A Historical Review and Future Prospects of China’s Kiwifruit Industry over the Past Fifty Years Development

doi:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2026-0226

Acta Horticulturae Sinica ›› 2026, Vol. 53 ›› Issue (10): 2877-2899.doi: 10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2026-0226

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A Historical Review and Future Prospects of China’s Kiwifruit Industry over the Past Fifty Years Development

ZHONG Caihong¹^,^*(), LI Dawei¹, HUANG Wenjun¹, WANG Zupeng¹, LI Li¹, CHEN Meiyan¹, ZHANG Qiong¹, HAN Fei¹, WANG Ming²

¹ State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops， Wuhan Botanical Garden，Chinese Academy of Sciences， Wuhan 430074， China
² Administrative Station of Forest Tree Seeds and Seedlings， Hubei Forestry Bureau， Wuhan 430074， China

Received:2026-07-12 Revised:2026-09-03 Online:2026-10-25 Published:2026-10-26
Contact: ZHONG Caihong

Abstract

Abstract:

Kiwifruit（Actinidia spp.）is one of the important fruit species domesticated in the 20th century and has since evolved into a global industry. As the primary center of distribution and origin of Actinidia germplasm resources，China has established an independent cultivar innovation system and a distinctive production technical system with Chinese characteristics through nationwide resource surveys，germplasm exploration，and sustained breeding innovations. By 2025，the industry had reached a cultivation area of 289 500 hectares，an annual production of over 4 million tonnes，and an annual output value exceeding 50 billion yuan，playing a significant role in county-level economic development，targeted poverty alleviation，rural revitalization，and ecological conservation. This paper systematically reviews the historical evolution，major achievements，and critical bottlenecks of China’s kiwifruit science and technology and industry over the past five decades，aiming to，provide valuable insights for its sustainable and healthy development.

Key words: kiwifruit, industrialization process, breeding, research progress, development suggestions

CLC Number:

S 663.4

ZHONG Caihong, LI Dawei, HUANG Wenjun, WANG Zupeng, LI Li, CHEN Meiyan, ZHANG Qiong, HAN Fei, WANG Ming. A Historical Review and Future Prospects of China’s Kiwifruit Industry over the Past Fifty Years Development[J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2026, 53(10): 2877-2899.

