Abstract: Since the“14th Five-Year Plan”period，the breeding process of mustard vegetables in China has accelerated，and significant breakthroughs have been made in new cultivar cultivation and breeding technology，providing important technical support for the construction of mustard seed sources and the upgrading of cultivars in China. This article primarily reviews the three generations of mustard varieties in China since the 1950s，transitioning from local varieties，conventional varieties to first-generation hybrid cultivars. It also outlines the development of mustard breeding technology in China，evolving from farmer-saved seeds，systematic breeding，sexual hybridization breeding，utilization of heterosis to biotechnology breeding. Addressing key technical issues in China’s mustard industry，this article envisions future directions and goals for mustard breeding，aiming to provide robust technical support and theoretical foundations for the high-quality development of China’s mustard industry. It offers new insights for cultivating high-quality，multi-resistant，widely adaptable，and machine-friendly specialized mustard cultivars.

Key words: mustard, breeding technology, high quality and multi-resistance, cultivar, renewal and replacement