陕西渭北红富士苹果园土壤有效养分及长期施肥对产量的影响

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 调查了陕西渭北地区915 个盛产期红富士苹果园的土壤有效养分、全年施肥和产量情况，
并在合阳县1 个果园通过8 年定位试验研究了长期施用氮、磷、钾肥对苹果产量、单果质量的影响及肥
料农学效率和肥料贡献率的变化。结果表明，土壤碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量的平均值分别为60.1
mg · kg^-1、17.7 mg · kg^-1 和173.0 mg · kg^-1，有机质含量为12.6 g · kg^-1，最高分布频率的土壤养分分布范围
分别为碱解氮40 ~ 60 mg · kg^-1，速效磷10 ~ 20 mg · kg^-1，速效钾150 ~ 200 mg · kg^-1，有机质10 ~ 15 g · kg^-1。
碱解氮和速效磷含量与苹果产量的相关性分别达到极显著和显著水平，土壤速效钾和有机质含量与产量
的相关性不显著。果园氮、磷、钾肥平均用量分别为纯N 454.5 kg · hm^-2、P2O5 327.7 kg · hm^-2、K2O 313.2
kg · hm^-2，有机肥平均用量4.7 t · hm^-2；纯N、P2O5 和K2O 用量均为200 ~ 400 kg · hm^-2 的分布频率最高，
仅26.6%的果园施用有机肥。氮、磷、钾肥用量与苹果产量和土壤速效氮、磷、钾含量具有极显著或显著
相关性。在高产年份、中产年份和低产年份，氮肥对苹果产量、单果质量的影响效果及其农学效率和肥
料贡献率均大于磷和钾肥。对苹果产量的影响，高产年份磷肥显著大于钾肥，中、低产年则无显著差异。
对单果质量的影响效果，高产和中产年份磷肥和钾肥无显著差异，低产年份钾肥显著大于磷肥。氮、磷、
钾肥的农学效率和肥料贡献率，在高、中产年份为氮 > 磷 > 钾，低产年份为氮 > 钾 > 磷。

Abstract: Soil available nutrients，one year fertilization and apple yield of 915 mature‘Fuji’apple
orchards in Loess Plateau of Shaanxi were investigated. An eight-year located experiment was carried
which studied effects of nitrogen（N），phosphate（P）and potassium（K）on Fuji apple yield，weight per
fruit，Meanwhile，the change of agronomic efficiency（AE）and fertilizer contribution（FCR）was analyzed.
The result showed that average values of soil alkaline N，available P，available K and organic matter（OM）were 60.1 mg · kg^-1，17.7 mg · kg^-1，173.0 mg · kg^-1 and 12.6 g · kg^-1 respectively. The soil nutrient
distribution ranges of the highest frequency were alkaline N 40–60 mg · kg^-1，available P 10–20
mg · kg^-1，available K 150–200 mg · kg^-1，and OM 10–15 g · kg^-1 respectively. The correlation between
alkaline N，available P and apple yield reached very significant and significant level respectively，however
that between available K，OM and apple yield were not significant. The average fertilizers application rates
were N 454.5 kg · hm^-2，P2O5 327.7 kg · hm^-2，K2O 313.2 kg · hm^-2 and organic manure 4.7 t · hm^-2 in local
apple orchard，respectively. In addition，the highest frequency fertilizer rate of N，P and K were same，
within 200–400 kg · hm^-2. Using manure accounted for only 26.6 percent in these areas. Correlations
between fertilizer rates of N，P，K，apple yield and soil available nutrients reached extremely significant
and significant level. The effects of N，P，K on apple yield，weight per fruit，their AE and FCR all changed
by alternate bearing years，among that，N had more significant effects on apple yield，weight per fruit，
AE and FCR than P and K. P had more significant effects on apple yield than K in heavy fruiting year，but
no significant difference between P and K in normal year and light fruiting year. There was no significant
difference between P and K on weight per fruit in heavy fruiting year and normal year，but K was
significantly higher than P in light fruiting year. The order of N，P，K on AE were N > P > K in heavy
fruiting year and normal year，and N > K > P in light fruiting year，respectively. The order of N，P，K on
FCR were same as the former.

Key words: apple, soil, available nutrient, long-term fertilization, yield, Loess Plateau

中图分类号:

S 661.1

高义民*, 同延安, 路永莉, 王小英. 陕西渭北红富士苹果园土壤有效养分及长期施肥对产量的影响[J]. 园艺学报, 2013, 40(4): 613-.

GAO Yi-Min-*, TONG Yan-An, LU Yong-Li, WANG Xiao-Ying. Effects of Soil Available Nutrients and Long-term Fertilization on Yield of
Fuji Apple Orchard of Weibei Area in Shaanxi，China[J]. ACTA HORTICULTURAE SINICA, 2013, 40(4): 613-.

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