Figures/Tables 3

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年份Year	研究方向 Area of research	物种 Species	代表研究/资源Representative study/resource	核心数据 Core data	主要进展与园艺意义 Major advances & horticultural significance	文献 Reference
2013	参考基因组起点 Initial reference genome	中华猕猴桃A. chinensis	中华猕猴桃基因组草图 Draft genome of the kiwifruit A. chinensis	‘红阳’Illumina草图组装；616.1 Mb；29个遗传连锁群辅助锚定；约 39 040个蛋白编码基因 Illumina-based draft assembly of Hongyang；616.1 Mb；anchored with the aid of 29 genetic linkage groups；approximately 39 040 protein-coding genes	建立猕猴桃首个全基因组参考，解析维生素C、类胡萝卜素、黄酮/花青素及NBS-LRR/ RLK-PRR等基因资源，并提出猕猴桃经历两个额外WGD事件。为猕猴桃功能基因挖掘、比较基因组和分子育种提供初始参考框架 This study established the first whole-genome reference for kiwifruit，characterized gene resources related to vitamin C，carotenoids，flavonoids/ anthocyanins，and NBS-LRR/ RLK-PRR gene families，and proposed two additional whole- genome duplication events in kiwifruit. It provided an initial reference framework for functional gene discovery，comparative genomics，and molecular breeding in kiwifruit	Huang et al.,2013
2019	染色体级参考优化 Chromosome-level reference improvement	中华猕猴桃A. chinensis	高质量中华猕猴桃基因组 A high-quality A. chinensis genome	PacBio长读长、BioNano和Hi-C整合；Hongyang v3.0；约653 Mb锚定到29条染色体；约40 464个基因 Integrated PacBio long reads，BioNano optical maps，and Hi-C data；Hongyang v3.0；approximately 653 Mb anchored onto 29 chromosomes；approximately 40 464 genes	显著提升参考基因组连续性和染色体锚定质量，改进基因模型和重复序列解析。支撑高精度QTL/GWAS、共线性和候选基因定位，成为后续泛基因组研究的重要参考 The assembly substantially improved genome contiguity and chromosome anchoring，while refining gene models and repeat annotation. It supports high- resolution QTL mapping，GWAS，synteny analysis，and candidate gene localization，and has become an important reference for subsequent pangenomic studies	Wu et al.,2019
2023	T2T/单倍型解析 T2T and haplotype-resolved assembly	中华猕猴桃和阔叶猕猴桃A. chinensis，A. latifolia	阔叶猕猴桃和中华猕猴桃的两个单倍型解析、无缺口基因组组装揭示了猕猴桃果实维生素C和蔗糖代谢的调控机制 Two haplotype- resolved，gap-free genome assemblies for A. latifolia and A. chinensis shed light on the regulatory mechanisms of vitamin C and sucrose metabolism in kiwifruit	中华猕猴桃东红品种和阔叶物种；两个单倍型基因组；近端粒到端粒、gap-free组装 The ‘Donghong’ cultivar of A. chinensis and A. latifolia；two haplotype-resolved genomes；near telomere-to-telomere，gap-free genome assemblies	阔叶猕猴桃与中华猕猴桃T2T近无缺口基因组图谱，整合基因组、转录组、代谢组多组学分析，深入挖掘猕猴桃果实抗坏血酸和糖等调控基因，解析调控的机制。 Near telomere-to-telomere，nearly gap-free genome maps of A. latifolia and A. chinensis were generated. By integrating genomic，transcriptomic，and metabolomic multi-omics analyses，this study identified key regulatory genes associated with ascorbic acid and sugar accumulation in kiwifruit fruit and elucidated the underlying regulatory mechanisms.	Han et al.,2023
	T2T/单倍型解析 T2T and haplotype-resolved assembly	中华猕猴桃A. chinensis	中华猕猴桃端粒到端粒、无缺口参考基因组组装 Telomere-to-telomere and gap-free reference genome assembly of the kiwifruit A. chinensis	红阳v4.0；两个单倍型HY4P/HY4A分别约606.1/599.6 Mb；近端粒到端粒、gap-free组装 Hongyang v4.0；two haplotypes，HY4P and HY4A，approximately 606.1 Mb and 599.6 Mb，respectively；telomere-to- telomere，gap-free assemblies	补齐v3.0中未闭合缺口和方向错误区域，新增约38.6 ~ 39.5 Mb序列，并首次系统解析猕猴桃着丝粒结构。把复杂重复区、端粒/着丝粒和单倍型差异纳入可分析范围，提高等位变异和结构变异解释力。 This assembly closed unresolved gaps and corrected misoriented regions in v3.0，adding approximately 38.6-39.5 Mb of new sequence，and provided the first systematic characterization of kiwifruit centromere structure. It brought complex repetitive regions，telomeres/centromeres，and haplotype differences into the analytical framework，improving the interpretation of allelic variation and structural variation	Yue et al.,2023
