Research Progress on Leaf Variegation Chimeras of Ornamental Plants

doi:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2024-1060

Acta Horticulturae Sinica ›› 2025, Vol. 52 ›› Issue (12): 3401-3411.doi: 10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2024-1060

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Research Progress on Leaf Variegation Chimeras of Ornamental Plants

QI Xiaoqing, GAO Chengyue, LI Zhezhe, YANG Xiulian, WANG Lianggui, YUE Yuanzheng^*()

State Key Laboratory of Forest Tree Genetics and Breeding，College of Landscape Architecture，Nanjing Forestry University，Nanjing 210037，China

Received:2025-06-16 Revised:2025-10-30 Online:2025-12-25 Published:2025-12-20
Contact: YUE Yuanzheng

Abstract

Abstract:

The unique patchy or stripe-like phenotype of leaf variegation chimeras is of great value in ornamental plant breeding. Therefore，it is essential to study the molecular regulation mechanism of leaf variegation chimeras for the targeted improvement of ornamental plants with variegated leaves. This review summarizes the research progress on the classification，molecular regulatory mechanisms，and breeding methods of leaf variegation chimeras. It focuses on the molecular mechanisms underlying their formation and the technical approaches for artificially inducing leaf variegation chimeras. Furthermore，the review also summarizes the unresolved scientific issues in this field. It is further indicated that critical gaps exist in our understanding of several core areas，namely plastid development，interlayer signaling，and survival mechanisms. A more profound elucidation of these processes is imperative to inform strategies for their stable induction and practical application.

Key words: foliage plants, leaf variegation chimeras, molecular formation mechanism, breeding methods

QI Xiaoqing, GAO Chengyue, LI Zhezhe, YANG Xiulian, WANG Lianggui, YUE Yuanzheng. Research Progress on Leaf Variegation Chimeras of Ornamental Plants[J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2025, 52(12): 3401-3411.

Figures/Tables 5

References 55

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序号No.	名称 Name	分子机制 Molecular mechanism	参考文献 Reference
1	蝴蝶兰 Phalaenopsis aphrodite	VAR2单核苷酸插入 VAR2 single nucleotide insertion	Kurniawan et al.,2024
2	斑叶君子兰 Clivia miniata	rpoC2的长片段缺失突变 Long fragment deletion mutation in rpoC2	Wu et al.,2023
3	向日葵 Helianthus annuus	psaA点突变 Point mutation in psaA	Azarin et al.,2020
4	黄金葛 Epipremnum aureum	EaZIP转录水平差异或早期EaZIP转录物无法有效积累 EaZIP transcript level differences or ineffective accumulation of early EaZIP transcripts	Hung et al.,2021
5	尖萼报春苣苔 Primulina pungentisepala	CHL-2上调 CHL-2 upregulation	Chen et al.,2022
6	小果榕 Ficus microcarpa	psba、psbb、psbc和psbd均下调；clh1 和clh2 上调；mTERF缺陷 psba，psbb，psbc and psbd are all downregulated；clh1 and clh2 are upregulated；mTERF deficiency	Shih et al.,2019
7	日本鸢尾 Iris japonica	GLK下调 GLK downregulation	Yu et al.,2023
8	绣球花 Hydrangea macrophylla	HmAP2/ERFs下调 HmAP2/ERFs downregulation	Qi et al.,2022
9	虎杖 Reynoutria japonica	rpoC2点突变 rpoC2 point mutation	Park et al.,2022
10	垂叶榕 Ficus benjamina	rpoC1短片段缺失 Short fragment deletion in rpoC1	Park et al.,2022
11	粉花绣线菊 Spiraea japonica	rpoB短片段插入 Short fragment insertion in rpoB	Park et al.,2022
12	南美榕 Ficus natalensis	rpoB短片段插入 Short fragment insertion in rpoB	Park et al.,2022
13	木槿 Hibiscus syriacus	rpoB短片段插入Short fragment insertion in rpoB	Park et al.,2022
14	洋常春藤 Hedera helix	psaA短片段缺失 Short fragment deletion in psaA	Park et al.,2022
15	合果芋 Syngonium podophyllum	rpoB短片段缺失Short fragment deletion in rpoB	Park et al.,2022
16	日本柳杉 Cryptomeria japonica	matK短片段插入突变 Short fragment insertion mutation in matK	Hirao et al., 2009
17	大花惠兰 Cymbidium hybrid	ycf3点突变 ycf3 point mutation	Park et al.,2022
18	墨兰 Cymbidium sinense	atpI短片段插入 Short fragment insertion in atpI	Park et al.,2022
19	长柄玉簪 Hosta longipes	atpE短片段插入 Short fragment insertion in atpE	Park et al.,2022
20	吊兰 Chlorophytum comosum	rpoC2短片段缺失 Short fragment deletion in rpoC2	Park et al.,2022
21	富贵竹 Dracaena sanderiana	ycf3内含子点突变 Intronic point mutation in ycf3	Park et al.,2022
22	红苞凤梨 Ananas comosus	VDE、PSY、PDS上调；GS和GDH下调； GLK1、PLA2、FTIP4、AS特异性表达 VDE，PSY，PDS upregulated；GS and GDH downregulated；GLK1，PLA2，FTIP4，AS specifically expressed	Xue et al.,2019； Feng et al.,2022
23	长果山菅 Dinaella tasmanica	psbA、matK、rps16和trnK的消除 Elimination of psbA，matK，rps16 and trnK	Zhou et al.,2024
24	台湾蝴蝶兰 Phalaenopsis aphrodite	PsbO和PsbP下调 PsbO and PsbP downregulated	Tsai et al.,2017
25	常春藤叶仙客来 Cyclamen hederifolium	基因间区域rps4-trnT-UGU的插入/缺失突变 Insertion/Deletion mutation in the intergenic region rps4-trnT-UGU	Mao et al.,2023
26	楸树 Catalpa fargesii	PPOX、LHCB1、PsbO、PsbP、PsbQ和PsbR磷酸化差异；CfALKBH5调控m6A甲基化来调控基因表达 Phosphorylation differences in PPOX，LHCB1，PsbO，PsbP，PsbQ，and PsbR；CfALKBH5 regulates gene expression by modulating m6A methylation	Wang et al.,2019；Zhang et al.,2023

