马蔺花药发育及营养物质动态变化研究

doi:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2025-0100

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

花药发育过程中营养物质的积累和分布对花粉的发育具有重要作用。为揭示马蔺（Iris lactea）花药发育及多糖和脂滴动态变化规律，以不同发育时期的马蔺花药为试验材料，利用压片法和半薄切片技术对花药壁及小孢子的发育特征进行研究；采用组织化学染色法对多糖和脂滴的动态变化特征进行分析。结果表明，马蔺小孢子母细胞减数分裂胞质分裂存在多种方式，可产生正四面体、左右对称和不规则型多种类型的四分体。小孢子母细胞、四分小孢子及单核小孢子细胞质中均富含小液泡，单核小孢子形状不规则。成熟花粉粒为二胞型，绝大多数椭圆形，极少数三角形，花粉外壁有网状纹饰，一个长条形萌发沟，为远极单沟。马蔺花药壁含3 ~ 4层中层细胞，发育后期中层细胞和药室内壁细胞壁均出现纤维素加厚现象，绒毡层细胞在原位解体退化，属于分泌型绒毡层。成熟花药的绒毡层和中层均解体消失，仅留表皮和纤维层。马蔺小孢子在发育过程中含较多脂滴，成熟花粉粒中兼有大量淀粉粒和脂滴，属于混合型花粉粒。花药绒毡层细胞在小孢子母细胞时期已积累大量脂滴，并向药室中转运以供小孢子发育，营养物质的积累呈现出时空特异性变化。

关键词: 马蔺, 花药发育, 营养物质, 绒毡层, 花粉粒

Abstract:

The accumulation and distribution of nutrients during anther development are critical for pollen maturation. To investigate the cellular structure of the anther in Iris lactea，and to examine the dynamic changes in polysaccharides and lipid droplets，this study utilized anthers at different developmental stages as experimental material. Slide preparation and semi-thin sectioning techniques were employed to analyze the developmental characteristics of the anther wall and microspores. Histological staining was used to evaluate the spatiotemporal dynamics of polysaccharides and lipid droplets. Results showed that cytokinesis during meiosis of microspore mother cells in I. lactea occurs through multiple pathways，producing tetrads of tetrahedral，bilateral symmetry，and irregular configurations. Small vacuoles were observed in the cytoplasm of microspore mother cells，tetrad microspores，and uninucleate microspores，notably in the uninucleate microspores，which exhibited irregular shapes. Mature pollen grains were bicellular，predominantly elliptical in shape，with a small proportion triangular. The outer wall of the pollen exhibited reticulate ornamentation and prominent elongated germination furrows，characteristic of a distal monocolpate type. The anther wall of I. lactea comprised 3-4 layers of middle layer cells. During late anther development，the middle layer and endothecium cell walls exhibited fibrous thickening，while tapetum cells underwent in situ disintegration and degeneration，indicating a secretory type. In mature anthers，both the tapetum and middle layer disintegrated，leaving only the epidermis and fibrous layer. Microspores in I. lactea contained abundant lipid droplets throughout development. Consequently，mature pollen grains contained both starch granules and lipid droplets，indicating a mixed-type pollen. Tapetum cells began accumulating lipid droplets during the mother cell stage and actively secreted and transported them into the locule to support microspore development，while nutrient accumulation showing spatiotemporal specificity.

Key words: Iris lactea, anther development, nutrient, tapetum, pollen grain

魏雅茹, 周婷, 杨小惠, 梁文裕, 杨淑娟. 马蔺花药发育及营养物质动态变化研究[J]. 园艺学报, 2026, 53(8): 2443-2453.

WEI Yaru, ZHOU Ting, YANG Xiaohui, LIANG Wenyu, YANG Shujuan. Research on Anther Development and Nutrient Dynamics Changes in Iris lactea[J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2026, 53(8): 2443-2453.

图/表 4

图1 马蔺花的形态特征 A：花蕾；B：花瓣露出；C：花朵；D：旗瓣（红箭头）；E：垂瓣（黄箭头）；F：花柱（黑箭头）；G：雄蕊；H：开败的花

Fig. 1 Morphological characteristics of the flowers of Iris lactea A：Flower bud；B：Petals exserted；C：Flower；D：Standard（Red arrow）；E：Fall（Yellow arrow）；F：Style（Black arrow）；G：Stamen；H：Fading flower

图2 马蔺成熟花粉粒的不同玻片比较 A：干玻片；B ~ D：甘油玻片；E、F：水玻片。*为花粉外壁脱落的花粉粒

Fig. 2 Comparative analysis on mature pollen grains of Iris lactea A：Dry glass slide；B-D：Glycerol glass slide；E，F：Water glass slide. * indicate pollen grains with exine detached

图3 马蔺花药发育中显微结构变化特征 A：花药横切图；B：小孢子母细胞时期；C ~ D：四分体时期；E：单核时期；F ~ G：大液泡时期；H ~ J：花粉成熟时期。Ep：表皮层；En：内皮层；ML：中间层；T：绒毡层；DT：退化绒毡层；MMC：花粉母细胞；Tds：四分体；M：小孢子；PG：花粉粒；V：液泡；n：细胞核。下同

Fig. 3 Characteristics of microstructural changes during anther development of Iris lactea A：Transverse section of anther；B：Microspore mother cell stage；C-D：Tetrad stage；E：Uninucleate stage；F-G：Large vacuole stage；H-J：Pollen maturation stage. Ep：Epidermis；En：Endodermis；ML：Middle layer；T：Tapetum；DT：Degenerated tapetum；MMC：Microspore mother cell；Tds：Tetrad；M：Microspore；PG：Pollen grain；V：Vacuole；n：Nucleus. The same below

图4 马蔺花药发育过程中多糖和脂滴变化特征 A：小孢子母细胞时期；B：四分体时期；C：单核花粉粒时期；D、E：大液泡时期；F：双核时期；G、H：成熟花粉粒时期。VN：营养核；GN：生殖核

Fig. 4 Characteristics of changes in polysaccharides and lipid droplets during the anther development of Iris lactea A：Microspore mother cell stage；B：Tetrad stage；C：Uninucleate microspore stage；D，E：Large vacuole stage；F：Binucleate stage；G，H：Mature microspore stage. VN：Vegetative nucleus；GN：Generative nucleus

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