2024	图泛基因组与果实性状 Graph-based pangenome and fruit traits	中华猕猴桃A. chinensis	中华猕猴桃图型泛基因组揭示介导果实脱绿的结构变异 Graph-Based Pangenome of A. chinensis Reveals Structural Variations Mediating Fruit Degreening	7个中华猕猴桃材料的14个染色体级单倍型组装；构建图泛基因组；识别84 591个非冗余SV。 Fourteen chromosome- level haplotype assemblies from seven A. chinensis accessions；construction of a graph-based pangenome；identification of 84 591 non-redundant structural variations	建立中华猕猴桃图泛基因组，并鉴定调控果实脱绿的关键SV；SV位于AcBCM启动子区并影响叶绿素降解相关表达。证明图泛基因组能直接连接 SV、调控变异与商品性状，为果实品质改良提供功能等位变异 This study established a graph-based pangenome for A. chinensis and identified a key structural variation regulating fruit degreening. The SV is located in the promoter region of AcBCM and affects the expression of genes associated with chlorophyll degradation. It demonstrates that graph-based pangenomes can directly connect SVs，regulatory variation，and commercial fruit traits，providing functional allelic variation for fruit quality improvement	Wang et al.,2024
2024	多物种比较与顺式调控 Multi-species comparison and cis-regulatory analysis	猕猴桃属多物种Actinidia spp.	多样化猕猴桃属物种基因组揭示与关键性状相关的顺式调控元件和基因 Genomes of diverse Actinidia species provide insights into cis-regulatory motifs and genes associated with critical traits	新组装长果猕猴桃、大籽猕猴桃、葛枣猕猴桃、网脉猕猴桃和山梨猕猴桃等5个高质量基因组；联合9个猕猴桃属物种开展比较与泛基因组分析 Five newly assembled high-quality genomes，including A. longicarpa，A. macrosperma，A. polygama，A. reticulata，and A. rufa；comparative and pangenomic analyses across nine Actinidia species	识别猕猴桃属共享WGD、快速演化基因家族、76个保守顺式调控元件，以及与维生素C、果实毛被等性状相关的候选基因/结构变异。把非编码调控序列纳入属内性状演化解释框架，为启动子变异和调控育种提供参照 The study identified a shared WGD event in Actinidia，rapidly evolving gene families，76 conserved cis-regulatory elements，and candidate genes/structural variations associated with traits such as vitamin C content and fruit trichomes. It incorporated non-coding regulatory sequences into a framework for explaining trait evolution within the genus，providing a reference for promoter variation and regulatory breeding	Li et al.,2024
2025	属级超泛基因组 Genus-level super pangenome	猕猴桃属多物种Actinidia spp.	超泛基因组揭示猕猴桃属表型分化相关的大量基因组变异 Super pan-genome reveals extensive genomic variations associated with phenotypic divergence in Actinidia	整合8个猕猴桃属物种的15个高质量组装；61 465个基因家族；基于‘东红’构建图基因组；112个个体、20个物种的重测序SV扩展 Integration of 15 high-quality assemblies from eight Actinidia species；61 465 gene families；construction of a graph genome based on ‘Donghong’；SV expansion using resequencing data from 112 individuals representing 20 species	揭示超过百万级SV、环境适应相关SV热点和泛RGA数据集，软核心/可变基因富集于激素响应、细胞壁和抗性相关过程。把栽培种和野生种的可变基因、SV和抗病基因库整合到属级资源，为野生资源利用和抗性育种设计提供基础 This work revealed more than one million SVs，SV hotspots associated with environmental adaptation，and a pan-RGA dataset. Soft-core and variable genes were enriched in hormone response，cell wall-related processes，and disease resistance pathways. It integrated variable genes，SVs，and resistance gene resources from cultivated and wild species into a genus-level resource，providing a foundation for wild germplasm utilization and resistance breeding design	Yu et al.,2025
	单倍型超泛基因组 Haplotype-resolved super pangenome	猕猴桃属多物种Actinidia spp.	构建猕猴桃属超泛基因组揭示与表型多样性相关的结构变异 Construction of the super pan-genome for the genus Actinidia reveals structural variations linked to phenotypic diversity	7个猕猴桃属代表材料、14个单倍型基因组；45 349个基因家族；核心/软核心/可变/私有基因分别约44/8/47/1% Fourteen haplotype genomes from seven representative Actinidia accessions；45 349 gene families；core，soft-core，variable，and private genes accounting for approximately 44%，8%，47%，and 1%，respectively	识别MED25、TTG1、RPM1等基因附近的SV与果实大小、毛被、溃疡病抗性等表型差异相关，并讨论属内杂交和分类问题。凸显单倍型解析对复杂性状和杂交来源判定的价值，使SV标记更接近分子设计育种应用 SVs near genes such as MED25，TTG1，and RPM1 were associated with phenotypic differences in fruit size，trichomes，and canker resistance，and the study also discussed interspecific hybridization and taxonomic issues within the genus. It highlights the value of haplotype resolution for complex trait analysis and hybrid-origin inference，bringing SV markers closer to application in molecular design breeding	Wu et al.,2025a
2025	泛基因组数据库 Pangenome database	猕猴桃属多物种Actinidia spp.	KPGD：猕猴桃泛基因组数据库，用于系统挖掘猕猴桃属遗传多样性 KPGD：A kiwifruit pangenome database for comprehensive mining of genetic diversity in the genus Actinidia	猕猴桃泛基因组数据库：整合55个基因组/单倍型组装、33个材料、12个物种，并提供基因、SV、表达和在线分析模块 The Kiwifruit Pan-Genome Database integrates 55 genome/ haplotype assemblies，33 accessions，and 12 species，and provides modules for genes，SVs，expression data，and online analyses	提供集中式泛基因组数据检索、泛/核心基因、SV、系统发育和多组学挖掘入口。降低猕猴桃泛基因组资源使用门槛，促进候选基因、SV标记和跨物种比较的社区化复用 The database provides a centralized portal for pangenomic data retrieval，pan/core gene analysis，SV exploration，phylogenetic analysis，and multi-omics mining. It lowers the barrier to using kiwifruit pangenomic resources and facilitates community-wide reuse of candidate genes，SV markers，and cross-species comparative data	Li et al.,2025a