序号No.	名称 Name	分子机制 Molecular mechanism	参考文献 Reference
1	蝴蝶兰 Phalaenopsis aphrodite	VAR2单核苷酸插入 VAR2 single nucleotide insertion	Kurniawan et al.,2024
2	斑叶君子兰 Clivia miniata	rpoC2的长片段缺失突变 Long fragment deletion mutation in rpoC2	Wu et al.,2023
3	向日葵 Helianthus annuus	psaA点突变 Point mutation in psaA	Azarin et al.,2020
4	黄金葛 Epipremnum aureum	EaZIP转录水平差异或早期EaZIP转录物无法有效积累 EaZIP transcript level differences or ineffective accumulation of early EaZIP transcripts	Hung et al.,2021
5	尖萼报春苣苔 Primulina pungentisepala	CHL-2上调 CHL-2 upregulation	Chen et al.,2022
6	小果榕 Ficus microcarpa	psba、psbb、psbc和psbd均下调；clh1 和clh2 上调；mTERF缺陷 psba，psbb，psbc and psbd are all downregulated；clh1 and clh2 are upregulated；mTERF deficiency	Shih et al.,2019
7	日本鸢尾 Iris japonica	GLK下调 GLK downregulation	Yu et al.,2023
8	绣球花 Hydrangea macrophylla	HmAP2/ERFs下调 HmAP2/ERFs downregulation	Qi et al.,2022
9	虎杖 Reynoutria japonica	rpoC2点突变 rpoC2 point mutation	Park et al.,2022
10	垂叶榕 Ficus benjamina	rpoC1短片段缺失 Short fragment deletion in rpoC1	Park et al.,2022
11	粉花绣线菊 Spiraea japonica	rpoB短片段插入 Short fragment insertion in rpoB	Park et al.,2022
12	南美榕 Ficus natalensis	rpoB短片段插入 Short fragment insertion in rpoB	Park et al.,2022
13	木槿 Hibiscus syriacus	rpoB短片段插入Short fragment insertion in rpoB	Park et al.,2022
14	洋常春藤 Hedera helix	psaA短片段缺失 Short fragment deletion in psaA	Park et al.,2022
15	合果芋 Syngonium podophyllum	rpoB短片段缺失Short fragment deletion in rpoB	Park et al.,2022
16	日本柳杉 Cryptomeria japonica	matK短片段插入突变 Short fragment insertion mutation in matK	Hirao et al., 2009
17	大花惠兰 Cymbidium hybrid	ycf3点突变 ycf3 point mutation	Park et al.,2022
18	墨兰 Cymbidium sinense	atpI短片段插入 Short fragment insertion in atpI	Park et al.,2022
19	长柄玉簪 Hosta longipes	atpE短片段插入 Short fragment insertion in atpE	Park et al.,2022
20	吊兰 Chlorophytum comosum	rpoC2短片段缺失 Short fragment deletion in rpoC2	Park et al.,2022
21	富贵竹 Dracaena sanderiana	ycf3内含子点突变 Intronic point mutation in ycf3	Park et al.,2022
22	红苞凤梨 Ananas comosus	VDE、PSY、PDS上调；GS和GDH下调； GLK1、PLA2、FTIP4、AS特异性表达 VDE，PSY，PDS upregulated；GS and GDH downregulated；GLK1，PLA2，FTIP4，AS specifically expressed	Xue et al.,2019； Feng et al.,2022
23	长果山菅 Dinaella tasmanica	psbA、matK、rps16和trnK的消除 Elimination of psbA，matK，rps16 and trnK	Zhou et al.,2024
24	台湾蝴蝶兰 Phalaenopsis aphrodite	PsbO和PsbP下调 PsbO and PsbP downregulated	Tsai et al.,2017
25	常春藤叶仙客来 Cyclamen hederifolium	基因间区域rps4-trnT-UGU的插入/缺失突变 Insertion/Deletion mutation in the intergenic region rps4-trnT-UGU	Mao et al.,2023
26	楸树 Catalpa fargesii	PPOX、LHCB1、PsbO、PsbP、PsbQ和PsbR磷酸化差异；CfALKBH5调控m6A甲基化来调控基因表达 Phosphorylation differences in PPOX，LHCB1，PsbO，PsbP，PsbQ，and PsbR；CfALKBH5 regulates gene expression by modulating m6A methylation	Wang et al.,2019；Zhang et al.,2023

Research Progress on Leaf Variegation Chimeras of Ornamental Plants

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