，glossy leaf undersides，low fiber content，and superior quality. It demonstrates strong heat and humidity tolerance，coupled with high disease resistance
抗根肿病 Clubroot resisters cultivar	CR117	/	GPD大白菜（2018）370278 GPD Chinese cabbage（2018）370278	> 13.3	主栽品种 Main cultivation cultivar	株型稍直立，叶色绿，叶柄白绿，叶球合抱，小舒心，叶球短炮弹形，球心淡黄色，单球净菜质量3.6 kg。韧性好，耐储运。抗根肿病、病毒病、软腐病，高抗霜霉病 This cultivar exhibits a slightly upright growth habit with green leaves and pale green petioles. The heads are tightly wrapped，short cannonball-shaped，and well-formed core with a light yellow interior. Each head has a net weight of 3.6 kg. The cultivar demonstrates excellent flexibility，storability，and transport tolerance. It is resistant to clubroot，viral diseases，and soft rot，with high resistance to downy mildew
娃娃菜 Baby Chinese cabbage	NH金皇后 NH Jinhuanghou	/	GPD大白菜（2020）110234 GPD Chinese cabbage（2020）110234	> 10.0	苗头品种 Promising cultivar	娃娃菜品种，外叶嫩绿，内心深黄，商品性合口味极佳，抗抽薹，耐贮运 This cultivar features tender green outer leaves and a deep yellow inner core，offering exceptional marketability and superior flavor. It exhibits bolting resistance and strong storability and transport tolerance
越冬大白菜 Overwintering Chinese cabbage	凝翠Ningcui	/	GPD大白菜（2022）110046 GPD Chinese CABBAGE（2022）110046	> 3.3	苗头品种 Promising cultivar	生长期105 d。外叶绿色，叶面皱，帮白色，叶球叠抱，叶球炮弹形。球内叶浅黄色。耐寒，耐抽薹，黄心度高 This cultivar has a growth period of 105 days. It features green outer leaves with wrinkled surfaces，white petioles，and tightly wrapped cannonball-shaped heads. The inner leaves display yellow coloration. The cultivar exhibits strong cold tolerance，bolting tolerance，and intense yellow core pigmentation
特色类型 Featured type	冬冠097 Dongguan 097	/	GPD大白菜（2020）110523 GPD Chinese cabbage（2020）110523	> 3.3	苗头品种 Promising cultivar	早皇白类早熟品种，高口感品质，脆嫩，纤维少，抗芜菁花叶病毒病，抗霜霉病和黑斑病，耐抽薹性较强 This early-maturing cultivar delivers exceptional culinary quality with crisp texture，tenderness，and low fiber content. It demonstrates resistance to TuMV，downy mildew，and black spot，along with strong bolting tolerance
特色类型 Featured type	绿笋70 Lüsun 70	/	GPD大白菜（2019）110120 GPD Chinese cabbage（2019）110120	> 1.3	苗头品种 Promising cultivar	质地甘脆、品质优、适宜密植。抗芜菁花叶病毒、霜霉病，可溶性糖和干物质含量高，粗纤维含量低，口感品质突出 This cultivar features a crisp texture，superior quality，and high-density planting adaptability. It exhibits resistance to TuMV and downy mildew，high soluble sugars and dry matter content，and low crude fiber levels，good taste quality

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