2026	耐涝功能基因组 Functional genomics of waterlogging tolerance	山梨猕猴桃A. rufa	染色体级基因组组装揭示山梨猕猴桃优异耐涝性的遗传机制 Chromosome-level genome assembly reveals the genetic mechanisms underlying elite waterlogging tolerance in A. rufa	组装山梨猕猴桃MTS7001染色体级基因组；613.66 Mb，contig N50 3.06 Mb；94个scaffolds锚定到29条伪染色体；预测42 484个蛋白编码基因 A chromosome-level genome assembly of A. rufa MTS7001；613.66 Mb in size，with a contig N50 of 3.06 Mb；94 scaffolds anchored onto 29 pseudochromosomes；42 484 predicted protein-coding genes	山梨猕猴桃与中华猕猴桃约700万年前分化；Chr19区段与中华猕猴桃Chr2/Chr9两段对应；耐涝材料在早期涝害中上调能量代谢以及生长素、ABA、油菜素内酯等激素信号相关基因。把野生/半野生耐涝资源、染色体结构变异和涝害转录响应联系起来，为砧木改良和耐涝育种提供基因组依据 A. rufa and A. chinensis diverged approximately 7 million years ago. A segment on Chr19 corresponds to two regions on Chr2 and Chr9 of A. chinensis. In waterlogging- tolerant materials，genes associated with energy metabolism and hormone signaling，including auxin，ABA，brassinosteroid pathways，were upregulated during early waterlogging stress. The study connects wild/semi-wild waterlogging-tolerant germplasm，chromosomal structural variation，and waterlogging-induced transcriptional responses，providing a genomic basis for rootstock improvement and waterlogging- tolerance breeding	Zhang et al.,2026
	六倍体单倍型解析 Haplotype-resolved assembly of a hexaploid genome	对萼猕猴桃A. valvata	六倍体对萼猕猴桃砧木高连续性单倍型解析基因组揭示耐涝相关基因 High-contiguity Haplotype-resolved genome assembly of the hexaploid A. valvata rootstock sheds light on waterlogging resistance gene	解析对萼猕猴桃六倍体砧木ZK2单倍型基因组；2n = 6x = 174，6个单倍型、174条染色体；预测212 055个蛋白编码基因；多数染色体具端粒封端 A haplotype-resolved genome assembly of the hexaploid A. valvata rootstock ZK2；2n = 6x = 174，with six haplotypes and 174 chromosomes；212 055 predicted protein-coding genes；most chromosomes capped by telomeres	揭示AABBBB亚基因组结构，A1/A2与葛枣猕猴桃相关，B1-B4与大籽猕猴桃相关；涝害下同源拷贝表达分化，B1拷贝ERF基因16B1g14180过表达可增强中华猕猴桃转基因苗耐涝性。为多倍体砧木中同源拷贝分辨、亚基因组特异调控、耐涝基因验证和定向编辑提供高连续性单倍型参考 The assembly revealed an AABBBB subgenomic architecture，with A1/A2 related to A. polygama and B1-B4 related to A. macrosperma. Homoeologous copies showed expression divergence under waterlogging stress，and overexpression of the B1-copy ERF gene 16B1g14180 enhanced waterlogging tolerance in transgenic A. chinensis seedlings. This provides a high-contiguity haplotype reference for resolving homoeologous copies in polyploid rootstocks，studying subgenome-specific regulation，validating waterlogging-resistance genes，and enabling targeted genome editing	Lin et al.,2026
	抗病功能SV Functional structural variation for disease resistance	毛花猕猴桃和中华猕猴桃A. eriantha/A. chinensis	NLR25-1位点等位结构变异增强猕猴桃对丁香假单胞菌的防御能力 Allelic structural variation at the NLR25-1 locus enhances defense against Pseudomonas syringae in kiwifruit	新组装11个野生毛花猕猴桃和1个毛花猕猴桃 × 中华猕猴桃杂交材料；整合12个已发表基因组；构建无参考偏倚图泛基因组；31 790 044 SNP、13 512 079 InDel和623 478 SV New assemblies of 11 wild A. eriantha accessions and one A. eriantha × A. chinensis var. chinensis hybrid；integration of 12 published genomes；construction of a reference-unbiased graph pangenome；identification of 31 790 044 SNPs，13 512 079 InDels，and 623 478 SVs	鉴定野生来源AeNLR25-1等位基因；其启动子中TE诱导SV引入毛花猕猴桃特异WRKY结合位点，AeWRKY75/AcWRKY75可激活该启动子并增强Psa抗性。把“野生等位SV-顺式元件-TF-NLR表达—抗病性”完整串联起来，是泛基因组辅助抗病育种的典型案例 The study identified a wild-derived AeNLR25-1 allele. A TE-induced SV in its promoter introduced A. eriantha-specific WRKY binding sites，and AeWRKY75/AcWRKY75 activated this promoter and enhanced resistance to Psa. It establishes a complete mechanistic link from wild allelic SV to cis-regulatory element，transcription factor，NLR expression，and disease resistance，serving as a representative case of pangenome-assisted disease-resistance breeding	Wu et al.,2026

年份Year	研究方向 Area of research	物种 Species	代表研究/资源Representative study/resource	核心数据 Core data	主要进展与园艺意义 Major advances & horticultural significance	文献 Reference
2013	参考基因组起点 Initial reference genome	中华猕猴桃A. chinensis	中华猕猴桃基因组草图 Draft genome of the kiwifruit A. chinensis	‘红阳’Illumina草图组装；616.1 Mb；29个遗传连锁群辅助锚定；约 39 040个蛋白编码基因 Illumina-based draft assembly of Hongyang；616.1 Mb；anchored with the aid of 29 genetic linkage groups；approximately 39 040 protein-coding genes	建立猕猴桃首个全基因组参考，解析维生素C、类胡萝卜素、黄酮/花青素及NBS-LRR/ RLK-PRR等基因资源，并提出猕猴桃经历两个额外WGD事件。为猕猴桃功能基因挖掘、比较基因组和分子育种提供初始参考框架 This study established the first whole-genome reference for kiwifruit，characterized gene resources related to vitamin C，carotenoids，flavonoids/ anthocyanins，and NBS-LRR/ RLK-PRR gene families，and proposed two additional whole- genome duplication events in kiwifruit. It provided an initial reference framework for functional gene discovery，comparative genomics，and molecular breeding in kiwifruit	Huang et al.,2013
2019	染色体级参考优化 Chromosome-level reference improvement	中华猕猴桃A. chinensis	高质量中华猕猴桃基因组 A high-quality A. chinensis genome	PacBio长读长、BioNano和Hi-C整合；Hongyang v3.0；约653 Mb锚定到29条染色体；约40 464个基因 Integrated PacBio long reads，BioNano optical maps，and Hi-C data；Hongyang v3.0；approximately 653 Mb anchored onto 29 chromosomes；approximately 40 464 genes	显著提升参考基因组连续性和染色体锚定质量，改进基因模型和重复序列解析。支撑高精度QTL/GWAS、共线性和候选基因定位，成为后续泛基因组研究的重要参考 The assembly substantially improved genome contiguity and chromosome anchoring，while refining gene models and repeat annotation. It supports high- resolution QTL mapping，GWAS，synteny analysis，and candidate gene localization，and has become an important reference for subsequent pangenomic studies	Wu et al.,2019
2023	T2T/单倍型解析 T2T and haplotype-resolved assembly	中华猕猴桃和阔叶猕猴桃A. chinensis，A. latifolia	阔叶猕猴桃和中华猕猴桃的两个单倍型解析、无缺口基因组组装揭示了猕猴桃果实维生素C和蔗糖代谢的调控机制 Two haplotype- resolved，gap-free genome assemblies for A. latifolia and A. chinensis shed light on the regulatory mechanisms of vitamin C and sucrose metabolism in kiwifruit	中华猕猴桃东红品种和阔叶物种；两个单倍型基因组；近端粒到端粒、gap-free组装 The ‘Donghong’ cultivar of A. chinensis and A. latifolia；two haplotype-resolved genomes；near telomere-to-telomere，gap-free genome assemblies	阔叶猕猴桃与中华猕猴桃T2T近无缺口基因组图谱，整合基因组、转录组、代谢组多组学分析，深入挖掘猕猴桃果实抗坏血酸和糖等调控基因，解析调控的机制。 Near telomere-to-telomere，nearly gap-free genome maps of A. latifolia and A. chinensis were generated. By integrating genomic，transcriptomic，and metabolomic multi-omics analyses，this study identified key regulatory genes associated with ascorbic acid and sugar accumulation in kiwifruit fruit and elucidated the underlying regulatory mechanisms.	Han et al.,2023
	T2T/单倍型解析 T2T and haplotype-resolved assembly	中华猕猴桃A. chinensis	中华猕猴桃端粒到端粒、无缺口参考基因组组装 Telomere-to-telomere and gap-free reference genome assembly of the kiwifruit A. chinensis	红阳v4.0；两个单倍型HY4P/HY4A分别约606.1/599.6 Mb；近端粒到端粒、gap-free组装 Hongyang v4.0；two haplotypes，HY4P and HY4A，approximately 606.1 Mb and 599.6 Mb，respectively；telomere-to- telomere，gap-free assemblies	补齐v3.0中未闭合缺口和方向错误区域，新增约38.6 ~ 39.5 Mb序列，并首次系统解析猕猴桃着丝粒结构。把复杂重复区、端粒/着丝粒和单倍型差异纳入可分析范围，提高等位变异和结构变异解释力。 This assembly closed unresolved gaps and corrected misoriented regions in v3.0，adding approximately 38.6-39.5 Mb of new sequence，and provided the first systematic characterization of kiwifruit centromere structure. It brought complex repetitive regions，telomeres/centromeres，and haplotype differences into the analytical framework，improving the interpretation of allelic variation and structural variation	Yue et al.,2023
2024	图泛基因组与果实性状 Graph-based pangenome and fruit traits	中华猕猴桃A. chinensis	中华猕猴桃图型泛基因组揭示介导果实脱绿的结构变异 Graph-Based Pangenome of A. chinensis Reveals Structural Variations Mediating Fruit Degreening	7个中华猕猴桃材料的14个染色体级单倍型组装；构建图泛基因组；识别84 591个非冗余SV。 Fourteen chromosome- level haplotype assemblies from seven A. chinensis accessions；construction of a graph-based pangenome；identification of 84 591 non-redundant structural variations	建立中华猕猴桃图泛基因组，并鉴定调控果实脱绿的关键SV；SV位于AcBCM启动子区并影响叶绿素降解相关表达。证明图泛基因组能直接连接 SV、调控变异与商品性状，为果实品质改良提供功能等位变异 This study established a graph-based pangenome for A. chinensis and identified a key structural variation regulating fruit degreening. The SV is located in the promoter region of AcBCM and affects the expression of genes associated with chlorophyll degradation. It demonstrates that graph-based pangenomes can directly connect SVs，regulatory variation，and commercial fruit traits，providing functional allelic variation for fruit quality improvement	Wang et al.,2024
2024	多物种比较与顺式调控 Multi-species comparison and cis-regulatory analysis	猕猴桃属多物种Actinidia spp.	多样化猕猴桃属物种基因组揭示与关键性状相关的顺式调控元件和基因 Genomes of diverse Actinidia species provide insights into cis-regulatory motifs and genes associated with critical traits	新组装长果猕猴桃、大籽猕猴桃、葛枣猕猴桃、网脉猕猴桃和山梨猕猴桃等5个高质量基因组；联合9个猕猴桃属物种开展比较与泛基因组分析 Five newly assembled high-quality genomes，including A. longicarpa，A. macrosperma，A. polygama，A. reticulata，and A. rufa；comparative and pangenomic analyses across nine Actinidia species	识别猕猴桃属共享WGD、快速演化基因家族、76个保守顺式调控元件，以及与维生素C、果实毛被等性状相关的候选基因/结构变异。把非编码调控序列纳入属内性状演化解释框架，为启动子变异和调控育种提供参照 The study identified a shared WGD event in Actinidia，rapidly evolving gene families，76 conserved cis-regulatory elements，and candidate genes/structural variations associated with traits such as vitamin C content and fruit trichomes. It incorporated non-coding regulatory sequences into a framework for explaining trait evolution within the genus，providing a reference for promoter variation and regulatory breeding	Li et al.,2024
2025	属级超泛基因组 Genus-level super pangenome	猕猴桃属多物种Actinidia spp.	超泛基因组揭示猕猴桃属表型分化相关的大量基因组变异 Super pan-genome reveals extensive genomic variations associated with phenotypic divergence in Actinidia	整合8个猕猴桃属物种的15个高质量组装；61 465个基因家族；基于‘东红’构建图基因组；112个个体、20个物种的重测序SV扩展 Integration of 15 high-quality assemblies from eight Actinidia species；61 465 gene families；construction of a graph genome based on ‘Donghong’；SV expansion using resequencing data from 112 individuals representing 20 species	揭示超过百万级SV、环境适应相关SV热点和泛RGA数据集，软核心/可变基因富集于激素响应、细胞壁和抗性相关过程。把栽培种和野生种的可变基因、SV和抗病基因库整合到属级资源，为野生资源利用和抗性育种设计提供基础 This work revealed more than one million SVs，SV hotspots associated with environmental adaptation，and a pan-RGA dataset. Soft-core and variable genes were enriched in hormone response，cell wall-related processes，and disease resistance pathways. It integrated variable genes，SVs，and resistance gene resources from cultivated and wild species into a genus-level resource，providing a foundation for wild germplasm utilization and resistance breeding design	Yu et al.,2025
	单倍型超泛基因组 Haplotype-resolved super pangenome	猕猴桃属多物种Actinidia spp.	构建猕猴桃属超泛基因组揭示与表型多样性相关的结构变异 Construction of the super pan-genome for the genus Actinidia reveals structural variations linked to phenotypic diversity	7个猕猴桃属代表材料、14个单倍型基因组；45 349个基因家族；核心/软核心/可变/私有基因分别约44/8/47/1% Fourteen haplotype genomes from seven representative Actinidia accessions；45 349 gene families；core，soft-core，variable，and private genes accounting for approximately 44%，8%，47%，and 1%，respectively	识别MED25、TTG1、RPM1等基因附近的SV与果实大小、毛被、溃疡病抗性等表型差异相关，并讨论属内杂交和分类问题。凸显单倍型解析对复杂性状和杂交来源判定的价值，使SV标记更接近分子设计育种应用 SVs near genes such as MED25，TTG1，and RPM1 were associated with phenotypic differences in fruit size，trichomes，and canker resistance，and the study also discussed interspecific hybridization and taxonomic issues within the genus. It highlights the value of haplotype resolution for complex trait analysis and hybrid-origin inference，bringing SV markers closer to application in molecular design breeding	Wu et al.,2025a
2025	泛基因组数据库 Pangenome database	猕猴桃属多物种Actinidia spp.	KPGD：猕猴桃泛基因组数据库，用于系统挖掘猕猴桃属遗传多样性 KPGD：A kiwifruit pangenome database for comprehensive mining of genetic diversity in the genus Actinidia	猕猴桃泛基因组数据库：整合55个基因组/单倍型组装、33个材料、12个物种，并提供基因、SV、表达和在线分析模块 The Kiwifruit Pan-Genome Database integrates 55 genome/ haplotype assemblies，33 accessions，and 12 species，and provides modules for genes，SVs，expression data，and online analyses	提供集中式泛基因组数据检索、泛/核心基因、SV、系统发育和多组学挖掘入口。降低猕猴桃泛基因组资源使用门槛，促进候选基因、SV标记和跨物种比较的社区化复用 The database provides a centralized portal for pangenomic data retrieval，pan/core gene analysis，SV exploration，phylogenetic analysis，and multi-omics mining. It lowers the barrier to using kiwifruit pangenomic resources and facilitates community-wide reuse of candidate genes，SV markers，and cross-species comparative data	Li et al.,2025a
2026	耐涝功能基因组 Functional genomics of waterlogging tolerance	山梨猕猴桃A. rufa	染色体级基因组组装揭示山梨猕猴桃优异耐涝性的遗传机制 Chromosome-level genome assembly reveals the genetic mechanisms underlying elite waterlogging tolerance in A. rufa	组装山梨猕猴桃MTS7001染色体级基因组；613.66 Mb，contig N50 3.06 Mb；94个scaffolds锚定到29条伪染色体；预测42 484个蛋白编码基因 A chromosome-level genome assembly of A. rufa MTS7001；613.66 Mb in size，with a contig N50 of 3.06 Mb；94 scaffolds anchored onto 29 pseudochromosomes；42 484 predicted protein-coding genes	山梨猕猴桃与中华猕猴桃约700万年前分化；Chr19区段与中华猕猴桃Chr2/Chr9两段对应；耐涝材料在早期涝害中上调能量代谢以及生长素、ABA、油菜素内酯等激素信号相关基因。把野生/半野生耐涝资源、染色体结构变异和涝害转录响应联系起来，为砧木改良和耐涝育种提供基因组依据 A. rufa and A. chinensis diverged approximately 7 million years ago. A segment on Chr19 corresponds to two regions on Chr2 and Chr9 of A. chinensis. In waterlogging- tolerant materials，genes associated with energy metabolism and hormone signaling，including auxin，ABA，brassinosteroid pathways，were upregulated during early waterlogging stress. The study connects wild/semi-wild waterlogging-tolerant germplasm，chromosomal structural variation，and waterlogging-induced transcriptional responses，providing a genomic basis for rootstock improvement and waterlogging- tolerance breeding	Zhang et al.,2026
	六倍体单倍型解析 Haplotype-resolved assembly of a hexaploid genome	对萼猕猴桃A. valvata	六倍体对萼猕猴桃砧木高连续性单倍型解析基因组揭示耐涝相关基因 High-contiguity Haplotype-resolved genome assembly of the hexaploid A. valvata rootstock sheds light on waterlogging resistance gene	解析对萼猕猴桃六倍体砧木ZK2单倍型基因组；2n = 6x = 174，6个单倍型、174条染色体；预测212 055个蛋白编码基因；多数染色体具端粒封端 A haplotype-resolved genome assembly of the hexaploid A. valvata rootstock ZK2；2n = 6x = 174，with six haplotypes and 174 chromosomes；212 055 predicted protein-coding genes；most chromosomes capped by telomeres	揭示AABBBB亚基因组结构，A1/A2与葛枣猕猴桃相关，B1-B4与大籽猕猴桃相关；涝害下同源拷贝表达分化，B1拷贝ERF基因16B1g14180过表达可增强中华猕猴桃转基因苗耐涝性。为多倍体砧木中同源拷贝分辨、亚基因组特异调控、耐涝基因验证和定向编辑提供高连续性单倍型参考 The assembly revealed an AABBBB subgenomic architecture，with A1/A2 related to A. polygama and B1-B4 related to A. macrosperma. Homoeologous copies showed expression divergence under waterlogging stress，and overexpression of the B1-copy ERF gene 16B1g14180 enhanced waterlogging tolerance in transgenic A. chinensis seedlings. This provides a high-contiguity haplotype reference for resolving homoeologous copies in polyploid rootstocks，studying subgenome-specific regulation，validating waterlogging-resistance genes，and enabling targeted genome editing	Lin et al.,2026
	抗病功能SV Functional structural variation for disease resistance	毛花猕猴桃和中华猕猴桃A. eriantha/A. chinensis	NLR25-1位点等位结构变异增强猕猴桃对丁香假单胞菌的防御能力 Allelic structural variation at the NLR25-1 locus enhances defense against Pseudomonas syringae in kiwifruit	新组装11个野生毛花猕猴桃和1个毛花猕猴桃 × 中华猕猴桃杂交材料；整合12个已发表基因组；构建无参考偏倚图泛基因组；31 790 044 SNP、13 512 079 InDel和623 478 SV New assemblies of 11 wild A. eriantha accessions and one A. eriantha × A. chinensis var. chinensis hybrid；integration of 12 published genomes；construction of a reference-unbiased graph pangenome；identification of 31 790 044 SNPs，13 512 079 InDels，and 623 478 SVs	鉴定野生来源AeNLR25-1等位基因；其启动子中TE诱导SV引入毛花猕猴桃特异WRKY结合位点，AeWRKY75/AcWRKY75可激活该启动子并增强Psa抗性。把“野生等位SV-顺式元件-TF-NLR表达—抗病性”完整串联起来，是泛基因组辅助抗病育种的典型案例 The study identified a wild-derived AeNLR25-1 allele. A TE-induced SV in its promoter introduced A. eriantha-specific WRKY binding sites，and AeWRKY75/AcWRKY75 activated this promoter and enhanced resistance to Psa. It establishes a complete mechanistic link from wild allelic SV to cis-regulatory element，transcription factor，NLR expression，and disease resistance，serving as a representative case of pangenome-assisted disease-resistance breeding	Wu et al.,2026

A Historical Review and Future Prospects of China’s Kiwifruit Industry over the Past Fifty Years Development

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阶段 Stage	2008—2025年获授权品种198个 Authorized cultivar from 2008 to 2025：198					1990—2025年未获权品种107个 Not authorized cultivar from 1990 to 2025：107
阶段 Stage	林业审 Forestry certification	农业审 Agricultural certification	同时审 Both certification	未审 Uncertified	总计 Total	林业审 Forestry certification	农业审 Agricultural certification	同时审 Both certification
2021—2025	8	4	1	95	108	19	14	0
2011—2020	13	7	3	57	80	18	13	1
2001—2010	4	6	0	0	10	10	13	2
1990—2000						4	12	1
总计 Total	25	17	4	152	198	51	52	4

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